<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240107i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240107i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Association of Noonan Syndrome, Noncompaction of the Myocardium, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, and Long QT Syndrome: A Case Series</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pimentel</surname>
						<given-names>Anna Luisa de Melo Lula Lins</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-5841-5932</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Érika Alves da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Melo</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7152-1810</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Salemi</surname>
						<given-names>Vera Maria Cury</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>obtaining financing</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB - Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Sírio Libanês</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailling Address:</label><bold>Marcelo Tavares</bold> Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Cidade Universitária, sn, Conj. Pres. Castelo Branco III. Postal code: 58051 -900. João Pessoa, PB - Brazil, E-mail: <email>marcelo_dtm@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>19</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20240107</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Background:</bold></title>
					<p>The Noonan syndrome (NS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by manifestations such as short stature, a webbed neck, micrognathia, and hypertelorism. Although NS predisposes to cardiac disorders such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), it has only rarely been associated with noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCCM), an embryonic anomaly defined by excessive trabeculation and formation of deep myocardial recesses. The clinical presentation of NCCM ranges from asymptomatic to severe thromboembolic events. This study aims to describe cardiovascular changes and outcomes in patients with NS and NCCM followed at the cardiology department of a Brazilian hospital.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Methods:</bold></title>
					<p>Observational, longitudinal, prospective follow-up of three adult patients with the NS phenotype. AII underwent echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Data such as age, sex, family history, symptom onset, and outcomes of interest, such as thromboembolic events, heart transplantation (HTx), and death, were analyzed.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Results:</bold></title>
					<p>All three patients followed (one male-female sibling pair and one unrelated male) had NCCM with ventricular dysfunction. The female patient also had the long QT syndrome (LQTS). All developed apical thrombi, in the left ventricle in two cases. The female patient underwent successful HTx, while the two males died after decompensation of heart failure (HF) progressing to cardiogenic shock.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Conclusion:</bold></title>
					<p>This case series highlights the need for early diagnosis and family screening of patients with NS to optimize treatment and improve prognosis. There is no prior record in the literature of the association of all conditions described herein in the same patient.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Noonan Syndrome</kwd>
				<kwd>Isolated Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium</kwd>
				<kwd>Long QT Syndrome</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="18"/>
				<table-count count="00"/>
				<equation-count count="00"/>
				<ref-count count="21"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The Noonan syndrome (NS) is a rare, predominantly autosomal genetic condition characterized by distinct phenotypic features, including short stature, a webbed neck, hypertelorism, micrognathia, low-set ears, and pectus carinatum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> NS is frequently associated with heart diseases, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), arrhythmias, and conduction disorders, having been described only once—in 2016—in association with noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCCM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> NCCM, also known as noncompaction of the myocardium, is a complex embryonic disorder characterized by excessive trabeculation of the myocardium, resulting in formation of deep ventricular recesses that fill with blood. The clinical picture of NCCM can range from asymptomatic to severe thromboembolic complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The diagnostic criteria for this cardiomyopathy are not yet fully established. The use of echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) for diagnosis is widespread, especially using the Zurich criteria (described by Jenni in 2001) and the Petersen criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
			<p>The prevalence of cardiac disease in adults with NS is not well studied, but the syndrome is known to affect multiple organs, which means clinicians must be aware of and have a high index of suspicion for serious events arising from the most prevalent causes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The present report describes three clinical cases (including one sibling pair) of patients simultaneously affected by the NS, HCM, and NCCM, all followed at the outpatient cardiology clinic of a Brazilian public hospital. One of the patients also had long QT syndrome (LQTS), a condition that compromises ventricular repolarization; the association of NS, NCCM, and LQTS is heretofore undescribed in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Furthermore, the outcomes of each case were analyzed to highlight similarities and differences, considering the rarity and heterogeneity of this association. Given the growing need to elucidate the interactions between genotype and phenotype in NS, this report also highlights the importance of early diagnosis of cardiac anomalies, which is essential to improving the prognosis and quality of life of these patients. We chose to provide a detailed description of each individual patient, due to their particular features.</p>
			<p>
				<fig>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-gf01.tif"/>
					<attrib><italic>NS: Noonan syndrome; NCCM: noncompaction cardiomyopathy; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LQTS: long QT syndrome.</italic></attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>This observational, longitudinal, prospective study was based on the follow-up of three adult patients with the NS treated at Quaternary Hospital.</p>
			<p>In addition to a detailed review of systems and physical examination to collect clinical data, patients also underwent diagnostic testing to assess cardiovascular function and possible complications, including plain chest radiography, electrocardiography, 24-hour Holter monitoring, transthoracic echocardiography, and CMR — the latter two being the preferred imaging methods for assessing myocardial noncompaction. In echocardiography, the most commonly used initial method, a suspected diagnosis of NCCM is assessed by criteria such as Jenni’s, which compares the proportion between compacted (C) and noncompacted (NC) layers of the myocardium, with measurements taken during systole, in which a NC/C ratio &gt; 2 is considered diagnostic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> CMR provides improves spatial definition, aiding in visualization of trabeculae and possible thrombi, especially apical ones. In CMR, the Petersen criterion defines as diagnostic an NC:C myocardium ratio &gt; 2.3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Diagnosis of the LQTS was established by electrocardiography and 24-hour Holter monitoring. For diagnostic confirmation, all imaging findings and test results were reassessed by a second, experienced specialist.</p>
			<p>Parameters of interest included age, sex, past medical history, family history, age at onset of cardiac symptoms, current medications, imaging findings and laboratory test results, and the following endpoints: development or decompensation of heartfailure (HF), thromboembolic events, cardiac events, heart transplantation (HTx), and death.</p>
			<p>The study was approved by the institutional Research Ethics Committee with decision no. 0103/09. All three participants provided written informed consent in accordance with the provisions of Brazilian National Health Council Resolution 466/2012.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Case presentation</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Case 01:</title>
					<p>A 26-year-old male was diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) of unknown etiology. Symptoms had developed 5 years before with lower-extremity edema, palpitations, and progressive dyspnea. He denied chest pain, syncope, or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. However, he had a history of pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) and was positive for the NS phenotype (webbed neck, hypertelorism, micrognathia, low-set ears, and right-sided cryptorchidism). The family history included a sister with heart disease of unclear etiology and the same NS phenotype. Their parents were healthy and non-consanguineous; there were no other cases in the family. He also denied a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, or problem alcohol use, and did not use tobacco or take illicit drugs. Medications for the past 6 months included warfarin, Carvedilol, losartan, spironolactone, and furosemide.</p>
					<p>At the first clinic visit, the patient was in no acute distress, afebrile, with pink and moist mucous membranes and no dyspnea at rest. Cardiovascular examination revealed visible jugular venous distension when supine, a regular rhythm with no third heart sound, and a grade ll/IV systolic murmur in the mitral area. The heart rate (HR) was 60 beats per minute and the blood pressure (BP) 100/80 mmHg. The respiratory rate was normal, and the lungs were clear to auscultation. The extremities were warm and well-perfused, with grade ll/IV lower-limb edema.</p>
