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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250034i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20250034i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Coronary Artery Dissection Following Pharmacologic Stress Echocardiography and the Follow-Up of Clinical Management: A Case Report</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6242-0885</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Artioli</surname><given-names>Thiago</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-0261-6471</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Bruno Querido Marcondes</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-5171-1986</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Monteiro</surname><given-names>Denis Cárdenas</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9879-7756</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Batista</surname><given-names>Layane Bonfante</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2755-5367</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lorenzoni</surname><given-names>Matheus Zavaris</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7338-0029</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Jen</surname><given-names>Hsu Gwo</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-4404-6769</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Vital</surname><given-names>Kelvyn Melo</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4407-2906</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Vilalva</surname><given-names>Kelvin Henrique</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Thiago Artioli</bold> • Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal code: <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>. Vila Mariana, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>thiago.artioli48@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250034</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>05</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>05</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>05</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Blood Vessel Dissection</kwd>
<kwd>Coronary Disease</kwd>
<kwd>Stress Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Case Reports</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="9"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in the evaluation of chest pain. Misinterpretation of symptom characteristics and failure to consider the patient&apos;s epidemiological profile may lead to inappropriate diagnostic workups and treatment strategies. The case described herein represents only the second report with similar characteristics published in major medical databases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This case underscores the importance of considering uncommon causes of chest pain and acute coronary syndrome (ACS), while also providing a brief review of relevant literature. The report was prepared in accordance with the CAse REport (CARE) guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case report</title>
<p>The patient is a 42-year-old white female from São Paulo, Brazil. She is divorced, has completed high school, works as an administrative secretary, and identifies as Catholic. Her weight was 72 kg and height 1.75 m at presentation.</p>
<sec>
<title>Primary symptoms</title>
<p>The patient reported the onset of chest pain, initially suggestive of noncardiac origin, in January 2024. The pain was described as mild, located in the thoracic region, and not associated with physical exertion. The symptoms persisted until March 2024, prompting her to seek evaluation by a private cardiologist. During the initial consultation, the clinical impression was that the patient likely had stable angina. The following medications were prescribed: acetylsalicylic acid at 100 mg/day, simvastatin at 20 mg/day, metoprolol at 50 mg/day, and enalapril at 20 mg/day. Previously, the patient was only taking desogestrel at 75 mg/day as an oral contraceptive. A dobutamine stress echocardiography was requested for further functional assessment.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Medical, family, and psychosocial history</title>
<p>The patient had a known history of sporadic migraine and iron-deficiency anemia. She denied smoking, alcohol consumption, and maintained a sedentary lifestyle. Her surgical history included cesarean section, saphenectomy for venous insufficiency, and partial thyroidectomy for a benign thyroid nodule. She reported four pregnancies, including three cesarean deliveries and one spontaneous abortion of unknown etiology. There was no significant family history of cardiovascular or rheumatologic diseases.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Relevant past interventions</title>
<p>On March 20, 2024, the patient underwent a dobutamine stress echocardiography at a private hospital. During the examination, she experienced a sudden onset of severe precordial pain, distinct from her previous symptoms, described as a crushing sensation rated 10/10 in intensity, radiating to the head, and accompanied by nausea and vomiting. The procedure was immediately interrupted.</p>
