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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250036i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20250036i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Short Editorial</subject>
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</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Impact of Anxiety on Patients Referred for Transesophageal Echocardiography</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5174-6134</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Augusto Alberto da</given-names><suffix>Jr.</suffix></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
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<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Augusto Alberto da Costa Jr.</bold> • Escola Paulista de Medicina. Rua Napoleão de Barros, 715. Postal code: <postal-code>04024-002</postal-code>. Vila Clementino, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>augustoacostajr@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>27</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250036</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Anxiety</kwd>
<kwd>Patients</kwd>
<kwd>Transesophageal Echocardiography</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="17"/>
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</front>
<body>
<p>In this issue of ABC Cardiovascular Imaging, anxiety is highlighted not only as a factor in the subjective assessment of patients’ experiences during invasive medical procedures (transesophageal echocardiography, TEE) but also for its influence on the amount of sedative drugs administered during the procedure.</p>
<p>The study <italic>The Impact of Anxiety on Patients Referred for Transesophageal Echocardiography,</italic> conducted at a tertiary institution, provides a detailed analysis of multiple characteristics of patients undergoing the exam, its influence on sedation, and revisits important aspects of good medical practice. The study results indicate that anxiety, assessed using easily implemented indicators,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> was present in 62% of patients. Self-assessment tables show mild anxiety in 40%, moderate anxiety in 16%, and severe anxiety in 6%. It is part of the experience of echocardiographers performing transesophageal exams to deal with patient anxiety, especially among younger individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Multiple variables are influential; after a satisfactory consultation time and an excellent doctor-patient relationship, the absence of &quot;questions or need for additional clarifications&quot; from patients may be related to their embarrassment in ignoring details they assumed to be general knowledge in the current &quot;Google era&quot;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The previous unrestricted functionality of young individuals contributes to insecurity and anxiety regarding hospital admission. In addition, the array of medical equipment and the fear of a new reality –the possibility of confirming a medical condition with serious consequences – contribute to patient anxiety.</p>
<p>An interesting aspect of this study is that it was conducted in patients with a high sociocultural level, with 92% having completed university education, which is uncommon in our setting. Broad access to information and a higher cultural level did not help reduce pre-procedure anxiety in unfamiliar situations (66% of the studied patients were undergoing TEE for the first time). The excess of available information may play a role in increasing pre-procedure anxiety.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>The results obtained confirmed expectations: younger patients and those with a higher self-assessed level of anxiety required higher doses of medication to achieve adequate sedation during the procedure. These findings are consistent with existing literature, both for invasive diagnostic procedures (TEE, colonoscopy)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and for achieving appropriate levels of anesthesia during surgical procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Also, they were shown to be related to increased activation of the neuroendocrine axis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Among patients whose indication for the test was made after hospitalization, older individuals, with comorbidities that had required previous hospital procedures or admissions, showed lower levels of self-assessed anxiety.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In these patients, clinical deterioration requiring intensive treatment may trigger awareness of the possibility of the end of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This increase in anxiety levels can be further exacerbated by the effects of medications used in critically ill patients (vasopressors, corticosteroids), as well as the need for respiratory support and invasive procedures, including TEE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>The main risks of the procedure analyzed by the authors — an increase in vagal autonomic tone, hypotension, and respiratory depression with hypoxia — may be exacerbated by the need for higher doses of opioids/benzodiazepines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>Identifying contributing factors and understanding and implementing measures to mitigate or control anxiety can help multidisciplinary teams achieve effective management in the perioprocedural period, improving patient experience. There are advantageous benefits, such as better quality of image acquisition, and lower risk of sedation complications in young patients, in individuals with a low body mass index,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and in anxious elderly patients with comorbidities who have lower tolerance to additional complications.</p>
<p>Complex procedures, such as endovascular aortic prosthesis implantation, even after significant functional improvement, can still be associated with anxiety symptoms for up to six weeks post-intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A reasonable rationale would be to seek faster relief through more intensive psychological preparation. Low-cost measures that have shown effectiveness include music therapy and aromatherapy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> which are already used in percutaneous interventions guided by computed tomography (tumor biopsies, abscess drainage, tumor ablation).</p>
<p>The analysis made by Munn et al. is highly relevant regarding the repercussions of anxiety and the opportunity to reflect on different resources and approaches<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> to alleviate patient distress before, during, and after invasive procedures. These procedures have become increasingly frequent, integrated into the routine of various institutions. Sometimes, for this reason, we adopt &quot;conscious sedation&quot; when continuous awareness should be maintained. Invasive procedures often cause concern, anxiety, and distress in patients; this publication invites us to remain alert and vigilant to these possibilities.</p>
</body>
<back>
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<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