					<p>Plain radiography of the chest showed an enlarged heart shadow, and the initial electrocardiogram was notable for evidence of biventricular hypertrophy and first-degree atrioventricular block; 24-hour Holter monitoring recorded several runs of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT). Echocardiography revealed marked biventricular systolic dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, mild mitral and moderate tricuspid regurgitation, and a filling defect consistent with an apical thrombus in the right ventricle (RV). CMR confirmed biventricular systolic impairment (LVEF: 0.25; RVEF: 0.21) and increased myocardial thickness, as well as positive criteria for NCCM (NC/C ratio: 2.7) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="F1">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Late gadolinium enhancement CMR of Patient 1 showing diffuse delayed hyperenhancement of prominent left ventricular trabeculations, suggesting fibrosis. This patient showed overlap of findings consistent with HCM and NCCM.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-gf02.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The patient experienced initial improvement in symptoms but was then lost to follow-up for 2 years. When next seen, he was in fair condition, pale, with poor peripheral perfusion, anasarca, palpitations, and dyspnea at rest, and was hospitalized for acute decompensated HF Cardiovascular examination revealed jugular venous distension in the seated position and muffled heart sounds (regular S1/S2 rhythm). The HR was 88 beats per minute and the BP 90/60 mmHg. The respiratory rate was 30 breaths per minute; bibasilar crackles were heard on lung auscultation. Laboratory tests were notable for evidence of acute kidney injury and leukocytosis. During hospitalization, PE was once again suspected but ruled out by CT angiography. Within 36 hours, cardiogenic shock developed despite high-dose vasopressors, standard measures for septic shock, and intra-aortic balloon pump placement. He died in cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity.</p>
					<p>Postmortem examination confirmed the Noonan phenotype and myocardial involvement consistent with NCCM. Extensive intramural fibrosis in the ventricular myocardium and thrombi in the right atrium were found (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2</xref>). Changes secondary to congestive HF were seen in the lungs (passive pulmonary congestion, dilatation of the pulmonary artery), liver (chronic passive congestion, centrilobular hepatic necrosis), and spleen (chronic passive congestion), in addition to anasarca (ascites, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion). Multiple thromboembolic phenomena were also identified, including organizing thrombi in the right atrium and posterior wall of the right atrium, healed cortical infarcts in both kidneys, multiple splenic infarcts, and widespread petechiae, as well as diffuse alveolar damage and massive hemorrhage in both lungs.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="F2">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Axial (A) and coronal (B) sections through the cardiac ventricles of Patient 1 showing apical views of the left ventricular cavity with polypoid, anastomosing trabeculations (arrows) of the subendocardial layer. Short-axis cine CMR images (C) of the same patient, showing overlap between HCM and NCCM findings.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-gf03.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Case 02:</title>
					<p>A 33-year-old female presented for HCM screening after the death of her brother (Case 01). She reported sporadic palpitations as her only symptom. There was an established history of infertility and the NS phenotype (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3</xref>). The family history was as for Case 01. She denied hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, and use of alcohol, tobacco, or other substances. She took no medications. At the first visit, the patient was in no acute distress, afebrile, with pink and moist mucous membranes and no dyspnea at rest. Cardiovascular examination was unremarkable exceptfor a grade l/IV systolic murmur in the mitral area; the rhythm was regular with no third heart sound and there was no appreciable jugular venous distension. The HR was 72 beats per minute and the BP 110/80 mmHg. The respiratory rate was normal, the lungs were clear to auscultation, and the extremities were warm and well-perfused, with no peripheral edema.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="F3">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Photographs of Patient 2 (A and B). Note the webbed neck, low-set ears, pectus carinatum, scoliosis, and micrognathia.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-gf04.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A plain radiograph of the chest showed an enlarged cardiac shadow and evidence of pulmonary congestion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4</xref>). The initial electrocardiogram showed regular sinus rhythm with evidence of biatrial enlargement, RV hypertrophy, and septal hypertrophy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figure 5</xref>); 24-hour Holter monitoring showed prolongation of the QT interval, as well as a single episode of NSVT. CMR was notable for significant ventricular hypertrophy (septal thickness 17 mm and lateral wall thickness 16 mm) and excessive trabeculation of the anterior, lateral, and inferior walls—findings consistent with NCCM (NC/C ratio: 2.4). There was also prominent dilatation of the pulmonary trunk, vena cava, and hepatic veins, as well as an apical thrombus in the left ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="F4">
							<label>Figure 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Patient 2 - PA (A) and lateral (B) chest radiographs showing pectus carinatum, scoliosis, cardiomegaly, and evidence of pulmonary congestion.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-gf05.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="F5">
							<label>Figure 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Patient 2 - 12-lead ECG showing sinus rhythm, evidence of biatrial and right ventricular enlargement, and severe septal hypertrophy.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-gf06.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="F6">
							<label>Figure 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Patient 2 - CMR showing severe ventricular hypertrophy, excessive trabeculation of the anterior, lateral, and inferior myocardial walls (NC/C ratio: 2.4), and an enlarged left ventricle with significant systolic dysfunction (LVEF: 0.20). A non-ischemic delayed enhancement pattern is visible. There is also an apical thrombus in the left ventricle.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-gf07.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The patient was started on warfarin, Carvedilol, and enalapril and reported improvement of palpitations. Seven months later, she suddenly developed pain in the left leg with associated malaise and right-sided paresthesias (including the face). She presented to the emergency department and was diagnosed with a transient ischemic attack involving multiple cerebral segments. Neuroimaging was consistent with subtotal occlusion of the proximal segment of the left middle cerebral artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Figure 7</xref>). Chemical thrombolysis was performed uneventfully, and she recovered with no residual motor or cognitive deficits. During the same hospitalization, arteriography of the left lower extremity confirmed acute arterial occlusion in the left femoral artery, which was treated by surgical thrombectomy. After discharge, the patient experienced several further episodes of acute decompensated HF, NSVT, and QT prolongation, ultimately requiring placement of an implantable cardioverter/ defibrillator. Despite optimization of medical therapy, over the following year she required frequent hospitalization for decompensated HF; HTx was indicated and performed successfully. As of the time of writing, she remains stable under close outpatient follow-up.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="F7">
							<label>Figure 7</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Brain MRI: ischemic stroke secondary to involvement of multiple cerebral vascular territories. Imaging is consistent with subtotal occlusion of the proximal segment of the left middle cerebral artery (A). The periventricular region, internal capsule, part of the caudate nucleus, posterior putamen, and subinsular region on the left are all involved (B).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-gf08.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Case 03:</title>
					<p>A 24-year-old male presented with a history of cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology, diagnosed at 3 years of age. He had been well until age 20, when he experienced a sudden deterioration of functional class requiring successive hospitalizations for acute decompensated HF. Physical examination was notable for the NS phenotype (short stature, webbed neck, hypertelorism, micrognathia, and low-set ears). There were no other cases in the family. Both parents were healthy and non-consanguineous. There was no psychomotor retardation. The patient denied hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, and use of alcohol, tobacco, or other substances. Medications included bisoprolol, ivabradine, Captopril, furosemide, spironolactone, hydrochlorothiazide, and warfarin. He was referred to our hospital for admission due to acute HF decompensation with dyspnea at rest, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and right upper quadrant pain. He reported no palpitations, chest pain, or syncope.</p>
					<p>At the firstvisit, the patientwas afebrile and well-hydrated but appeared acutely ill, with grade ll/IV pallor and dyspnea at rest. Cardiovascular examination was notable for a grade l/IV systolic murmur in the mitral area, a regular rhythm with no third heart sound, and visible jugular venous distension while seated. The HR was 72 beats per minute and the BP 80/50 mmHg. He was tachypneic (RR 29 breaths per minute) and pulmonary auscultation revealed bibasilar crackles. The extremities were cold, clammy, and poorly perfused, with marked (grade 11 l/IV) lower-limb edema.</p>