<p>She was referred to a public emergency department, where she was admitted with a working diagnosis of non-ST-segment elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS). Electrocardiogram findings were nonischemic; however, serial troponin measurements showed a positive curve. Diagnostic coronary angiography revealed a tortuous and elongated left anterior descending artery, which also supplied the inferior wall, with an image consistent with a type 1 coronary dissection (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) in the mid to distal segment. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (47%), with hypokinesia of the basal segment of the inferior wall and the apical region. She was discharged on her initial medications, with the addition of clopidogrel at 75 mg/day and sublingual isosorbide dinitrate at 5 mg as needed for chest pain. She was referred to our tertiary public cardiology center for outpatient follow-up.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Dissection of the left anterior descending artery visualized in the right anterior oblique cranial view during cardiac catheterization (A). Magnified view of the dissection (B).</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250034-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Physical examination and clinical findings at the tertiary cardiology center</title>
<p>The patient was first evaluated at our tertiary cardiology center on May 10, 2024. She reported persistent angina classified as Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) class II, with characteristics distinct from the initial atypical pain in January 2024, but similar to the pain experienced during the ACS event. Physical examination was unremarkable, and both electrocardiogram and chest X-ray performed at our center were within normal limits.</p>
<p>Following clinical assessment, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy at rest and under pharmacologic stress using sestamibi and dipyridamole was requested, along with coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography to monitor coronary anatomy and assess the dissection plane. It was decided to maintain clinical management with no indication for percutaneous intervention at that time. Anti-anginal therapy was optimized by increasing the metoprolol dose to 100 mg/day.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Follow-up and outcomes</title>
<p>The patient returned for follow-up on July 15, 2024. Clinically, she continued to experience episodes of nonspecific chest discomfort, associated with atypical chest pain described as a burning sensation lasting for hours, radiating to the left upper limb, and worsening when lying on the left side.</p>
<p>Laboratory tests revealed normal blood count, renal and liver function, no electrolyte abnormalities, urinalysis without crystals, and negative serologies for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C. Her LDL cholesterol level was 62 mg/dL, and NT-proBNP was 53 pg/mL. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy showed no evidence of myocardial ischemia. Coronary CT angiography demonstrated a zero calcium score (Agatston method), no luminal coronary stenosis, and no residual signs of dissection (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Coronary computed tomography angiography and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy during follow-up.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250034-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Etiology and future follow-up</title>
<p>Following the July 2024 appointment, the patient continued regular follow-up at our center. She did not experience any further episodes of chest pain with characteristics suggestive of angina. Further investigation into the etiology of the coronary dissection was conducted, including assessments for Marfan syndrome, vasculitis, and collagen vascular diseases. All clinical and laboratory evaluations were negative.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>SCAD accounts for 0.1% to 4% of ACS and is more frequently observed in women, particularly young females.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The pathophysiology of nonatherosclerotic SCAD is not yet fully understood; proposed mechanisms include intimal tears, bleeding of the vasa vasorum, arterial inflammation, and vessel tortuosity. Approximately 20% of cases are classified as idiopathic. Other reported etiologies include pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, genetic predisposition, and associations with certain conditions such as migraines, connective tissue disorders, and others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>SCAD should be considered in any young patient presenting with ACS or cardiac arrest, particularly in females without traditional coronary artery disease risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Emotional stress, physical exertion, and hormonal influences have been identified as potential triggers for SCAD. The diagnostic workup should include electrocardiography, cardiac biomarkers, and coronary angiography. Echocardiography is valuable for assessing ventricular function, prognosis, and for differentiating from other conditions, such as Takotsubo syndrome. SCAD is classified into three angiographic types: type 1, characterized by contrast dye staining of the arterial wall with multiple radiolucent lumens; type 2, presenting as diffuse stenosis of varying severity, from mild narrowing to complete occlusion; and type 3, which