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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250035i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20250035i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Photon-Counting Computed Tomography in Cardiovascular Imaging: Where We Are and What Lies Ahead</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0983-1930</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Savoia</surname><given-names>Paulo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8871-7476</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bello</surname><given-names>Rodrigo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Iowa City</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">Iowa</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="US">USA</country>
<institution content-type="original">University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa – USA</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Paulo Savoia MD PhD</bold> • University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Hawkins Dr., 200. sala 3884 JPP Postal code: <postal-code>52242</postal-code>. Iowa City, Iowa – USA E-mail: <email>paulo-savoia@uiowa.edu</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>27</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250035</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Computed Tomography Angiography</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiovascular Diagnostic Techniques</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiology</kwd>
<kwd>Radiology</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="13"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) has been an important asset in cardiovascular diagnosis for decades. The continuous improvement of rapid data acquisition with often higher spatial resolution has established the method as indispensable for diagnosing and managing multiple cardiovascular entities such as aneurysms, aortic dissection, and pulmonary embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The use of CTA in heart and coronary imaging has also gained important territory and relevance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Computed Tomography (CT) techniques have been advancing significantly since its introduction in the medical field. Starting with single detectors, then helicoidal scanners, multidetector scanners with high pitch, improvement of reconstruction algorithms, the appearance of dual-energy technology, and lately the ability to acquire images of the whole heart in just one heartbeat with information from the entire cardiac cycle, are incredible milestones. Fractional Flow Reserve CT (FFR-CT) is also a very promising technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Progression does not come without downsides: ionizing radiation is still concerning, and despite ways to reduce it such as dose modulation, some cardiovascular CTA exams still show relatively high levels of absorbed radiation, especially exams with multiple series, extremely thin slices, and retrospective reconstruction of larger parts of the cardiac cycle. Following this trend of improving image quality with less ionizing radiation as possible, a new complex technique emerged: Photon-counting CT (PCCT).</p>
<p>The main distinction between conventional CT and PCCT is in the detectors of X-rays. The conventional CT detector is based on receiving the X-ray photons that interact with the patient, converting them into light photons (it is an indirect system), and then converting this light into electrical signals that ultimately are going to be converted into digital signals. This system is called an Energy-Integrating Detector (EID). Basically, more light means more X-rays arriving and less interaction / more penetration in the patient&apos;s tissues. It is not possible to differentiate exactly how many X-rays are arriving, nor the different energy levels of each X-ray photon. Moreover, the septa between each of the detectors also limit the reception of X-rays.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> On the other hand, PCCT detectors can detect separately each X-ray photon that is arriving and measure the energy of each one of the X-ray photons directly. This is possible because the PCCT detector has a high-voltage crystal layer that relocates electrons for each X-ray photon received, and the number of electrons relocated is proportional to the energy of each X-ray. The relocated electrons generate the electrical pulse that is going to be finally converted into the digital signal. And even smaller energy X-rays can be detected, improving the image contrast-to-noise ratio. It is a direct system, and there is no septa between the detectors. In the end, less X-rays are necessary (therefore less radiation) and it is possible to separate the X-rays according to the energy of each one, leading to applications of tissue recognition (different known energy X-rays are likely to have interacted with different known tissues) functioning as a dual energy CT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>As far as this new technology became available, the scientific community was excited about the advances, and interesting publications were released. In mid-2022, Esquivel <italic>et al</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> published interesting concepts about PCCT for radiologists: &quot;Key Points Radiologists Should Know&quot;, which helped spread the information and knowledge amongst the international Radiology Community. The possibility of improving characterization of small vessels (e.g., distal coronary arteries, peripheral run-off arteries, artery of Adamkiewicz, and small arterial flaps) was highlighted. Still in 2022, Si-Mohamed <italic>et al</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> published the first In-Human Results for Coronary CT Angiography with PCCT: despite being a small group of fourteen participants, this prospective study showed significant improvements in overall image quality, diagnostic quality, and diagnostic confidence in PCCT compared to an EID dual-layer CT analyzing multiple variants such as distal coronary lumen, calcification sharpness, stents – classic scenarios of partially limited evaluation with the CT technology available before PCCT.</p>