					<p>Plain chest radiographs showed an enlarged cardiac shadow. The initial electrocardiogram showed evidence of biatrial and RV enlargement; 24-hour Holter monitoring recorded runs of NSVT Transthoracic echocardiography showed increased myocardial thickness consistent with HCM, significant biventricular systolic dysfunction, marked LV diastolic dysfunction with a restrictive pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figure 8</xref>), pulmonary hypertension, and a filling defect suggestive of apical thrombus in the LV. CMR confirmed biventricular systolic impairment (LVEF: 0.24; RVEF: 0.28) and increased myocardial thickness, as well as positive criteria for NCCM (NC/C ratio: 3.4). Late gadolinium enhancement was seen in the mesocardial layer mid-apically and in the epicardial layer circumferentially.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="F8">
							<label>Figure 8</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Two-dimensional and M-mode transthoracic echocardiography showing biventricular hypertrophy, LV trabeculation (A and B), and a restrictive diastolic dysfunction pattern (C and D).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-gf09.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The patient had a stormy course complicated by bronchopneumonia, cardiac tamponade due to pericardial effusion requiring drainage, acute kidney injury, and mixed cardiogenic-septic shock, dying on the 62nd hospital day.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Analysis of common findings</title>
				<p>All patients had the NS phenotype and met diagnostic criteria for NCCM. Of the 3 patients, 1 was female and 2 were male (66.6%), with a mean (SD) age of 27.6 (3.8) years. The female patient and the first male patient were siblings, while the other male patient had no family history of NS or cardiomyopathy; none of the patients had consanguineous parents. All had an established diagnosis of cardiomyopathy, with the second male patient having been diagnosed at 3 years of age. The presenting symptoms were dyspnea (n = 2), palpitations (n=2), lower-limb edema (n=2), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (n = 1), and anasarca (n=1). All patients denied hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, and use of alcohol, tobacco, or illicit substances. Physical examination was notable for a regular rhythm with no third heart sound, systolic murmur in the mitral area, and jugular venous distension while seated in all three patients, as well as muffled heart sounds in one.</p>
				<p>Plain chest radiographs showed an enlarged cardiac shadow in 100% of cases (n=3). Electrocardiography revealed biventricular enlargement and first-degree atrioventricular block (n = 1), normal sinus rhythm with evidence of biatrial enlargement (n = 1), and biatrial enlargement with no prominentsinus rhythm (n = 1), rightventricular hypertrophy (n=2), and septal hypertrophy (n = 1). All patients had runs of NSVT on 24-hour Holter monitoring; the female patient also had prolongation of the QT interval. Echocardiography was performed in only two patients, revealing significant biventricular systolic dysfunction (n = 2), LV dysfunction with a restrictive pattern (n = 1), pulmonary hypertension (n=2), mitral regurgitation (n = 1), and tricuspid regurgitation (n = 1). All patients had evidence of apical thrombi, two confirmed by echocardiography and the third by CMR; two were in the left ventricle and one in the RV.</p>
				<p>CMR showed increased myocardial thickness in 100% of cases (n = 3), with a mean NC/C myocardium ratio of 2.8 (SD = 0.4). One patient showed excessive trabeculation of the anterior, lateral, and inferior walls.</p>
				<p>All patients presented with HF (n = 3) and acute decompensation. Pulmonary congestion was present in two cases, as was pericardial effusion. Optimized medical therapy was attempted in all patients; one discontinued treatment and was lost to follow-up and two had an inadequate response to treatment. Thromboembolic events occurred in 66.6% of cases (n = 2), in the form of PE (n = 1) and transient ischemic attack (n = 1). The outcomes were implantable cardioverter/defibrillator placementwith subsequent HTx in one case and death in cardiogenic shock in the two others. The patient who underwent HTx has since experienced significant improvement in her condition.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>NS is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder with a wide range of phenotypic presentations, including short stature, webbed neck, facial dysmorphism, delayed puberty, and skeletal and cardiovascular anomalies. Its incidence ranges from 1 in 1000 to 1 in 2500 live births, being the second leading genetic cause of heart defects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Although its clinical manifestations are not yet fully understood, cardiovascular changes are common, with pulmonary artery stenosis being most prevalent, which highlights the importance of cardiology follow-up throughout adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Outcomes similar to those of our series were found in a cohort studied by Shaw et. al., with 112 individuals followed for 12 years; 19% of them developed HCM, with one undergoing HTx, and three deaths due to myocardial infarction secondary to HCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The association of NS with NCCM is exceedingly rare, having been reported only by Nakamura et al. in a rat model in 2007 and by Sun et al. in a 12-year-old child in 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Heart disease is the worst prognostic factor in patients with NS and, therefore, that most associated with mortality, as demonstrated in the three cases described herein, where the two male patients died in cardiogenic shock and the female patient ultimately required HTx.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
			<p>The American Heart Association considers NCCM a genetic disorder, with great genotypic and phenotypic variability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Candidate genes have already been identified, such as <italic>MYH7, TNNT2, TNNI3,</italic> and <italic>ACTC,</italic> with those associated with defects in the genesis of sarcomere proteins being most common.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> NCCM is characterized by the arrest of myocardial compaction during embryogenesis, leading to varying degrees of trabeculation, creating deep recesses that predispose to the formation of thrombi and consequent thromboembolic events. CMR performed alongside echocardiography is currently the method of choice for diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Imaging shows thickening of the LV myocardial wall with two distinct layers: a thin, compact epicardial layer (C) and a thick, NC endocardial layer (NC) filled with blood from the ventricular cavity. Using the Petersen criterion, a ratio of NC to compacted myocardium (NC/C) &gt; 2.3 confirms the diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> NCCM usually progresses to microcirculatory dysfunction and ventricular systolic dysfunction. It may be associated with other genetic conditions such as Ebstein’s anomaly, bicuspid valve, HCM, septal defects, and neuromuscular disorders, such as the Barth and Becker syndromes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Other family members can be involved at rates ranging from 18 to 50% in the literature, which highlights the importance of family screening.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
			<p>HCM is the most prevalent cardiomyopathy (1:500 live births). It is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and leads to thickening of the myocardial walls, although function is often initially preserved.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Recent research has demonstrated similar genetic anomalies in sarcomeres and beta-myosin heavy chain in patients with HCM and NCCM, such as the L620P mutation in <italic>MYH7,</italic> suggesting there may be genetic overlap in the different presentations of these two cardiomyopathies—which appears to be in agreementwith the cases reported herein.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Some cases of comorbid HCM and NCCM have been described in the same individual or separately in different members of the same family, such as children of patients with NCCM who have HCM or NCCM/ HCM overlap and vice versa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
			<p>LQTS affects ventricular repolarization, leading to serious arrhythmias such as <italic>torsades de pointes</italic> and ventricular fibrillation; it is associated with a high risk of sudden death. Although it may be caused by drug interactions or genetic mutations-such as the <italic>KCNQ1</italic> mutation -, it has only rarely been reported in association with NCCM, making genetic screening essential for diagnosis and intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> As of the time of writing, the co-occurrence of NS, NCCM, and LQTS had not been reported.</p>
			<p>The symptoms reported by the patients in our series were similar to those found in the literature on NCCM, such as dyspnea, chest pain, and clinical manifestations of HE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Areas of delayed enhancement on imaging have been suggested as a criterion for preventive implantable cardioverter/defibrillator placement,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> as was required by one of our patients. The literature shows that mortality and heart transplantation rates in isolated noncompaction of the myocardium are similar to those found in idiopathic cardiomyopathy. However, our patient presented with NCCM in association with NS and other cardiac dysfunction, with additional complications and a worse prognosis. The simultaneous co-occurrence of all of these conditions has not been previously reported in the literature.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>This paper describes three cases (including one sibling pair) of NS and NCCM with significant ventricular dysfunction and other associated conditions. The association of all conditions reported herein in the same patient has not been previously described in the literature. We highlight the importance of early screening for heart disease in patients with NS. Family screening should be recommended for all first- and second-degree relatives. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve prognosis in these cases.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo, from Incor - USR</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of :he Análise de Projetos de Pesquisa-CAPPesq da Diretoria Clínica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo under the protocol number 0103/09. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1 Mendez HM, Opitz JM. Noonan Syndrome: A Review. Am J Med Genet. 1985;21(3):493-506. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320210312.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mendez</surname>