mimics atherosclerosis, presenting as focal or tubular stenosis. Intracoronary imaging, coronary CT angiography, or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging may aid in diagnosis, particularly in ambiguous cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Revascularization in patients with SCAD remains challenging and is associated with higher rates of procedural failure and complications. Therefore, conservative management is generally recommended as the first-line treatment, unless the patient presents with ongoing ischemia, hemodynamic instability, or left main coronary artery involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Angiographic &quot;healing&quot; of SCAD lesions has been frequently observed following conservative management. Regarding long-term management, there are currently no studies directly comparing different therapeutic strategies. As such, treatment is often extrapolated from ACS guidelines, typically including aspirin, beta-blockers, statins, and antianginal agents. It is considered reasonable to discontinue dual antiplatelet therapy once dissection healing is confirmed, which is generally expected to occur within 4 to 6 weeks following the event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>To date, only one case report describing coronary artery dissection following stress echocardiography has been identified in major medical databases. In that case, a middle-aged male patient presented with significant ST-segment elevation followed by an accelerated idioventricular rhythm. Similar to our case, the patient was managed conservatively, with complete restoration of vessel patency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">1</xref></sup> A limitation of our report is the inability to definitively determine whether the dissection occurred during the dobutamine stress echocardiography or whether the exam exacerbated a pre-existing SCAD, as we do not have prior imaging of the patient&apos;s coronary anatomy. Nevertheless, the notable difference in the patient&apos;s symptoms before, during, and after the examination supports the possibility that the test acted as a potential trigger for the dissection.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
<label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study Association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia under the protocol number 89472225.7.0000.5462. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4"><label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
<label>Availability of Research Data</label>
<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
</sec>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250034</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Dissecção de Artéria Coronária Após Ecocardiografia sob Estresse Farmacológico e o Seguimento do Tratamento Clínico: Um Relato de Caso</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6242-0885</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Artioli</surname><given-names>Thiago</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-0261-6471</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Bruno Querido Marcondes</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-5171-1986</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Monteiro</surname><given-names>Denis Cárdenas</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9879-7756</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Batista</surname><given-names>Layane Bonfante</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2755-5367</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lorenzoni</surname><given-names>Matheus Zavaris</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7338-0029</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Jen</surname><given-names>Hsu Gwo</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-4404-6769</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Vital</surname><given-names>Kelvyn Melo</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4407-2906</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Vilalva</surname><given-names>Kelvin Henrique</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Thiago Artioli</bold> • Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP: <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>. Vila Mariana, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>thiago.artioli48@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Dissecção de Vasos Sanguíneos</kwd>
<kwd>Doença das Coronárias</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse</kwd>
<kwd>Relatos de Casos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A dissecção espontânea da artéria coronária (DEAC) continua sendo um desafio diagnóstico e terapêutico na avaliação de dor torácica. A interpretação inadequada das características da dor, associada à falta de consideração do perfil epidemiológico do paciente, pode conduzir a abordagens diagnósticas e terapêuticas inadequadas. O caso descrito neste relato representa apenas o segundo caso com características semelhantes publicado em bases de dados médicas de grande relevância.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Este relato enfatiza a importância de considerar causas incomuns de dor torácica e síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), além de apresentar uma breve revisão da literatura pertinente. Este relato foi elaborado de acordo com as diretrizes <italic>CAse REport</italic> (CARE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato de caso</title>