<p>In 2023, Cademartiri <italic>et al</italic> published a complete paper regarding PCCT cardiac and coronary applications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> They revised the PCCT physics, analyzed publications released up to the moment that discussed the matter, and discussed that PCCT allegedly is beneficial in evaluating coronary lumen, coronary stents, prosthetic valves, plaque composition, myocardial tissue imaging, as well as radiation dose reduction, contrast media reduction and improved contrast-to-noise ratio. The reduction in contrast media usage could be around 50%. About the radiation dose reduction, it is calculated between 19-32% according to some authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>Lately, after all these interesting improvements published in small groups of patients and pictorial essays, it is time to finally test the method in wide clinical practice. The theory and cases demonstrated so far are very promising. We have summarized the PCCT key quality improvements in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The next step is probably to publish data with larger patients’ samples, more centers, and mainly, to determine if there are significant changes in patient outcomes. The experience at our Institution, where we have the opportunity to work with three PCCT Scanners (one 100% dedicated to research and two for clinical assessment), is also leaning towards this direction, trying to measure differences in dose radiation, contrast media utilization, and significantly changing patient management. We have started using the PCCT scanner at the beginning of 2022. On the other hand, of course there are multiple challenges involved in PCCT worldwide: young clinical experience with the new method, optimization of protocols to extract the maximum possible of the technique (since we have multiple new protocols and Kernels available, with countless reconstruction parameters), robust / updated image viewers to deal with the extremely large number of images one single exam loads (the slice thickness can achieve up to 0.2 mm generating 11,000 images in one single Cardiac CTA) and, of course, the money invested in these novel scans. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows an example of a PCCT heart image acquisition of one of our patients with a prosthetic valve: notice the minimal or almost nonexistent beam hardening or blooming artifacts. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the left anterior descending coronary artery of another patient scanned in our Institution with PCCT compared with a prior acquisition of the same artery in a multi-detector &quot;conventional&quot; CT.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>PCCT Key Quality Improvements</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="100%">
<col/>
</colgroup>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">1. Superior Spatial Resolution<break/> Smaller detector elements allow for sharper images with enhanced anatomic detail, benefiting applications like coronary artery visualization, but also lung imaging and inner ear for example.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">2. Enhanced Tissue Contrast and Material Differentiation<break/> Multi-energy detection enables material decomposition (e.g., calcium, iodine, uric acid), improving lesion characterization and reducing diagnostic ambiguity.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">3. Lower Radiation Dose<break/> Due to higher detector efficiency and reduced noise, diagnostic-quality images can often be achieved with significantly less radiation exposure.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">4. Reduction of Artifacts<break/> PCCT minimizes beam hardening and metal artifacts, improving image fidelity in challenging cases such as prosthetic valves, implants and regions near to the bones.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">5. Native Spectral Imaging Without Dose Penalty<break/> Unlike dual-energy CT, PCCT delivers spectral data in every scan, without requiring specialized protocols or increased dose.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>PCCT acquisition of one of our patients’ heart with a prosthetic valve: notice the minimal or almost nonexistent beam hardening or blooming artifacts.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250035-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Left anterior descending coronary artery of another patient scanned in our Institution with PCCT (Figure 2B) compared to a few months prior acquisition of the same artery in a multi-detector &quot;conventional&quot; dual-source CT (2x192 detector rows) (Figure 2A).</title>
<p>The &quot;conventional&quot; acquisition shows more beam hardening artifacts adjacent to a calcified plaque (hypoattenuating area – white arrow) in comparison to the PCCT acquisition- black arrow (Figure 2B). Additionally, there is also less blooming artifact of a calcified plaque in the PCCT acquisition (Figure 2B) – black asterisk - in comparison to the &quot;conventional&quot; acquisition (Figure 2A) – white asterisk. The blooming artifact is a known cause for luminal stenosis overestimation in calcified plaques, and indeed the plaque looks larger in the &quot;conventional&quot; acquisition.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250035-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Finally, we can state that there is no doubt that the new PCCT technology has brought significant advances in image quality, with ultra-high resolution images, an important improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio, and overall reduction in radiation doses, potentially increasing the accuracy of reading physicians and maximizing patient-centered care. PCCT will likely be the future of our CT scanners.</p>