							<given-names>HM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Opitz</surname>
							<given-names>JM.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Noonan Syndrome: A Review</article-title>
					<source>Am J Med Genet</source>
					<year>1985</year>
					<volume>21</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>493</fpage>
					<lpage>506</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ajmg.1320210312.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2 Smpokou P, Tworog-Dube E, Kucherlapati RS, Roberts AE. Medical Complications, Clinical Findings, and Educational Outcomes in Adults with Noonan Syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2012;158A(12):3106-11. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35639.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Smpokou</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tworog-Dube</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kucherlapati</surname>
							<given-names>RS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Roberts</surname>
							<given-names>AE.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Medical Complications, Clinical Findings, and Educational Outcomes in Adults with Noonan Syndrome</article-title>
					<source>Am J Med Genet A</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>158A</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>3106</fpage>
					<lpage>3111</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ajmg.a.35639.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3 Sun XL, Zhao JX, Chen XJ, Zeng Z, Chen YC, Zhang Q. A Unique Case of a 12-Year-Old Boy with Noonan Syndrome Combined with Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium. Int Heart J. 2016;57(2):258-61. doi: 10.1536/ihj.15-343.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sun</surname>
							<given-names>XL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhao</surname>
							<given-names>JX</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>XJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zeng</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>YC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>Q.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>A Unique Case of a 12-Year-Old Boy with Noonan Syndrome Combined with Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium</article-title>
					<source>Int Heart J</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>57</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>258</fpage>
					<lpage>261</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1536/ihj.15-343.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4 Gerecke BJ, Engberding R. Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy-History and Current Knowledge for Clinical Practice. J Clin Med. 2021;10(11):2457. doi: 10.3390/jcm10112457.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gerecke</surname>
							<given-names>BJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Engberding</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy-History and Current Knowledge for Clinical Practice</article-title>
					<source>J Clin Med</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>2457</fpage>
					<lpage>2457</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/jcm10112457.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5 Jenni R, Oechslin E, Schneider J, Jost CA, Kaufmann PA. Echocardiographic and Pathoanatomical Characteristics of Isolated Left Ventricular Non-Compaction: A Step Towards Classification as a Distinct Cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2001;86(6):666-71. doi: 10.1136/heart.86.6.666.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Jenni</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oechslin</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schneider</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jost</surname>
							<given-names>CA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kaufmann</surname>
							<given-names>PA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Echocardiographic and Pathoanatomical Characteristics of Isolated Left Ventricular Non-Compaction: A Step Towards Classification as a Distinct Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Heart</source>
					<year>2001</year>
					<volume>86</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>666</fpage>
					<lpage>671</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/heart.86.6.666.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6 Petersen SE, Selvanayagam JB, Wiesmann F, Robson MD, Francis JM, Anderson RH, et al. Left Ventricular Non-Compaction: Insights from Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(1):101-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.045.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Petersen</surname>
							<given-names>SE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Selvanayagam</surname>
							<given-names>JB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wiesmann</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Robson</surname>
							<given-names>MD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Francis</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Anderson</surname>
							<given-names>RH</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Left Ventricular Non-Compaction: Insights from Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2005</year>
					<volume>46</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>101</fpage>
					<lpage>105</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.045.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7 Moss AJ, Schwartz PJ, Crampton RS, Tzivoni D, Locati EH, MacCluer J, et al. The Long QT Syndrome. Prospective Longitudinal Study of 328 Families. Circulation. 1991;84(3):1136-44. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.84.3.1136.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Moss</surname>
							<given-names>AJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schwartz</surname>
							<given-names>PJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Crampton</surname>
							<given-names>RS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tzivoni</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Locati</surname>
							<given-names>EH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>MacCluer</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Long QT Syndrome. Prospective Longitudinal Study of 328 Families</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>1991</year>
					<volume>84</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>1136</fpage>
					<lpage>1144</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.84.3.1136.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8 Prendiville TW, Gauvreau K, Tworog-Dube E, Patkin L, Kucherlapati RS, Roberts AE, et al. Cardiovascular Disease in Noonan Syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 2014;99(7):629-34. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-305047.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Prendiville</surname>
							<given-names>TW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gauvreau</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tworog-Dube</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Patkin</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kucherlapati</surname>
							<given-names>RS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Roberts</surname>
							<given-names>AE</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cardiovascular Disease in Noonan Syndrome</article-title>
					<source>Arch Dis Child</source>
					<year>2014</year>
					<volume>99</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>629</fpage>
					<lpage>634</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/archdischild-2013-305047.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>9 van der Burgt I. Noonan Syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007;2:4. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-4.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>van der Burgt</surname>
							<given-names>I.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Noonan Syndrome</article-title>
					<source>Orphanet J Rare Dis</source>
					<year>2007</year>
					<volume>2</volume>
					<fpage>4</fpage>
					<lpage>4</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1750-1172-2-4.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation>10 Shaw AC, Kalidas K, Crosby AH, Jeffery S, Patton MA. The Natural History of Noonan Syndrome: A Long-term Follow-up Study. Arch Dis Child. 2007;92(2):128-32. doi: 10.1136/adc.2006.104547.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Shaw</surname>
							<given-names>AC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kalidas</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Crosby</surname>
							<given-names>AH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jeffery</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Patton</surname>
							<given-names>MA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Natural History of Noonan Syndrome: A Long-term Follow-up Study</article-title>
					<source>Arch Dis Child</source>
					<year>2007</year>
					<volume>92</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>128</fpage>
					<lpage>132</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/adc.2006.104547.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation>11 Nakamura T, Colbert M, Krenz M, Molkentin JD, Hahn HS, Dorn GW 2nd, et al. Mediating ERK 1/2 Signaling Rescues Congenital Heart Defects in a Mouse Model of Noonan Syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(8):2123-32. doi: 10.1172/JCI30756.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Nakamura</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Colbert</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Krenz</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Molkentin</surname>
							<given-names>JD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hahn</surname>
							<given-names>HS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dorn</surname>
							<given-names>GW</given-names>
