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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240112i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240112i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach To Myocardial Extracellular Volume Quantification Using Cardiac Computed Tomography</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5203-6097</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Camargo</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriel C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0201-0662</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sabioni</surname>
						<given-names>Letícia R.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailling Address:</label><bold>Gabriel C. Camargo</bold> National Institute of Cardiology. R das Laranjeiras, 374. Postal code: 22240-006. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil, E-mail: <email>gabccamargo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>18</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20240112</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>31</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>31</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The quantification of myocardial extracellular volume (ECV) has demonstrated both diagnostic and prognostic value in various heart diseases. While ECV is typically assessed using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), it can also be measured through cardiac computed tomography (CCT) imaging. This article discusses the application of CCT for myocardial ECV calculation, detailing the technique, its advantages and disadvantages, and its potential clinical applications.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>X-Ray Computed Tomography</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
				<kwd>Evidence-Based Practice</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="04"/>
				<table-count count="02"/>
				<equation-count count="02"/>
				<ref-count count="15"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig>
						<caption>
							<title>Advantages of using computed tomography compared to magnetic resonance imaging for the calculation of myocardial ECV.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240112-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
		</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Myocardial tissue characterization through non-invasive imaging methods is essential for evaluating heart diseases, offering additional diagnostic and prognostic benefits beyond morphological and functional assessments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Among the available techniques, myocardial extracellular volume (ECV) quantification has recently shown value in differential diagnosis and disease staging, particularly for cardiomyopathies with a hypertrophic phenotype, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and amyloidosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
			<p>Myocardial ECV is typically obtained through cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) using gadolinium-based contrast. However, it can also be calculated using cardiac computed tomography (CCT) with iodinated contrast, providing an alternative when CMR is unavailable or contraindicated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
			<p>The technical process for obtaining this data in CCT examinations is outlined below.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>My Approach To</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Image acquisition</title>
				<p>To calculate myocardial ECV, images of the heart must be acquired before and after the administration of iodine-based contrast, using identical acquisition and reconstruction parameters. Tomographs suitable for cardiac evaluation (minimum of 64 detector rows) are required.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
				<p>Given that slices with a thickness of 3 mm or more are suitable for myocardial analysis, we recommend that pre- and post-contrast acquisitions adhere to the institutional calcium scoring protocol. This protocol, which routinely employs a low radiation dose (&lt; 1.5 mSv),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> is widely available and easy to implement. Therefore, the pre-contrast image used for myocardial ECV calculation may also provide additional information, such as the coronary and/or aortic valve calcium score, if needed.</p>
				<p>The protocol typically involves a prospective acquisition synchronized with the electrocardiogram, capturing images of the entire heart in diastole for patients with a heart rate of 75 bpm or lower, or in systole for those with a heart rate above 75 bpm. The tube power is set at 120 kVp, with the tube current adjusted based on the patient’s weight, and the reconstructed images are generated with 3 mm thick slices.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
				<p>Iodinated contrast, usually in a concentration of 350 mg l/ml, should be administered at an average dose of 1 mL/kg of body weight, although this may vary depending on the patient’s clinical condition and the primary indication for the examination. The contrast infusion rate does not affect the calculation of myocardial ECV and can be adjusted based on the purpose of the study (e.g., approximately 6 mL/s for coronary angiography). Post-contrast images should be obtained during the equilibrium phase (5 to 15 minutes after contrast administration),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> using the same acquisition and reconstruction parameters as those for pre-contrast images.</p>