</body>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250035</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Tomografia Computadorizada com Contagem de Fótons na Imagem Cardiovascular: Onde Estamos e o que Está por Vir</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0983-1930</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Savoia</surname><given-names>Paulo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8871-7476</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bello</surname><given-names>Rodrigo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Iowa City</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">Iowa</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">EUA</country>
<institution content-type="original">University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa – EUA</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Paulo Savoia MD PhD</bold> • University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Hawkins Dr., 200. sala 3884 JPP CEP: <postal-code>52242</postal-code>. Iowa City, Iowa – EUA E-mail: <email>paulo-savoia@uiowa.edu</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada</kwd>
<kwd>Técnicas de Diagnóstico Cardiovascular</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiologia</kwd>
<kwd>Radiologia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>A Angiotomografia Computadorizada (ATC) tem sido um recurso importante no diagnóstico cardiovascular há décadas. A melhoria contínua na aquisição rápida de dados, frequentemente com resolução espacial mais alta, consolidou o método como indispensável para o diagnóstico e manejo de diversas condições cardiovasculares, como aneurismas, dissecção aórtica e tromboembolismo pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O uso da ATC na imagem cardíaca e coronariana também conquistou território e relevância importantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As técnicas de Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) vêm avançando significativamente desde sua introdução na medicina. Desde os detectores únicos, passando pelos tomógrafos helicoidais, tomógrafos multidetectores com pitch elevado, melhorias nos algoritmos de reconstrução, surgimento da tecnologia de dupla energia e, mais recentemente, a capacidade de adquirir imagens de todo o coração em apenas um batimento cardíaco com informação de todo o ciclo cardíaco, são marcos impressionantes. A Reserva de Fluxo Fracionado por TC (do inglês, FFR-CT) também é uma técnica muito promissora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O progresso, no entanto, apresenta certas desvantagens: a radiação ionizante continua sendo uma preocupação e, apesar das estratégias de redução como a modulação de dose, alguns exames cardiovasculares de ATC ainda apresentam níveis relativamente altos de radiação absorvida, especialmente aqueles com múltiplas séries, cortes extremamente finos e reconstruções retrospectivas de porções maiores do ciclo cardíaco. Seguindo essa tendência de melhorar a qualidade da imagem com a menor radiação ionizante possível, surgiu uma nova técnica complexa: a TC com Contagem de Fótons (PCCT, da sigla em inglês).</p>
<p>A maior distinção entre a TC convencional e a PCCT está nos detectores de raios X. O detector da TC convencional é baseado na recepção dos fótons de raios X que interagiram com o paciente, convertendo-os em fótons de luz (sistema indireto) e, em seguida, convertendo essa luz em sinais elétricos que, por fim, são transformados em sinais digitais. Esse sistema é chamado de Detector Integrador de Energia (EID, da sigla em inglês). Basicamente, quanto mais luz houver, mais raios X chegarão, além de menor interação/maior penetração nos tecidos do paciente. Não é possível diferenciar exatamente quantos raios X estão chegando nem os diferentes níveis de energia de cada fóton. Além disso, os septos entre cada um dos detectores também limitam a recepção de raios X.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Por outro lado, os detectores da PCCT conseguem detectar separadamente cada fóton de raio X que chega e medir diretamente a energia de cada um desses fótons. Isso ocorre porque o detector da PCCT conta com uma camada de cristal de alta tensão, que realoca elétrons para cada fóton recebido, e o número de elétrons realocados é proporcional à energia de cada raio X. Os elétrons realocados geram um pulso elétrico que será finalmente convertido em sinal digital. Até mesmo fótons de menor energia podem ser detectados, melhorando a relação contraste-ruído da imagem. Trata-se de um sistema direto, em que não há septos entre os detectores. Ou seja, menos raios X são necessários (portanto, menor radiação) e é possível separar os raios X de acordo com sua energia, permitindo aplicações de reconhecimento tecidual (diferentes energias conhecidas tendem a interagir com diferentes tecidos conhecidos), funcionando como uma TC de dupla energia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>À medida que essa nova tecnologia se tornou disponível, a comunidade científica ficava cada vez mais interessada nos avanços da tecnologia, e publicações interessantes foram sendo lançadas. Em meados de 2022, Esquivel <italic>et al</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> publicaram conceitos relevantes sobre a PCCT para radiologistas: &quot;<italic>Key Points Radiologists Should Know</italic>&quot;, que ajudou a disseminar a informação e o conhecimento entre a comunidade radiológica internacional. A possibilidade de melhorar a caracterização de pequenos vasos (por exemplo, artérias coronárias distais, artérias periféricas, artéria de Adamkiewicz e pequenos retalhos arteriais) foi o destaque. Ainda em 2022, Si-Mohamed <italic>et al</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> publicaram os primeiros resultados em humanos da angiotomografia coronariana com PCCT: apesar de ser um grupo pequeno de quatorze participantes, este estudo prospectivo demonstrou melhorias significativas na qualidade geral da imagem, qualidade diagnóstica e confiança diagnóstica da PCCT em comparação com uma TC de dupla camada EID, analisando múltiplas variáveis como lúmen coronariano distal, nitidez de calcificações e stents – cenários clássicos de avaliação parcialmente limitada com a tecnologia de TC disponível antes da PCCT.</p>