							<suffix>2nd</suffix>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Mediating ERK 1/2 Signaling Rescues Congenital Heart Defects in a Mouse Model of Noonan Syndrome</article-title>
					<source>J Clin Invest</source>
					<year>2007</year>
					<volume>117</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>2123</fpage>
					<lpage>2132</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1172/JCI30756.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation>12 Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, et al. Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2006;113(14):1807-16. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Maron</surname>
							<given-names>BJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Towbin</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thiene</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Antzelevitch</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Corrado</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arnett</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2006</year>
					<volume>113</volume>
					<issue>14</issue>
					<fpage>1807</fpage>
					<lpage>1816</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation>13 Oechslin E, Jenni R. Left Ventricular Non-compaction Revisited: A Distinct Phenotype with Genetic Heterogeneity? Eur Heart J. 2011;32(12):1446-56. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq508.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Oechslin</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jenni</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Left Ventricular Non-compaction Revisited: A Distinct Phenotype with Genetic Heterogeneity?</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2011</year>
					<volume>32</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>1446</fpage>
					<lpage>1456</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehq508.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation>14 Klaassen S, Probst S, Oechslin E, Gerull B, Krings G, Schuler P, et al. Mutations in Sarcomere Protein Genes in Left Ventricular Noncompaction. Circulation. 2008;117(22):2893-901. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.746164.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Klaassen</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Probst</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oechslin</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gerull</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Krings</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schuler</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Mutations in Sarcomere Protein Genes in Left Ventricular Noncompaction</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<volume>117</volume>
					<issue>22</issue>
					<fpage>2893</fpage>
					<lpage>2901</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.746164.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation>15 Laaroussi L, Halima AN, Boukhris M, Addad F, Kachboura S. Left Ventricular Non-compaction Associated with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in the Same Patient. Kardiol Pol. 2017;75(4):397. doi: 10.5603/KP.2017.0064.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Laaroussi</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Halima</surname>
							<given-names>AN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Boukhris</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Addad</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kachboura</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Left Ventricular Non-compaction Associated with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in the Same Patient</article-title>
					<source>Kardiol Pol</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>75</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>397</fpage>
					<lpage>397</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5603/KP.2017.0064.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation>16 Lorca R, Martín M, Gómez J, Santamarta E, Morís C, Reguero JJ, et al. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Left Ventricular Non-compaction: Different Manifestations of the Same Cardiomyopathy Spectrum? Int J Cardiol. 2015;190:26-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.138.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lorca</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martín</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gómez</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santamarta</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Morís</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reguero</surname>
							<given-names>JJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Left Ventricular Non-compaction: Different Manifestations of the Same Cardiomyopathy Spectrum?</article-title>
					<source>Int J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>190</volume>
					<fpage>26</fpage>
					<lpage>28</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.138.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation>17 Zuccarino F, Vollmer I, Sanchez G, Navallas M, Pugliese F, Gayete A. Left Ventricular Noncompaction: Imaging Findings and Diagnostic Criteria. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;204(5):W519-30. doi: 10.2214/AJR.13.12326.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zuccarino</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vollmer</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sanchez</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Navallas</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pugliese</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gayete</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Left Ventricular Noncompaction: Imaging Findings and Diagnostic Criteria.</article-title>
					<source>AJR Am J Roentgenol</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>204</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>W519</fpage>
					<lpage>W530</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2214/AJR.13.12326.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation>18 Rosa LV, Salemi VMC, Alexandre LM, Mady C. Miocardiopatia não compactada: uma visão atual. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(1):13-9. doi: 10.1590/S0066-782X2011000900021.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rosa</surname>
							<given-names>LV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salemi</surname>
							<given-names>VMC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alexandre</surname>
							<given-names>LM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mady</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Miocardiopatia não compactada: uma visão atual</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2011</year>
					<volume>97</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>13</fpage>
					<lpage>19</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011000900021.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation>19 Iio C, Ogimoto A, Nagai T, Suzuki J, Inoue K, Nishimura K, et al. Association between Genetic Variation in the SCN10A Gene and Cardiac Conduction Abnormalities in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Int Heart J. 2015;56(4):421-7. doi: 10.1536/ihj.14-411.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Iio</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ogimoto</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nagai</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Suzuki</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Inoue</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nishimura</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Association between Genetic Variation in the SCN10A Gene and Cardiac Conduction Abnormalities in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Int Heart J</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>56</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>421</fpage>
					<lpage>427</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1536/ihj.14-411.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation>20 Hoedemaekers YM, Caliskan K, Michels M, Frohn-Mulder I, van der Smagt JJ, Phefferkorn JE, et al. The Importance of Genetic Counseling, DNA Diagnostics, and Cardiologic Family Screening in Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3(3):232-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.903898.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hoedemaekers</surname>
							<given-names>YM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Caliskan</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Michels</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Frohn-Mulder</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>van der Smagt</surname>
							<given-names>JJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Phefferkorn</surname>
							<given-names>JE</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Importance of Genetic Counseling, DNA Diagnostics, and Cardiologic Family Screening in Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Circ Cardiovasc Genet</source>
					<year>2010</year>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>232</fpage>
					<lpage>239</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.903898.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<label>21</label>
				<mixed-citation>21 Nakashima K, Kusakawa I, Yamamoto T, Hirabayashi S, Hosoya R, Shimizu W, et al. A Left Ventricular Noncompaction in a Patient with Long QT Syndrome Caused by a KCNQ1 Mutation: A Case Report. Heart Vessels. 2013;28(1):126-9. doi: 10.1007/s00380-012-0235-8.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Nakashima</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kusakawa</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yamamoto</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hirabayashi</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hosoya</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shimizu</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>A Left Ventricular Noncompaction in a Patient with Long QT Syndrome Caused by a KCNQ1 Mutation: A Case Report</article-title>
					<source>Heart Vessels</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>28</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>126</fpage>