				<p>Premedication, such as sublingual nitrate or beta-blockers, is not required for myocardial ECV calculation. However, these medications may be used at the physician’s discretion if cardiac angiography is also performed during the same examination.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>ECV calculation</title>
				<p>Since iodinated contrastdistributes within the extracellular space, the difference in myocardial signal between the equilibrium-phase contrast images and the non-contrast images (∆HU myocardium) reflects the extracellular space volume in this tissue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> By using a reference tissue, such as blood, where the ECV is readily determined by measuring hematocrit, myocardial ECV can be calculated with the following formula:</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula>
						<mml:math id="e01">
							<mml:semantics>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mtext>ECV</mml:mtext>
									<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
											<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
											<mml:mtext>Hematocrit</mml:mtext>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi>
													<mml:mtext>HU myocardium</mml:mtext>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi>
													<mml:mtext>HU blood</mml:mtext>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:semantics>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>Myocardial ECV can be measured either globally or regionally, depending on the clinical context. The regions of interest (ROI) selected for measurement should be identical or as closely matched as possible between the pre- and post-contrast images. These ROIs can be outlined using proprietary or open-source DICOM image analysis tools on axial, sagittal, coronal, or other oblique planes of interest. To ensure reproducibility and minimize distortions from non-isotropic acquisition and reconstruction, myocardial ECV is typically measured in the axial plane at the mid-left ventricular level. A freehand ROI is drawn in the interventricular septum, covering its entire visible thickness and length while avoiding partial volume effects atthe edges (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1</xref>). For the blood signal measurement, a circular ROI of approximately 1 cm<sup>2</sup> is placed in the center of the left ventricular cavity within the same plane, ensuring trabeculae and papillary muscles are excluded.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="F1">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Calculation of myocardial ECV through CCT. Myocardial and blood signals are quantified through ROIs drawn on pre- (A) and post-contrast (B) Images, in a patient with left ventricular hypertrophy, referred for coronary anglotomography due to complaints of shortness of breath. The myocardial ECV was elevated and calculated at 47% (hematocrit of 39.8%). Subsequent Investigation led to the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis due to transthyretin. ROI: region of Interest.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240112-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The hematocrit value used in the calculation should be obtained as close as possible to the imaging exam date.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Myocardial ECV is a quantitative measure of the myocardial extracellular matrix and may be elevated in the presence of interstitial fibrosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> or in cases of storage diseases such as amyloidosis, where insoluble fibrillar proteins can accumulate in the heart muscle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
			<p>As a quantitative measure, myocardial ECV has diagnostic and prognostic utility and holds potential for use in longitudinal follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
			<p>Although most commonly assessed by CMR, myocardial ECV can also be calculated using contrast-enhanced CCT, as the distribution pattern and kinetics of contrast media are equivalent in both imaging methods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
			<p>In a meta-analysis conducted by Han et al., comparing myocardial ECV measurements by CCT and CMR, a high grouped correlation coefficient (0.90) and a small, grouped difference (0.96%) were observed, with a slight overestimation of values obtained by CCT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
			<p>Although guidelines do not yet provide clear recommendations for the use of CCT in assessing myocardial ECV, its future utility has already been suggested.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, CCT can be considered a viable option in cases where this measurement is clinically significant but cannot be obtained through CMR. This typically occurs due to factors such as limited availability of equipment, T1 mapping sequences, or analysis software; contraindications to performing the examination (e.g., presence of implantable devices incompatible with magnetic resonance imaging); or contraindications to the use of gadolinium-based contrast media (e.g., renal failure requiring dialysis). <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Chart 1</xref> outlines the main advantages and disadvantages of using CCT compared to CMR for myocardial ECV assessment.</p>
			<table-wrap id="T1">