<p>Em 2023, Cademartiri et al publicaram um artigo completo sobre as aplicações cardíacas e coronarianas da PCCT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os autores revisaram a física da PCCT, analisaram publicações relevantes até o momento e argumentaram que ela seria supostamente benéfica na avaliação do lúmen coronariano, stents, válvulas protéticas, composição de placas, imagem do tecido miocárdico, bem como na redução da dose de radiação, redução do meio de contraste e melhoria na relação contraste-ruído. A redução no uso de contraste pode chegar a cerca de 50%. Quanto à redução de dose de radiação, estima-se entre 19–32% segundo alguns autores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>Após todas essas melhorias interessantes publicadas em pequenos grupos de pacientes e ensaios pictóricos, finalmente chegava a hora de testar o método na prática clínica. A teoria e os casos demonstrados até agora são muito promissores. Resumimos as principais melhorias de qualidade da PCCT na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>. O próximo passo provavelmente será a publicação de dados com amostras maiores de pacientes, mais centros e, principalmente, determinar se há mudanças significativas nos desfechos dos pacientes. A experiência em nossa instituição, onde temos a oportunidade de trabalhar com três equipamentos de PCCT (um 100% dedicado à pesquisa e dois para avaliação clínica), também caminha nessa direção, buscando medir diferenças na dose de radiação, uso de meio de contraste e mudanças significativas no manejo dos pacientes. Começamos a utilizar o PCCT no início de 2022. Por outro lado, obviamente existem muitos desafios relacionados ao uso da PCCT em escala global, como pouca experiência clínica com o novo método, necessidade de otimização dos protocolos para extrair o máximo possível da técnica (uma vez que temos múltiplos novos protocolos e kernels disponíveis, com inúmeros parâmetros de reconstrução), visualizadores de imagem robustos e atualizados para lidar com a enorme quantidade de imagens geradas em um único exame (a espessura de corte pode chegar a 0,2 mm, gerando 11.000 imagens em uma única ATC cardíaca) e, naturalmente, o investimento financeiro necessário nesses novos equipamentos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> mostra um exemplo de aquisição de imagem cardíaca por PCCT de um de nossos pacientes com prótese valvar: observe a presença mínima ou quase inexistente de artefatos de endurecimento do feixe ou blooming. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref> mostra a artéria coronária descendente anterior esquerda de outro paciente examinado em nossa instituição com PCCT, comparada com uma aquisição anterior da mesma artéria em uma TC &quot;convencional&quot; multidetector.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Principais Melhorias de Qualidade da PCCT</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="100%">
<col/>
</colgroup>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">1. Resolução Espacial Superior<break/> Elementos detectores menores permitem imagens mais nítidas com maior detalhamento anatômico, beneficiando aplicações como visualização de artérias coronárias, mas também imagens de pulmão e ouvido interno, por exemplo.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">2. Maior Contraste Tecidual e Diferenciação de Materiais<break/> A detecção multi-energética permite decomposição de materiais (por exemplo, cálcio, iodo, ácido úrico), melhorando a caracterização de lesões e reduzindo a ambiguidade diagnóstica.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">3. Menor Dose de Radiação<break/> Devido à maior eficiência dos detectores e menor ruído, imagens com qualidade diagnóstica frequentemente podem ser obtidas com exposição significativamente menor à radiação.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">4. Redução de Artefatos<break/> A PCCT minimiza artefatos de endurecimento do feixe e artefatos metálicos, melhorando a fidelidade da imagem em casos difíceis como válvulas protéticas, implantes e regiões próximas a ossos.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">5. Imagem Espectral Nativa sem Penalidade de Dose<break/> Ao contrário da TC de dupla energia, a PCCT fornece dados espectrais em cada exame, sem a necessidade de protocolos especializados ou aumento da dose.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Aquisição por PCCT do coração de um de nossos pacientes com válvula protética: observe a presença mínima ou quase inexistente de artefatos de endurecimento do feixe ou blooming.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250035-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Artéria coronária descendente anterior esquerda de outro paciente com PCCT examinado em nossa instituição (Figura 2B), comparada com uma aquisição da mesma artéria alguns meses antes com uma TC &quot;convencional&quot; de dupla fonte (2x192 fileiras de detectores) (Figura 2A).</title>
<p>A aquisição &quot;convencional&quot; mostra mais artefatos de endurecimento do feixe adjacentes a uma placa calcificada (área hipoatenuante – seta branca) em comparação com a aquisição por PCCT – seta preta (Figura 2B). Além disso, há também menor incidência de artefatos de blooming da placa calcificada na aquisição por PCCT (Figura 2B) – asterisco preto – em comparação com a aquisição &quot;convencional&quot; (Figura 2A) – asterisco branco. O artefato de blooming é uma causa conhecida de superestimação da estenose luminal em placas calcificadas, e de fato a placa parece maior na aquisição &quot;convencional&quot;.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250035-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Por fim, podemos afirmar que não há dúvidas de que a nova tecnologia PCCT trouxe avanços significativos na qualidade da imagem, com imagens de ultra-alta resolução, melhoria importante na relação sinal-ruído e redução geral nas doses de radiação, potencialmente aumentando a precisão dos médicos responsáveis e maximizando o cuidado centrado no paciente. A PCCT provavelmente será o futuro dos nossos tomógrafos.</p>
</body>
</sub-article>
</article>