					<lpage>129</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00380-012-0235-8.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240107</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Associação da Síndrome de Noonan, Miocárdio não Compactado, Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica e Síndrome do QT Longo: Uma Série de Casos</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pimentel</surname>
						<given-names>Anna Luisa de Melo Lula Lins</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">1</xref>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-5841-5932</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Érika Alves da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">1</xref>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Melo</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7152-1810</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Salemi</surname>
						<given-names>Vera Maria Cury</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">2</xref>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>obtenção de financiamento</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1001">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff1002">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Marcelo Tavares</bold> Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Cidade Universitária, sn, Conj. Pres. Castelo Branco III. CEP: 58051-900. João Pessoa, PB- Brasil E-mail: <email>marcelo_dtm@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Introdução:</bold></title>
					<p>A síndrome de Noonan (SN) é uma doença genética rara caracterizada por manifestações como baixa estatura, pescoço alado, micrognatia e hipertelorismo. Embora a SN predisponha a distúrbios cardíacos, como a cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH), sua associação com o miocárdio não compactado (MNC) é rara. O MNC é uma anomalia embriológica marcada por trabeculação excessiva e formação de recessos miocárdicos profundos, cuja apresentação clínica varia de assintomática a eventos tromboembólicos graves. Este estudo visa descrever as alterações e os desfechos cardiovasculares em portadores de SN e MNC acompanhados no serviço de cardiologia de um hospital brasileiro.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Metodologia:</bold></title>
					<p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional, longitudinal e prospectivo, envolvendo o acompanhamento de três pacientes adultos com fenótipo de SN. Os pacientes foram avaliados por meio de ecocardiograma e ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC). Dados como idade, sexo, histórico familiar, início dos sintomas e desfechos, como eventos tromboembólicos, transplante cardíaco (TxC) e óbito, foram analisados.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Resultados:</bold></title>
					<p>Todos os três pacientes acompanhados (dois homens e uma mulher, irmã de um dos homens) apresentavam MNC com disfunção ventricular. A paciente do sexo feminino também apresentava síndrome do QT longo (SQTL). Todos desenvolveram trombo apical, sendo dois casos no ventrículo esquerdo (VE). A paciente do sexo feminino foi submetida a TxC, enquanto os dois homens faleceram após quadro de descompensação e evolução para choque cardiogênico.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Conclusão:</bold></title>
					<p>Este estudo ressalta a necessidade de diagnóstico precoce e triagem familiar em pacientes com SN, visando à otimização do tratamento e à melhora prognóstica. Não há registro na literatura de associação de todas as patologias descritas em um mesmo paciente.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>síndrome de Noonan</kwd>
				<kwd>Miocárdio Ventricular Não Compactado Isolado</kwd>
				<kwd>síndrome do QT longo</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
				<fig>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-pt-gf01.tif"/>
					<attrib><italic>SN: síndrome de Noonan; MNC: miocárdio não compactado; SQTL: síndrome do QT longo.</italic></attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A síndrome de Noonan (SN) é uma condição genética rara, predominantemente autossômica, marcada por características fenotípicas distintas, incluindo baixa estatura, pescoço alado, hipertelorismo, micrognatia, orelhas de implantação baixa e pectus carinatum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A SN está frequentemente associada a cardiopatias, como cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH), arritmias e distúrbios de condução, tendo sido associada uma única vez, em 2016, ao miocárdio não compactado (MNC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O MNC é um distúrbio embriológico complexo, caracterizado por uma trabeculação excessiva do miocárdio, resultando na formação de recessos ventriculares profundos que se enchem de sangue. A clínica do MNC pode variar desde casos assintomáticos a complicações tromboembólicas graves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O critério diagnóstico dessa cardiomiopatia (CMP) ainda não está completamente estabelecido. A utilização do ecocardiograma e da ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) é amplamente difundida, especialmente com base nos critérios de Zurique, descritos por Jenni et al. em 2001, e nos critérios de Petersen.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
				<p>A prevalência de problemas cardíacos em adultos com SN não está bem estudada, mas sabe-se que esses indivíduos são afetados pela morbidade de múltiplos órgãos, o que demanda conhecimento médico especializado para eventos graves advindos das causas mais prevalentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever três casos clínicos de pacientes acometidos simultaneamente por SN, CMH e MNC, sendo dois deles irmãos, todos atendidos no ambulatório de cardiologia de um hospital público brasileiro. Um dos pacientes também apresentava síndrome do QT longo (SQTL), uma condição que compromete a repolarização ventricular, configurando uma associação inédita na literatura entre SN, MNC e SQTL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Além disso, foram analisados os desfechos de cada caso, a fim de destacar similaridades e particularidades, considerando a raridade e heterogeneidade dessa combinação. Frente à crescente necessidade de elucidar as interações entre genótipo e fenótipo na SN, este relato também ressalta a importância do diagnóstico precoce de anomalias cardíacas, essencial para melhorar o prognóstico e a qualidade de vida desses pacientes. Optou-se por uma descrição detalhada de todos os indivíduos devido às suas particularidades.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Metodologia</title>
				<p>Foi realizado um estudo observacional, longitudinal e prospectivo a partir do acompanhamento do caso de três pacientes adultos portadores de SN, atendidos em Hospital Quaternário.</p>
				<p>Além da anamnese e do exame físico detalhados para coleta de dados clínicos, os pacientes foram submetidos a exames complementares para avaliação cardiovascular e de possíveis complicações, como radiografia de tórax, eletrocardiograma, Holter de 24 horas, ecocardiograma transtorácico e RMC, sendo os dois últimos os métodos de imagem preferenciais para a avaliação do MNC. No ecocardiograma- método inicial mais comumente utilizado -, a suspeita diagnóstica é avaliada por meio da investigação de critérios como os de Jenni, que comparam a proporção entre as camadas compactada (C) e não compactada (NC) do miocárdio, com medições realizadas durante a sístole, sendo uma razão NC/C &gt; 2 considerada diagnóstica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A RMC auxilia na melhor definição espacial, visualização de trabéculas e de possíveis trombos, especialmente quando localizados no ápice. Na RMC, o critério de Petersen determina como diagnóstica uma relação entre MNC e miocárdio compactado (NC/C) &gt; 2,3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O diagnóstico de SQTL foi realizado por meio de eletrocardiograma e Holter de 24 horas. Para confirmação das alterações encontradas, todos os exames foram reavaliados por um segundo especialista com experiência.</p>
				<p>Os dados de interesse incluíram idade, sexo, histórico patológico pregresso, histórico familiar, início dos sintomas cardíacos, medicações em uso no momento, resultado dos exames complementares e desfechos clínicos, como desenvolvimento ou descompensação de insuficiência cardíaca (IC), eventos tromboembólicos, eventos cardiogênicos, transplante cardíaco (TxC) e óbito.</p>
				<p>Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa local sob o Protocolo n.º 0103/09. Os três participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), em conformidade com a Resolução 466/2012.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Apresentação dos casos</title>
					<sec>
						<title>Caso 1:</title>
						<p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 26 anos, apresentava diagnóstico de CMP dilatada de etiologia ainda a esclarecer. Os sintomas iniciaram-se há 5 anos, com edema de membros inferiores, palpitações e dispneia progressiva. Negava dor torácica, síncope ou dispneia paroxística noturna. História prévia de tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) e fenótipo positivo para SN (pescoço alado, hipertelorismo, micrognatia, baixa implantação das orelhas e criptorquidia à direita). Histórico familiar de irmã com cardiopatia de etiologia indefinida e mesmo fenótipo. Pais saudáveis e não consanguíneos, sem outros casos na família. Negava hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipidemia (DLP), etilismo, tabagismo ou uso de drogas ilícitas. Medicamentos em uso há 6 meses: marevan, Carvedilol, losartana, espironolactona e furosemida.</p>
						<p>Na primeira consulta, o exame físico demonstrou que o paciente estava em bom estado geral, normocorado, hidratado, afebril e sem dispneia em repouso. A avaliação cardiovascular, notou-se presença de turgênciajugularquando deitado, ritmo cardíaco regular em dois tempos e sopro sistólico em foco mitral ++/4-+. Seus sinais vitais revelavam frequência cardíaca (FC) de 60 bpm e pressão arterial (PA) de 100 × 80 mmHg. A frequência respiratória (FR) era normal, e a ausculta pulmonar não apresentava ruídos adventícios. As extremidades estavam quentes, bem perfundidas, porém com edema de membros inferiores ++/4+.</p>