				<label>Chart 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Advantages and Disadvantages of Myocardial ECV Calculation through CCT versus CMR</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" style="background-color:#C58874" valign="middle"><bold>Advantages:</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">More widely available equipment</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" style="background-color:#E8CCBF" valign="middle">Generally lower cost</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Faster procedure and routinely well tolerated by claustrophobic patients</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" style="background-color:#E8CCBF" valign="middle">No restrictions for patients with implanted cardiac devices or metallic fragments in the body</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">High-resolution images with complete myocardial coverage</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" style="background-color:#E8CCBF" valign="middle">Does not require dedicated software for calculation</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" style="border-top:1pt solid black;background-color:#C58874" valign="middle"><bold>Disadvantages</bold>:</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Exposure to ionizing radiation</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" style="background-color:#E8CCBF" valign="middle">Use of potentially nephrotoxic contrast</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>In addition to these scenarios, it may be beneficial to consider obtaining myocardial ECV in contrastenhanced CT scans performed for other purposes, such as pre-transcatheter intervention coronary or aortic valve assessment, with a small modification to the protocol (e.g., adding a late post-contrast acquisition). In patients referred for these exams, it is not uncommon, for example, to encounter the coexistence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and/or left ventricular hypertrophy, clinical situations where knowledge of myocardial ECV may indicate an etiological diagnosis still unknown, in addition to providing incremental prognostic data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Myocardial ECV is a measure of increasing clinical utility and can be obtained through contrast-enhanced</p>
			<p>CCT, using a low-dose radiation protocol and rapid execution. This approach eliminates the need for sequences and proprietary software required for calculation by CMR, without compromising accuracy compared to the latter.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<ref-list>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240112</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como Eu Faço Quantificação do Volume Extracelular Miocárdico Utilizando Tomografia Computadorizada Cardíaca</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5203-6097</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Camargo</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriel C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">2</xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0201-0662</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sabioni</surname>
						<given-names>Letícia R.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1001">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, R) - Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff1002">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, R] - Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Gabriel C. Camargo</bold> National Institute of Cardiology. R das Laranjeiras, 374. CEP: 22240-006. Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil, E-mail: <email>gabccamargo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A quantificação do volume extracelular (VEC) miocárdico tem mostrado utilidade diagnóstica e prognóstica em diversas cardiopatias. Embora habitualmente obtido por meio de exames de ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC), o VEC também pode ser calculado utilizando imagens de tomografia computadorizada cardíaca (TCC). Neste artigo, foi apresentado o uso da TCC para o cálculo do VEC miocárdico, com uma descrição da técnica, suas vantagens, desvantagens e potenciais aplicações clínicas.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
				<kwd>Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig>
						<caption>
							<title>Vantagens do uso da tomografia computadorizada em comparação com a ressonância magnética para o cálculo do VEC miocárdico.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240112-pt-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A caracterização tecidual miocárdica realizada por métodos de imagem não invasivos desempenha papel importante na avaliação das cardiopatias, com utilidade diagnóstica e prognóstica incremental em relação à avaliação morfológica e funcional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Entre as diferentes técnicas disponíveis, a quantificação do volume extracelular (VEC) miocárdico tem demonstrado recentemente utilidade no diagnóstico diferencial e estadiamento, especialmente em cardiomiopatias de fenótipo hipertrófico, como a cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e a amiloidose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
				<p>Habitualmente obtido em exames de ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) com utilização de contraste à base de gadolínio, o VEC miocárdico também pode ser calculado por meio de imagens de tomografia computadorizada cardíaca (TCC), utilizando contraste iodado, e pode ser uma alternativa ao primeiro, em caso de indisponibilidade do método ou contraindicação ao mesmo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
