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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250031i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20250031i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Intracardiac Echocardiography: Current Status, Clinical Benefits, and Future Perspectives</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9480-4963</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>Renner Augusto Raposo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2950-7505</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Moura</surname><given-names>Daniel Moreira Costa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Nossa Senhora das Neves</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora das Neves, João Pessoa, PB – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Metropolitano DJMP</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Metropolitano DJMP, Santa Rita, PB – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Renner Augusto Raposo Pereira</bold> • Hospital Nossa Senhora das Neves. R. Etelvina Macedo de Mendonça, 531. Postal code: <postal-code>58040-530</postal-code>. João Pessoa, PB – Brazil E-mail: <email>rennerarp@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>17</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250031</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiac Electrophysiology</kwd>
<kwd>Patient Safety</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="13"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is an ultrasound imaging technique capable of providing real-time, high-quality visualization of cardiac structures and their adjacent tissues through a catheter with a transducer inserted directly into the heart chambers, typically via transfemoral venous access. By allowing direct and precise visualization of intracardiac anatomy, ICE has been increasingly used to guide structural interventions and catheter ablations for cardiac arrhythmias, as well as to enable immediate detection of intraoperative complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Initial clinical investigations began in the 1960s, focusing on the assessment of atrial septal defects. Since then, ICE has evolved significantly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The introduction of the phased-array transducer, the addition of color Doppler functionality, and advancements in manipulation systems have enabled its widespread clinical application. The latest version of phased-array ICE features a position sensor at the catheter tip, allowing real-time integration with three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping systems used in complex ablations. The ability to precisely maneuver the catheter, combined with its versatile positioning, makes ICE a valuable tool for anatomic navigation and real-time monitoring during complex interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Initially, ICE was used to guide the percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects, serving as an alternative to transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), with comparable imaging quality and better tolerability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Currently, ICE is the preferred imaging modality in various electrophysiology procedures, as it eliminates the need for general anesthesia and allows the operator to manage the imaging, optimizing time and resources.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>In electrophysiology, ICE has become an essential tool. In atrial fibrillation ablation, ICE safely guides transseptal puncture and provides real-time visualization of the left atrium, pulmonary veins, atrial appendage, and adjacent structures, such as the esophagus and pulmonary arteries, allowing precise delineation of the ablation area and preventing thermal complications. In atrial tachyarrhythmia ablations, such as atypical atrial flutter, ICE helps identify complex anatomical structures and reentry pathways, guiding catheter positioning around scars or critical zones.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>In ventricular arrhythmias, ICE has been increasingly used. In the ablation of extrasystoles or tachycardias originating from the right ventricular outflow tract, ICE enables precise anatomical positioning between the outflow tract and adjacent structures. For arrhythmias originating from the left ventricular outflow tract and the left ventricular summit, ICE assists in guiding transseptal or retroaortic approaches, improving procedure efficacy and safety. Its role is even more crucial in coronary cusp arrhythmias, as it provides clear visualization of catheter contact with the cusp, Valsalva sinus, and coronary artery ostium. In cases of arrhythmias originating from the papillary muscles, ICE is particularly valuable, as it allows direct visualization of these mobile structures and continuous catheter contact with the target, which is challenging using electroanatomic mapping alone, enabling more effective procedures. In scar-related ventricular tachycardia, ICE complements electroanatomic mapping by identifying areas of myocardial thinning, aneurysms, and akinetic walls, as well as fibrotic regions associated with the arrhythmogenic substrate, while also monitoring real-time catheter stability during ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Another highlight is the use of ICE in the closure of left atrial appendage. In addition to transseptal puncture, ICE provides visualization of the appendage anatomy, diameter assessment, and guidance for device deployment, while reducing the use