						<p>Os exames complementares incluíram radiografia de tórax, que evidenciava aumento da área cardíaca, e eletrocardiograma, que mostrava sobrecarga biventricular e bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau. O Holter de 24 horas detectou episódios de taquicardia ventricular não sustentada (TVNS). O ecocardiograma revelava disfunção sistólica biventricular importante, hipertensão pulmonar, insuficiência valvar mitral discreta e tricúspide de grau moderado, além de imagem sugestiva de trombo apical no ventrículo direito (VD). A RMC confirmava comprometimento sistólico biventricular (fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo [FEVE]: 0,25 e fração de ejeção do VD [FEVD]: 0,21), com aumento da espessura miocárdica, além de critérios para MNC (relação MNCe miocárdio compactado- NC/C: 2,7) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="F9">
								<label>Figura 1</label>
								<caption>
									<title>RMC do paciente 1 com realce tardio demonstrando hiper-reaice difuso das trabecuiações proeminentes do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), sugerindo fibrose. Este paciente apresentou sobreposição entre os achados de CMH e MNC.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-pt-gf02.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>O paciente apresentou melhora inicial dos sintomas, mas interrompeu o seguimento por 2 anos. Ao retornar, foi internado por IC descompensada, em estado geral regular, descorado e com má perfusão periférica, apresentando anasarca, palpitações e dispneia em repouso. Ao exame cardiovascular, detectou-se turgência jugular em posição sentada, bulhas hipofonéticas e ritmo cardíaco regular em dois tempos. Os sinais vitais revelavam FC de 88 bpm e PA de 90 x 60 mmHg. A FR era de 30 irpm, e a ausculta pulmonar revelava estertores em bases. Os exames complementares mostraram insuficiência renal aguda e leucocitose. Durante a internação, foi levantada nova suspeita de TER que foi descartada por angiotomografia de tórax. Em 36 horas, evoluiu para choque cardiogênico, apesar do uso de drogas vasoativas em altas doses, medidas para choque séptico e uso de balão intra-aórtico. Apresentou parada cardiorrespiratória em atividade elétrica sem pulso (AESP) e óbito.</p>
						<p>O exame de necropsia confirmou o fenótipo de Noonan e doença miocárdica compatível com MNC. Foram descritas extensas áreas de fibrose intramural em miocárdio ventricular e trombos em átrio direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figura 2</xref>). Havia alterações secundárias à IC congestiva nos pulmões (congestão passiva pulmonar, dilatação do tronco da artéria pulmonar), fígado e baço (congestão passiva crônica hepática e esplênica, necrose hepática centrolobular), além de anasarca (ascite, derrame pleural e derrame pericárdico). Fenômenos tromboembólicos também foram identificados (trombo em organização na aurícula direita e na parede posterior do átrio direito, infartos cicatrizados corticais em ambos os rins, múltiplos infartos esplênicos e petéquias cutâneas), assim como presença de dano alveolar difuso e hemorragia maciça em ambos os pulmões.</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="F10">
								<label>Figura 2</label>
								<caption>
									<title>Seções transversais (A) e coronal (B) através dos ventrículos cardíacos do paciente 1 mostrando vistas apicais da cavidade ventricular esquerda com trabecuiações polipoides e anastomosantes (setas) da camada subendocárdica. Imagens de cine-RMC em eixo curto (C) do mesmo paciente, mostrando a sobreposição entre os achados de CMH e MNC.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-pt-gf03.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Caso 2:</title>
						<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 33 anos, procurou atendimento após o óbito do irmão (caso anterior) para rastreio de CMP Referia palpitações esporádicas como único sintoma. História pregressa de infertilidade e fenótipo de SN (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Figura 3</xref>). Histórico familiar semelhante ao do irmão, já descrito acima. Negava HAS, DM, DLP, etilismo, tabagismo ou uso de drogas ilícitas. Sem uso diário de medicações. No exame físico da primeira consulta, demonstrou-se em bom estado geral, normocorada, hidratada, afebril, sem dispneia em repouso. A avaliação cardiovascular, notou-se ritmo cardíaco regularem dois tempos, sopro sistólico em foco mitral +/4+ e ausência de turgência jugular. Seus sinais vitais revelavam FC de 72 bpm e PA de 110×80 mmHg. Sua FR era normal, a ausculta pulmonar não apresentava ruídos adventícios, e as extremidades estavam quentes, bem perfundidas e sem edemas.</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="F11">
								<label>Figura 3</label>
								<caption>
									<title>Fofos da paciente 2 (A e B) mostrando pescoço alado, orelhas de Implantação baixa, pectus carlnatum, escoliose e mlcrognatla.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-pt-gf04.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>O aumento da área cardíaca e a congestão pulmonar foram evidenciados na radiografia de tórax (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figura 4</xref>). O eletrocardiograma em ritmo sinusal mostrou sinais de sobrecarga biatrial, do VD e hipertrofia septal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">Figura 5</xref>). O Holter de 24 horas evidenciou intervalo QT prolongado, além de um episódio de TVNS. A RMC descreveu hipertrofia ventricular importante (septo com espessura de 1 7 mm e parede lateral de 16 mm), em associação com exuberante trabeculação em paredes anterior, lateral e inferior, com alterações compatíveis com MNC (NC/C: 2,4). Observouse também dilatação da artéria pulmonar, das veias cavas e hepáticas, além de trombo apical no VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="F12">
								<label>Figura 4</label>
								<caption>
									<title>Paciente 2 - Radiografia de tórax em padrão anteroposterior (A) e perfil (B) mostrando pectus carlnatum, escoliose, cardiomegalia e congestão pulmonar.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-pt-gf05.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="F13">
								<label>Figura 5</label>
								<caption>
									<title>Eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações em ritmo sinusal, mostrando sobrecarga biatrial e de VD, além de grave hipertrofia septal.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-pt-gf06.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="F14">
								<label>Figura 6</label>
								<caption>
									<title>RMC - Hipertrofia ventricular grave associada à exacerbação da trabeculação anterior, lateral e inferior (relação NC/C: 2,4), VE dilatado com um grau significativo de disfunção sistólica (EF: 0,20). Presença de padrão de realce tardio não isquêmico. Trombo no ápice do VE.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-pt-gf07.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>A paciente apresentou melhora das palpitações após o início de terapia com marevan, Carvedilol e enalapril. Após 7 meses, ela apresentou quadro de mal-estar, parestesia na face e hemicorpo direito, associado a dor súbita no membro inferior esquerdo. Procurou o serviço de urgência, onde foi diagnosticada com acidente isquêmico transitório, com envolvimento de múltiplos segmentos cerebrais e imagem que sugeria suboclusão do segmento proximal da artéria cerebral média esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">Figura 7</xref>). Foi submetida a trombólise química, sem <italic>déficit</italic> motor ou cognitivo residual. Durante a mesma hospitalização, foi realizada arteriografia no membro inferior esquerdo, que confirmou oclusão arterial aguda em artéria femoral esquerda, com indicação e realização de trombectomia cirúrgica. Após a resolução desse quadro, a paciente apresentou descompensação de IC, novos episódios de TVNS e QT longo, sendo implantado cardiodesfibrilador. Ela seguiu em acompanhamento por 1 ano com internações frequentes por IC descompensada, a despeito da otimização terapêutica, sendo indicado TxC. Atualmente, a paciente segue estável, em acompanhamento ambulatorial.</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="F15">
								<label>Figura 7</label>
								<caption>
									<title>Ressonância magnética de crânio: acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico mostrando envolvimento de múltiplos segmentos cerebrais. Imagem sugerindo suboclusão da porção proximal da artéria cerebral média esquerda (A). Comprometimento periventricular, cápsula interna, parte do corpo caudado, porção posterior do putâmen e região subinsular à esquerda (B).</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-pt-gf08.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Caso 3:</title>
						<p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 24 anos, com histórico de CMP de etiologia indeterminada, diagnosticada aos 3 anos. Apresentava boa evolução quando, aos 20 anos, houve piora da classe funcional, com sucessivas internações por descompensação. Possuía fenótipo para SN (baixa estatura, pescoço alado, hipertelorismo, micrognatia e orelhas de implantação baixa), sem outros casos relatados na família. Pais saudáveis, não consanguíneos. Não apresentava retardo neuropsicomotor. Negava HAS, DM, DLP, etilismo, tabagismo ou uso de drogas ilícitas. Estava em uso de bisoprolol, ivabradina, Captopril, furosemida, espironolactona, hidroclorotiazida e marevan. Encaminhado ao serviço para internação por descompensação de IC, apresentava dispneia em repouso, ortopneia, dispneia paroxística noturna e dor em hipocôndrio direito. Negava palpitações, dor torácica ou síncopes.</p>
						<p>O exame físico na primeira consulta demonstrou que o paciente estava em mal estado geral, hipocorado (++/4+), hidratado, afebril e apresentava dispneia em repouso. A avaliação cardiovascular, notou-se ritmo cardíaco regular em dois tempos, sopro sistólico em foco mitral +/4 + e turgência jugular na posição sentada. Os sinais vitais revelavam FC de 72 bpm e PA de 80 x 50 mmHg. Sua FR estava aumentada (29 irpm), e a ausculta pulmonar apresentava estertores bibasais. As extremidades estavam frias, com má perfusão periférica e edema de membros inferiores (+++/4+).</p>
						<p>A radiografia de tórax evidenciou aumento da área cardíaca. O eletrocardiograma descrevia sobrecarga biatrial e de VD. O Holter de 24 horas mostrava presença de TVNS. O ecocardiograma transtorácico demonstrou aumento da espessura miocárdica compatível com CMH, disfunção sistólica biventricular importante, disfunção diastólica do VE importante com padrão restritivo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Figura 8</xref>), hipertensão pulmonar e imagem sugestiva de trombo apical no VE. A RMC confirmou comprometimento sistólico biventricular (FEVE: 0,24 e FEVD: 0,28), aumento da espessura miocárdica e critérios para MNC (relação NC/C: 3,4), além de mostrar a presença de áreas de realce tardio mesocárdico médio-apical e epicárdico circunferencial.</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="F16">