				<p>A seguir descreve-se tecnicamente como esse dado pode ser obtido em exames de TCC.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Como Eu Faço</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Aquisição das imagens</title>
					<p>Para o cálculo do VEC miocárdico, é necessário obter imagens do coração antes e após a administração de contraste à base de iodo, com parâmetros de aquisição e reconstrução idênticos, utilizando tomógrafos adequados para avaliação cardíaca (mínimo de 64 fileiras de detectores).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
					</p>
					<p>Considerando que cortes com espessura de 3 mm ou mais são adequados para análise miocárdica, recomendamos que as aquisições antes e após o contraste sigam os parâmetros do protocolo de escore de cálcio institucional. Este protocolo utiliza, rotineiramente, baixa dose de radiação (&lt; 1,5 mSv),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> é amplamente disponível e de fácil planejamento. Assim, a imagem pré-contraste utilizada no cálculo do VEC miocárdico pode fornecer informações adicionais, conforme necessário, como o escore de cálcio coronariano e/ou valvar aórtico.</p>
					<p>De modo geral, o protocolo consiste em uma aquisição prospectiva sincronizada ao eletrocardiograma, com imagens de todo o coração em diástole para pacientes com frequência cardíaca igual ou inferior a 75 bpm, ou em sístole quando acima de 75 bpm, com potência de tubo de 120 kVp e corrente do tubo ajustada conforme o peso do paciente, sendo as imagens reconstruídas com cortes de 3 mm de espessura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
					<p>O contraste iodado, em geral na concentração de 350 mg l/ml, deve ser administrado em dose média de 1 ml_/kg de peso corporal, podendo variar conforme a condição clínica do paciente e a indicação primária do exame. A velocidade de infusão do contraste não impacta no cálculo do VEC miocárdico, e pode ser ajustada de acordo com a motivação do estudo (ex.: aproximadamente 6 mL/s para uma angiotomografia coronariana). As imagens pós-contraste devem ser obtidas na fase de equilíbrio (5 a 15 minutos após a administração do meio de contraste),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> utilizando os mesmos parâmetros de aquisição e reconstrução das imagens pré-contraste.</p>
					<p>O uso de pré-medicação, como nitrato sublingual ou betabloqueadores, não é necessário para o cálculo do VEC miocárdico, porém podem e devem ser utilizados a critério médico caso uma angiotomografia cardíaca também seja realizada no mesmo exame.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Cálculo do VEC</title>
					<p>Considerando que o contraste iodado se distribui no espaço extracelular, a diferença de sinal miocárdico entre as imagens com contraste na fase de equilíbrio e as sem contraste (∆HU miocárdio) indica a quantidade de espaço extracelular presente nesse tecido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Utilizando-se um tecido de referência, como o sangue, onde o VEC pode ser facilmente obtido pela medida do hematócrito, calcula-se o VEC miocárdico pela seguinte fórmula:</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula>
							<mml:math id="e02">
								<mml:semantics>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mtext>VEC</mml:mtext>
										<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
												<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
												<mml:mtext>Hematócrito</mml:mtext>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi>
														<mml:mtext>HU miocárdio</mml:mtext>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi>
														<mml:mtext>HU sangue</mml:mtext>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:semantics>
							</mml:math>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>O VEC miocárdico pode ser medido global ou regionalmente, dependendo do cenário clínico. As regiões de interesse (RDI) utilizadas para a medida devem ser idênticas ou o mais semelhantes possível entre as imagens pré- e pós-contraste, e podem ser traçadas utilizando ferramentas de análise de imagens DICOM, proprietárias ou de código aberto, em planos axial, sagital, coronal, ou outro plano oblíquo de interesse. Para garantir reprodutibilidade e evitar distorções causadas pela aquisição e reconstrução não isotrópica, o VEC miocárdico é geralmente medido no plano axial, ao nível médio-ventricular esquerdo, traçando uma RDI à mão livre no septo interventricular, englobando toda sua espessura e comprimento visualizado e evitando áreas de volume parcial nos extremos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figura 1</xref>). Para medir o sinal do sangue, utilizou-se uma RDI circular com aproximadamente 1 cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> de área, posicionada no centro da cavidade ventricular esquerda, no mesmo plano, evitando incluir trabéculas e músculos papilares.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="F2">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Cálculo do VEC mlocárdlco através da TCC. O sinal mlocárdlco e sanguíneo é quantificado por melo de RDIs traçadas nas Imagens pré- (A) e póscontraste (B), em uma paciente com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda encaminhada para anglotomografla de coronárias, devido a queixa de cansaço aos esforços. O VEC mlocárdlco estava elevado e foi calculado em 47% (hematócrito de 39,8%). Em Investigação subsequente, foi diagnosticada amiloidose cardíaca por transtirretina. RDI: região de interesse.