<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 42 anos, branca, natural de São Paulo, Brasil. Divorciada, com ensino médio completo, trabalha como secretária administrativa e declara-se católica. Apresentava peso de 72 kg e altura de 1,75 m no momento da avaliação.</p>
<sec>
<title>Sintomas iniciais</title>
<p>A paciente referiu início de dor torácica, inicialmente sugestiva de origem não cardíaca, em janeiro de 2024. A dor era de leve intensidade, localizada na região torácica, sem relação com esforço físico. Os sintomas persistiram até março de 2024, quando procurou avaliação com cardiologista da rede privada. Na consulta inicial, a hipótese diagnóstica foi de angina estável provável. Foram prescritos os seguintes medicamentos: ácido acetilsalicílico a 100 mg/dia, sinvastatina a 20 mg/dia, metoprolol a 50 mg/dia e enalapril a 20 mg/dia. Até então, a paciente fazia uso apenas de desogestrel a 75 mg/dia como contraceptivo oral. Foi solicitado ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina para avaliação funcional complementar.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Histórico médico, familiar e psicossocial</title>
<p>A paciente apresentava histórico conhecido de enxaqueca esporádica e anemia ferropriva. Negava tabagismo, etilismo e relatava estilo de vida sedentário. O histórico cirúrgico incluía cesariana, safenectomia por insuficiência venosa e tireoidectomia parcial devido a nódulo benigno. Relatava quatro gestações, sendo três partos cesáreos e um aborto espontâneo de etiologia não esclarecida. Não havia histórico familiar significativo de doenças cardiovasculares ou reumatológicas.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Intervenções prévias relevantes</title>
<p>Em 20 de março de 2024, a paciente foi submetida a ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina em hospital da rede privada. Durante o exame, apresentou início súbito de dor precordial intensa, distinta dos sintomas previamente relatados, descrita como sensação de aperto com intensidade referida de 10/10, irradiando para a cabeça, associada a náuseas e vômitos. O exame foi imediatamente interrompido.</p>
<p>Foi encaminhada para o pronto-socorro de um hospital público, onde foi admitida com diagnóstico inicial de síndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCA sem supra de ST). O eletrocardiograma não evidenciou alterações isquêmicas; contudo, a curva de troponina foi positiva. A cineangiocoronariografia diagnóstica revelou artéria descendente anterior esquerda (DAE) tortuosa e alongada, também responsável pela irrigação da parede inferior, com imagem compatível com dissecção coronariana tipo 1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>) no segmento médio a distal. O ecocardiograma transtorácico demonstrou fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo preservada (47%), com hipocinesia no segmento basal da parede inferior e na região apical. Recebeu alta hospitalar mantendo as medicações previamente prescritas, com a adição de clopidogrel a 75 mg/dia e dinitrato de isossorbida sublingual a 5 mg, conforme necessidade para alívio da dor torácica. Foi encaminhada para seguimento ambulatorial em nosso serviço público terciário de cardiologia.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Dissecção da artéria descendente anterior esquerda visualizada em projeção oblíqua anterior direita com incidência cranial durante cineangiocoronariografia (A). Visão ampliada da dissecção (B).</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250034-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Exame físico e achados clínicos no centro terciário de cardiologia</title>
<p>A paciente foi avaliada pela primeira vez em nosso centro terciário de cardiologia em 10 de maio de 2024. Relatava angina persistente, classificada como classe II pela <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic> (CCS), com características distintas da dor atípica inicial apresentada em janeiro de 2024, mas semelhantes à dor experimentada durante o episódio de SCA. O exame físico não revelou alterações, e tanto o eletrocardiograma quanto a radiografia de tórax realizados em nosso serviço estavam dentro dos limites da normalidade.</p>
<p>Após a avaliação clínica, foi solicitada cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica em repouso e sob estresse farmacológico com sestamibi e dipiridamol, além de angiotomografia coronariana (TC) para monitoramento da anatomia coronariana e avaliação do plano de dissecção. Optou-se por manter o tratamento clínico, sem indicação, naquele momento, para intervenção percutânea. A terapia antianginosa foi otimizada com aumento da dose de metoprolol para 100 mg/dia.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Seguimento e desfechos</title>
<p>A paciente retornou para seguimento em 15 de julho de 2024. Clinicamente, continuava apresentando episódios de desconforto torácico inespecífico, associado a dor torácica atípica, descrita como sensação de queimação com duração de horas, irradiando para o membro superior esquerdo e agravada ao se deitar sobre o lado esquerdo.</p>