								<label>Figura 8</label>
								<caption>
									<title>Ecocardiograma transtorácico bidimensional e modo M mostrando hipertrofia biventricular e trabeculações do VE (A e B) e padrão de disfunção diastólica restritiva (C e D).</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240107-pt-gf09.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>Durante a internação, o paciente evoluiu com broncopneumonia, tamponamento cardíaco por derrame pericárdico (que necessitou de drenagem), insuficiência renal aguda e choque misto (cardiogênico e séptico), falecendo após 62 dias de internação.</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise dos achados em comum</title>
					<p>Todos os pacientes possuíam o fenótipo da SN e apresentavam critério diagnóstico para MNC. Entre os três pacientes, uma era do sexo feminino e dois eram do sexo masculino (66,6%), com média de idade de 27,6 anos (desviopadrão [DP] = 3,8). A paciente do sexo feminino era irmã de um dos indivíduos do sexo masculino, sendo este o único caso de histórico familiar positivo para SN e/ou CMP no estudo; nenhum dos pais era consanguíneo. Todos os pacientes tinham diagnóstico prévio de CMP, com um deles diagnosticado aos 3 anos de idade. Os sintomas encontrados foram dispneia (n = 2), dispneia paroxística noturna (n = 1), palpitações (n = 2), edema de membros inferiores (n = 2) e anasarca (n = 1). Nenhum paciente referiu HAS, DM, DLP, etilismo, tabagismo e/ou uso de drogas ilícitas. O exame físico destacou ritmo cardíaco regular em dois tempos, sopro sistólico em foco mitral e turgência jugular em posição sentada em todos os indivíduos, além de bulhas hipofonéticas (n = 1).</p>
					<p>Nos exames complementares, a radiografia de tórax evidenciou aumento da área cardíaca em 100% dos casos (n = 3). O eletrocardiograma revelou sobrecarga biventricular e bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau em um paciente (n = 1); ritmo sinusal com sinais de sobrecarga biatrial (n = 1); sobrecarga biatrial sem ritmo sinusal destacado (n = 1); sobrecarga do VD (n = 2); e hipertrofia septal (n = 1). Todos os indivíduos apresentaram TVNS no Holter de 24 horas, enquanto um deles apresentou também intervalo QT prolongado. O ecocardiograma foi realizado em apenas dois pacientes, constatando disfunção sistólica biventricular importante (n = 2), disfunção do VE com padrão restritivo (n = 1), hipertensão pulmonar (n = 2), insuficiência valvar mitral (n = 1) e insuficiência tricúspide (n = 1). Todos os pacientes apresentaram imagem sugestiva de trombo apical, com dois confirmados por ecocardiograma e outro por RMC, sendo dois localizados no VE e um no VD.</p>
					<p>A RMC apresentou aumento da espessura miocárdica em 100% dos casos (n = 3), com uma média de relação MNC e miocárdio compactado de 2,8 (DP = 0,4). Um dos pacientes evidenciava trabeculação excessiva nas paredes anterior, lateral e inferior do coração.</p>
					<p>Todos os pacientes apresentaram quadro de IC (n = 3) com descompensação. A congestão pulmonar esteve presente em dois casos, assim como o derrame pericárdico. O tratamento farmacológico foi implementado para todos os pacientes, resultando em abandono de tratamento (n = 1) e resposta inadequada ao tratamento (n = 2). A manifestação de eventos tromboembólicos aconteceu em 66,6% dos casos (n = 2), sob forma de TEP (n = 1) e acidente isquêmico transitório (n = 1). Os principais desfechos incluíram implante de cardiodesfibrilador com posterior TxC (n = 1) e óbito por choque cardiogênico (n = 2). A paciente submetida a TxC apresentou melhora significativa do quadro.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A SN é uma desordem genética autossômica dominante com grande variabilidade de apresentações fenotípicas, incluindo baixa estatura, pescoço alado, dismorfismo facial, retardo puberal e anomalias esqueléticas e do sistema cardiovascular. Sua incidência varia entre 1:1.000 até 1:2.500 nascidos vivos, sendo a segunda síndrome genética mais associada a defeitos cardíacos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Apesar de as alterações clínicas ainda não serem totalmente compreendidas, as manifestações cardiovasculares são frequentemente encontradas nos pacientes, sendo a estenose pulmonar a mais comum, o que destaca a importância de seguimento cardiológico na vida adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Desfechos similares aos do nosso estudo foram encontrados em uma coorte desenvolvida por Shaw et al., com 112 indivíduos seguidos por 12 anos; 19% deles desenvolveram CMH, com um indivíduo submetido à TxC e três mortes registradas por infarto do miocárdio associado à CMH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A associação entre a SN e o MNC é muito rara, tendo sido relatada apenas por Nakamura et al. em modelos de ratos em 2007 e por Sun et ai. em 2016, em uma criança de 12 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> As cardiopatias são o fator de pior prognóstico nos pacientes com SN, sendo as mais relacionadas à mortalidade. Isso foi demonstrado nos três casos citados, em que a causa mortis dos dois pacientes do sexo masculino foi choque cardiogênico, enquanto a paciente do sexo feminino evoluiu para TxC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
				<p>A American Heart Association considera o MNC uma desordem genética, com grande variabilidade genotípica e fenotípica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Já foram identificados alguns genes associados à condição, como MYH7, TNNT2, TNNI3 e ACTC, sendo aqueles associados a defeitos na gênese das proteínas dos sarcômeros os mais comuns.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O MNC é caracterizado pela parada da compactação miocárdica durante a embriogênese, com formação de variados graus de trabeculação, gerando trabéculas e recessos profundos que predispõem à formação de trombos e a consequentes eventos embólicos. A RMC é o método de escolha para o diagnóstico, em avaliação conjunta com o ecocardiograma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Na imagem, o VE apresenta espessamento da parede miocárdica com duas camadas distintas: uma camada epicárdica fina e compacta (C) e uma camada endocárdica espessa e não compacta (NC), preenchida por sangue da cavidade ventricular. De acordo com o critério de Petersen, uma relação NC/C &gt; 2,3 confirma o diagnóstico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Tal cardiopatia costuma evoluir com disfunção da microcirculação e disfunção sistólica ventricular. Além disso, pode estar associada a outras anomalias genéticas como a anomalia de Ebstein, valva bicúspide, CMH, defeitos septais e desordens neuromusculares (como a síndrome de Barth e a síndrome de Becker).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Conforme relatado, o acometimento de outros familiares pode ocorrer, com prevalência variando de 18 a 50% na literatura, o que sustenta a importância da triagem familiar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
				<p>A CMH é a CMP mais prevalente (1:500), resultante de uma herança genética autossômica dominante que leva ao espessamento das paredes miocárdicas, normalmente com função inicialmente preservada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Pesquisas recentes demonstram alterações genéticas similares nos sarcômeros e beta-miosinas de cadeia pesada em pacientes com CMH e MNC, como a mutação MYH7 L620P, sugerindo que possa haver um <italic>overlapping</italic> genético nas diferentes apresentações dessas duas CMPs, o que parece estar de acordo com os casos apresentados em nosso estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> A literatura descreve alguns casos de associação dessas duas doenças em um mesmo indivíduo ou separadamente em diferentes membros de uma mesma família, como filhos de pacientes com MNC que apresentam CMH ou sobreposição de ambas as doenças e vice-versa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
				<p>A SQTL afeta a repolarização ventricular, levando a arritmias graves, como <italic>torsades de pointes</italic> e fibrilação ventricular, com um risco elevado de morte súbita. Embora possa ser causada por interações medicamentosas ou mutações genéticas - como a mutação KCNQ1 -, a sua associação com MNC é rara, tornando a triagem genética essencial para diagnóstico e intervenção.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Até a publicação deste estudo, a associação entre SN, MNC e SQTL não havia sido relatada.</p>
				<p>A sintomatologia referida pelos pacientes do nosso estudo foi semelhante àquela encontrada na literatura sobre o MNC, como dispneia, dor torácica e sinais de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Os exames de imagem que demonstram áreas de preenchimento tardio já foram destacados como um critério para a inserção preventiva de cardiodesfibrilador implantável, um desfecho inicialmente encontrado em um dos pacientes do estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A literatura mostra que a mortalidade e a necessidade de transplante em MNC isolado são similares às observadas na CMP idiopática. No entanto, os casos deste estudo apresentaram quadros de MNC associados à SN e outras cardiopatias, com maiores complicações e pior prognóstico. A associação de todas essas doenças não foi previamente relatada na literatura.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Descrevemos os casos de três pacientes com SN e CMP NC com disfunção importante e outras patologias associadas, sendo dois deles irmãos. A associação de todas as patologias relatadas em um único paciente não havia sido descrita na literatura até o momento. Ressaltamos a importância do rastreamento precoce de cardiopatias em pacientes com SN. A triagem familiar deve ser indicada em todos os familiares de primeiro e segundo graus. O diagnóstico e tratamento precoces podem melhorar o prognóstico desses indivíduos.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Este artigo é parte de tese de Doutorado de Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo pelo Incor - USR</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Análise de Projetos de Pesquisa-CAPPesq da Diretoria Clínica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo sob o número de protocolo 0103/09. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>