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240112-pt-gf02.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>O valor do hematócrito utilizado na fórmula deve ser obtido o mais próximo possível da data do exame de imagem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O VEC miocárdico é uma medida quantitativa da matriz extracelular miocárdica, e pode estar aumentado na presença de fibrose intersticial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> em doenças de depósito, como a amiloidose, onde proteínas fibrilares insolúveis acumulam-se no músculo cardíaco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
				<p>Como medida quantitativa, possui utilidade diagnóstica e prognóstica, além de potencial aplicação no seguimento longitudinal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
				<p>Embora mais comumente avaliado por RMC, o VEC miocárdico pode ser calculado por TCC com contraste, uma vez que o padrão de distribuição e a cinética dos meios de contraste em ambos os exames são equivalentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
				<p>Em uma meta-análise feita por Han e colaboradores, comparando o VEC miocárdico por TCC e RMC, observouse coeficiente de correlação agrupado elevado (0,90), e uma pequena diferença agrupada (0,96%) entre as medidas, com leve hiperestimativa nos valores obtidos por TCC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
				<p>Ainda não há recomendação clara em diretrizes para o uso da TCC na avaliação do VEC miocárdico, embora sua futura utilidade já tenha sido apontada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Entretanto, já é possível considerar esse exame como uma opção em casos nos quais essa medida seja de alta relevância clínica e não possa ser obtida por meio da RMC. Isso geralmente ocorre devido a: baixa disponibilidade do equipamento, da sequência de mapeamento T1 ou do software de análise; contraindicações para a realização do exame (ex.: presença de dispositivos implantáveis incompatíveis com ressonância magnética); ou contraindicação ao uso do meio de contraste à base de gadolínio (ex.: insuficiência renal dialítica). O <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Quadro 1</xref> lista as principais vantagens e desvantagens do uso da TCC em comparação à RMC para a avaliação do VEC miocárdico.</p>
				<table-wrap id="T2">
					<label>Quadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Vantagens e desvantagens do cálculo do VEC miocárdico por TCC versus RMC</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" style="background-color:#C58874" valign="middle"><bold>Vantagens:</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Maior disponibilidade de equipamento</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" style="background-color:#E8CCBF" valign="middle">Custo geralmente menor</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Exame mais rápido e rotineiramente tolerado por pacientes claustrofóbicos</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" style="background-color:#E8CCBF" valign="middle">Sem restrições para pacientes portadores de dispositivos cardíacos implantáveis ou fragmentos metálicos no corpo</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Imagens de alta resolução com cobertura miocárdica total</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" style="background-color:#E8CCBF" valign="middle">Não necessita de <italic>softwares</italic> dedicados para o cálculo</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" style="border-top:1pt solid black;background-color:#C58874" valign="middle"><bold>Desvantagens:</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Exposição à radiação ionizante</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" style="background-color:#E8CCBF" valign="middle">Uso de contraste potencialmente nefrotóxico</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Além desses cenários, pode ser útil considerar a obtenção do VEC miocárdico em exames de TCC com contraste realizados com outras finalidades, como para avaliação coronariana ou da válvula aórtica pré-intervenção transcateter, através de uma pequena modificação no protocolo (acréscimo de uma aquisição tardia póscontraste). Nos pacientes encaminhados para esses exames, não é incomum a coexistência de um quadro de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada e/ ou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda — situações clínicas em que o conhecimento do VEC miocárdico pode contribuir para um diagnóstico etiológico ainda desconhecido e fornecer dados prognósticos adicionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>O VEC miocárdico é uma medida de crescente utilidade clínica e pode ser obtido por meio da TCC com contraste, utilizando um protocolo de baixa dose de radiação e rápida execução, dispensando o uso de sequências e softwares proprietários necessários para o cálculo pela RMC, sem perda de acurácia em comparação com esta última.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
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				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
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				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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</article>