<label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label> <p>The Impact of Anxiety on Patients Referred for Transesophageal Echocardiography</p></fn>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250036</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Minieditorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Impacto da Ansiedade em Pacientes Encaminhados à Ecocardiografia Transesofágica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5174-6134</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Augusto Alberto da</given-names><suffix>Jr.</suffix></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Augusto Alberto da Costa Jr.</bold> • Escola Paulista de Medicina. Rua Napoleão de Barros, 715. CEP: <postal-code>04024-002</postal-code>. Vila Clementino, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>augustoacostajr@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ansiedade</kwd>
<kwd>Pacientes</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia Transesofagiana</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>Nesta edição do ABC Imagem Cardiovascular, ressalta-se a ansiedade não apenas como fator na avaliação subjetiva da experiência dos pacientes durante procedimentos médicos invasivos (ecocardiografia transesofágica, ETE), mas também sua influência na quantidade de fármacos administrados para sedação durante o procedimento.</p>
<p>O estudo <italic>Impacto da Ansiedade em Pacientes Referendados ao Ecocardiograma Transesofágico</italic> realizado em instituição terciária, mostra análise detalhada de múltiplas características dos pacientes submetidos ao exame, sua influência na sedação, revisitando aspectos importantes para boa prática médica. Os resultados do estudo indicam que a ansiedade avaliada com indicadores de fácil implementação<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> esteve presente em 62% dos pacientes. As tabelas de autoavaliação mostram percentuais de ansiedade leve em 40%, de grau moderado em 16% e de grau importante em 6%. Faz parte da vivência dos colegas ecocardiografistas que realizam exames transesofágicos o convívio com a ansiedade dos pacientes, em especial nos mais jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Múltiplas variáveis são influenciadoras; após tempo satisfatório de consulta e ótima relação médico-paciente, a ausência de &quot;dúvida ou necessidade de esclarecimentos adicionais&quot; pelos pacientes pode estar relacionada ao constrangimento em ignorarem detalhes que julgavam ser de conhecimento geral na &quot;era Google&quot; atual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A funcionalidade prévia sem limitações dos jovens contribui para a insegurança e ansiedade frente a admissão hospitalar. Acrescenta-se ainda a parafernália de equipamentos e medo de nova realidade, isto é, a possibilidade de confirmação de algum problema médico com consequências sérias.</p>
<p>Uma particularidade interessante desse trabalho é ter sido realizado em pacientes com nível sociocultural elevado, 92% de pacientes com nível universitário completo, infrequente em nosso meio. O acesso amplo à informação e nível cultural mais elevado não contribuiu para reduzir os níveis de ansiedade prévia a situação desconhecida (66% dos pacientes estudados realizavam ETE pela primeira vez). O excesso de informação disponível talvez participe no aumento da ansiedade pré-procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os resultados obtidos confirmaram as expectativas, pacientes mais jovens e com maior grau de ansiedade autoavaliada necessitaram de doses mais elevadas de fármacos para obtenção de sedação adequada durante o procedimento. Esses achados são consistentes com a literatura existente, tanto para procedimentos diagnósticos invasivos (ETE, colonoscopia)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> como para obtenção de níveis de anestesia apropriada durante procedimentos cirúrgicos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e estão relacionados à maior ativação do eixo neuroendócrino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Pacientes cuja indicação de exame foi feita após a internação hospitalar, os de faixa etária mais avançada, com comorbidades que proporcionaram experiência de outros procedimentos em ambiente hospitalar ou internações mostraram menor grau de ansiedade autoavaliada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nesses pacientes, a deterioração clínica com necessidade de tratamento intensivo pode deflagrar consciência de possibilidade de término da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Esse incremento do nível de ansiedade pode ser ainda mais exacerbado pelo efeito de medicações usadas em pacientes críticos (vasopressores, corticosteroides), e necessidade de assistência respiratória e procedimentos invasivos, entre os quais ETE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os maiores riscos do procedimento analisado pelos autores, incremento de tônus autonômico vagal, hipotensão, e depressão respiratória com hipóxia podem ser acentuados por necessidade de doses maiores de opiáceo/benzodiazepínico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>Identificar os fatores contribuidores, e conhecer e implementar medidas para atenuação ou controle da ansiedade pode ajudar equipes multidisciplinares para um manejo eficaz periprocedimento, melhorando a experiência do paciente. Temos bônus vantajosos, como obtenção de melhor qualidade dos exames de imagem, e redução de risco de complicações da sedação em jovens, em pacientes com índice da massa corporal reduzido,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e em idosos ansiosos portadores de comorbidades com menor tolerância a intercorrências adicionais.</p>
<p>Procedimentos complexos como implante endovascular de prótese aórtica, mesmo após redução significante da repercussão funcional, persistem com sintomas de ansiedade por até seis semanas após a intervenção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Um racional procedente seria tentar alívio mais rápido com preparo psicológico mais intenso. Medidas de baixo custo que mostraram eficiência incluem a musicoterapia e aromaterapia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> já utilizadas em intervenções percutâneas guiadas por tomografia computadorizada (biópsias tumorais, drenagem de abcessos, ablação tumoral).</p>
<p>Muito pertinente a análise de Munn et al. sobre as repercussões da ansiedade e a oportunidade de refletir sobre diferentes recursos e abordagens<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> para atenuar o sofrimento dos pacientes antes, durante e após a realização de procedimentos invasivos. Esses se tornaram muito frequentes, incorporados à rotina de várias instituições; às vezes, por essa razão, adotamos a &quot;sedação consciente&quot; quando deveria haver pensamento constante. Procedimentos invasivos são muitas vezes indutores de preocupação, ansiedade e sofrimento pelos pacientes; essa publicação nos instiga a permanecer alerta e vigilantes para essas possibilidades.</p>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label> <p>Impacto da Ansiedade em Pacientes Referendados ao Ecocardiograma Transesofágico</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>