<p>Os exames laboratoriais mostraram hemograma, função renal e hepática dentro dos parâmetros normais, sem alterações eletrolíticas, análise de urina sem cristais e sorologias negativas para HIV, sífilis e hepatites B e C. O nível de colesterol LDL foi de 62 mg/dl e o NT-proBNP de 53 pg/ml. A cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica não evidenciou sinais de isquemia miocárdica. A angiotomografia coronariana demonstrou escore de cálcio zero (método de Agatston), sem estenoses luminais coronarianas e sem sinais residuais de dissecção (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Angiotomografia coronariana e cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica durante o seguimento.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250034-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Etiologia e seguimento futuro</title>
<p>Após a consulta de julho de 2024, a paciente manteve acompanhamento regular em nosso serviço. Não apresentou novos episódios de dor torácica com características sugestivas de angina. Foi realizada investigação complementar da etiologia da dissecção coronariana, incluindo avaliações para síndrome de Marfan, vasculites e doenças do colágeno. Todos os exames clínicos e laboratoriais resultaram negativos.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>A DEAC é responsável por 0,1% a 4% dos casos de SCA, sendo mais frequentemente observada em mulheres, especialmente em jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A fisiopatologia da DEAC não aterosclerótica ainda não é completamente compreendida; os mecanismos propostos incluem ruptura da túnica íntima, sangramento dos <italic>vasa vasorum</italic>, inflamação arterial e tortuosidade vascular. Aproximadamente 20% dos casos são classificados como idiopáticos. Outras etiologias relatadas incluem gestação, uso de contraceptivos orais, predisposição genética e associação com determinadas condições, como enxaqueca, doenças do tecido conjuntivo, entre outras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>A DEAC deve ser considerada em qualquer paciente jovem que apresente SCA ou parada cardiorrespiratória, especialmente em mulheres sem fatores de risco tradicionais para doença arterial coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Estresse emocional, esforço físico e influências hormonais são reconhecidos como possíveis fatores desencadeantes da DEAC. A abordagem diagnóstica deve incluir eletrocardiograma, marcadores cardíacos e cineangiocoronariografia. O ecocardiograma é útil para avaliação da função ventricular, prognóstico e diagnóstico diferencial com outras condições, como a síndrome de Takotsubo. A DEAC é classificada em três tipos angiográficos: tipo 1, caracterizado pela impregnação da parede arterial pelo contraste, com múltiplos lúmens radiotransparentes; tipo 2, apresentando estenose difusa de gravidade variável, desde estreitamento leve até oclusão completa; e tipo 3, que mimetiza a aterosclerose, apresentando estenose focal ou tubular. A imagem intracoronária, a angiotomografia coronariana ou a ressonância magnética cardíaca podem auxiliar no diagnóstico, especialmente em casos ambíguos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>A revascularização em pacientes com DEAC continua sendo um desafio e está associada a maiores taxas de insucesso do procedimento e complicações. Portanto, o manejo conservador é geralmente recomendado como tratamento de primeira linha, salvo em casos de isquemia persistente, instabilidade hemodinâmica ou envolvimento do tronco da coronária esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A cicatrização angiográfica das lesões de DEAC tem sido frequentemente observada após o manejo conservador. Em relação ao tratamento a longo prazo, atualmente não há estudos que comparem diretamente diferentes estratégias terapêuticas. Assim, o tratamento costuma ser extrapolado das diretrizes de SCA, incluindo tipicamente o uso de aspirina, betabloqueadores, estatinas e agentes antianginosos. Considera-se razoável a interrupção da terapia antiplaquetária dupla após confirmação da cicatrização da dissecção, a qual se espera ocorrer entre 4 e 6 semanas após o evento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Até o momento, apenas um relato de caso descrevendo dissecção de artéria coronária após ecocardiografia sob estresse foi identificado nas principais bases de dados médicas. Nesse caso, um paciente do sexo masculino, de meia-idade, apresentou elevação significativa do segmento ST, seguida por ritmo idioventricular acelerado. De forma semelhante ao nosso caso, o paciente foi tratado de maneira conservadora, com restauração completa da perviedade do vaso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Uma limitação do nosso relato é a impossibilidade de determinar de forma definitiva se a dissecção ocorreu durante a ecocardiografia sob estresse com dobutamina ou se o exame apenas agravou uma DEAC pré-existente, uma vez que não dispomos de imagens prévias da anatomia coronariana da paciente. Entretanto, a diferença notável entre os sintomas apresentados antes, durante e após o exame sugere a possibilidade de que o teste tenha atuado como fator desencadeante da dissecção.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia sob o número de protocolo 89472225.7.0000.5462. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8"><label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
<label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
</sec>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>