of iodinated contrast and fluoroscopy. In many centers, ICE has replaced TEE in this scenario, allowing the procedure to be performed under conscious sedation. This approach is particularly useful when combining atrial fibrillation ablation with LAA closure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>ICE has been gaining ground in interventional cardiology, especially with the development of 3D ICE, serving as a valuable complement and even an alternative to TEE in certain cases. In adults, its application stands out in the percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects and patent foramen ovale, where image quality is superior, and the procedure can be performed under conscious sedation. Initial results are promising for transcatheter mitral valve repair, and more recently, ICE has been studied for percutaneous tricuspid valve procedures and paravalvular leak closure. In transcatheter aortic valve implantation, fluoroscopy remains the standard imaging method, but in more complex cases, 3D ICE can add value and serve as an alternative to TEE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>In percutaneous treatment of congenital heart diseases, ICE has been explored in structural interventions beyond atrial septal defect closure, including ventricular septal defect interventions, patent ductus arteriosus procedures, and pulmonary valve disease treatments. Its use reduces radiation exposure and minimizes the need for prolonged general anesthesia, providing significant benefits for pediatric and adult patients with congenital heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>ICE is a safe alternative for identifying thrombi in the left atrial appendage, significantly enhancing procedural safety by reducing complications such as cardiac tamponade, thrombosis, and pulmonary vein stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Performing ablations with minimal or even no radiation exposure is now a reality, making it especially relevant for young patients and pregnant women, while also significantly reducing occupational risks for the medical team.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>Additionally, the implementation of ICE in daily practice is feasible after a short learning curve, allowing for rapid adoption without compromising procedure safety or efficacy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>Despite advancements, cost remains a barrier to the widespread dissemination of ICE, primarily due to the high price of disposable catheters. However, considering reduced procedure time, fewer complications, and decreased need for general anesthesia, the total cost of the procedure may be comparable to that of TEE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>Emerging technologies, such as real-time three-dimensional ICE, are already being applied and promise to further enhance the precision of interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The miniaturization of catheters, improvement in image resolution, and integration with artificial intelligence algorithms for automatic segmentation and structure identification are expected soon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>ICE represents one of the major innovations in cardiovascular imaging for contemporary interventional practice. Its growing use is driven by its ability to combine image quality, safety, and efficiency, making it a fundamental tool for high-complexity procedures in electrophysiology and structural cardiology, with a positive impact on procedural safety and efficacy.</p>
</body>
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<name><surname>Kruse</surname><given-names>ML</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Leiria</surname><given-names>TLL</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Impact of Intracardiac Echocardiography in Reducing Procedure Time and Hospitalization</article-title>
<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>120</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<elocation-id>e20220306</elocation-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220306</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sant’Anna RT, Lima GG, Saffi MAL, Kruse ML, Leiria TLL. Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Impact of Intracardiac Echocardiography in Reducing Procedure Time and Hospitalization. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(5):e20220306. doi: 10.36660/abc.20220306.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250031</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Ecocardiograma Intracardíaco: Estado Atual, Benefícios Clínicos e Horizontes Futuros</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9480-4963</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>Renner Augusto Raposo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2950-7505</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Moura</surname><given-names>Daniel Moreira Costa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora das Neves, João Pessoa, PB – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Metropolitano DJMP, Santa Rita, PB – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Renner Augusto Raposo Pereira</bold> • Hospital Nossa Senhora das Neves. R. Etelvina Macedo de Mendonça, 531. CEP: <postal-code>58040-530</postal-code>. João Pessoa, PB – Brasil E-mail: <email>rennerarp@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Eletrofisiologia Cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Segurança do Paciente</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>O Ecocardiograma Intracardíaco (ICE, do inglês <italic>intracardiac echocardiogram</italic>) é uma técnica de imagem por ultrassom capaz de realizar visualização em tempo real e de alta qualidade das estruturas cardíacas e seus tecidos adjacentes, por meio de um cateter com transdutor introduzido diretamente nas câmaras do coração, habitualmente por via venosa transfemoral. Por permitir uma visualização direta e precisa da anatomia intracardíaca, o ICE tem sido cada vez mais usado para guiar intervenções estruturais e ablações por cateter de arritmias cardíacas, além de permitir a detecção imediata de complicações intraoperatórias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>As investigações clínicas iniciais se deram na década de 1960 com a avaliação de defeitos do septo interatrial; desde então, o ICE evoluiu consideravelmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A introdução do transdutor <italic>phased-array</italic>, a adição da funcionalidade de Doppler colorido e o avanço dos sistemas de manipulação permitiram sua ampla aplicação clínica. A versão mais moderna do ICE <italic>phased-array</italic> conta com sensor de posição na ponta do cateter, possibilitando sua integração em tempo real com sistemas de mapeamento eletroanatômico tridimensional utilizados nas ablações complexas. A capacidade de movimentar o cateter com precisão, aliada à versatilidade de posicionamento, faz do ICE uma ferramenta valiosa para navegação anatômica e monitoramento em tempo real durante intervenções complexas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Inicialmente, o ICE foi utilizado para guiar o fechamento percutâneo de defeitos do septo interatrial, sendo uma alternativa ao Ecocardiograma Transesofágico (ETE), com imagem comparável e melhor tolerabilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Atualmente, o ICE é a modalidade de imagem preferida em diversos procedimentos de eletrofisiologia, pois dispensa anestesia geral e permite que o próprio operador seja responsável pela imagem, otimizando tempo e recursos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Na eletrofisiologia, o ICE tornou-se ferramenta de extrema importância. Na ablação de fibrilação atrial, o ICE guia a punção transeptal com segurança e visualiza em tempo real a anatomia do átrio esquerdo, veias pulmonares, apêndice atrial e estruturas adjacentes, como o esôfago e as artérias pulmonares, permitindo delimitação precisa da área de ablação e evitando complicações térmicas. Em ablações de taquiarritmias atriais, como <italic>flutter</italic> atrial atípico, o ICE contribui para identificar estruturas anatômicas complexas e trajetos de reentrada, e guiar o posicionamento dos cateteres ao redor de cicatrizes ou zonas críticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nas arritmias ventriculares, o ICE é cada vez mais empregado. Na ablação de extrassístoles ou taquicardias oriundas da via de saída do ventrículo direito, o ICE permite posicionamento anatômico preciso entre o trato de saída e as estruturas adjacentes. Nas arritmias originadas da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo e do <italic>summit</italic> do ventrículo esquerdo, o ICE auxilia na orientação de abordagens transeptais ou retroaórticas, melhorando a eficácia e segurança do procedimento. Seu papel é ainda mais importante nas arritmias das cúspides coronarianas, pois permite uma visualização clara do contato dos cateteres com a cúspide, o seio de Valsalva e óstio das artérias coronarianas. Nos casos de arritmias originadas nos músculos papilares, o ICE é particularmente importante, por permitir a visualização direta dessas estruturas móveis e o contato do cateter com o alvo de forma contínua, o que é difícil usando apenas o mapeamento eletroanatômico, permitindo procedimentos mais eficazes. Na taquicardia ventricular cicatricial, o ICE complementa o mapeamento eletroanatômico ao evidenciar áreas de adelgaçamento miocárdico, aneurismas e paredes acinéticas, bem como áreas de fibrose relacionadas ao substrato arritmogênico, além de monitorar em tempo real a estabilidade do cateter durante a ablação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Outro destaque é o uso do ICE no fechamento do apêndice atrial esquerdo, pois além da punção transeptal, proporciona visualização da anatomia do apêndice, avaliação do diâmetro e orientação da liberação do dispositivo, com redução do uso de contraste iodado e de fluoroscopia. Em muitos centros, o ICE tem substituído o ETE neste cenário, permitindo que o procedimento seja realizado com sedação consciente. Esse cenário é particularmente útil ao realizar conjuntamente a ablação de fibrilação atrial e o fechamento do apêndice atrial esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Na cardiologia intervencionista, o ICE tem ganhado espaço, principalmente com o desenvolvimento do ICE 3D, atuando como complemento valioso e até mesmo alternativo ao ETE em alguns cenários. Em adultos, destaca-se sua aplicação no fechamento percutâneo de comunicação interatrial e forame oval patente, onde a imagem é superior, além de permitir realização do procedimento com sedação consciente. O ICE apresenta resultados iniciais promissores no reparo transcateter da valva mitral e, mais recentemente, tem sido estudado seu uso em procedimentos percutâneos da valva tricúspide e no fechamento de <italic>leaks</italic> paravalvares. No implante transcateter de válvula aórtica, a fluoroscopia é o método de imagem padrão, mas em casos mais complexos, o ICE 3D pode agregar e ser uma alternativa ao ETE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>No tratamento percutâneo das cardiopatias congênitas, o ICE vem sendo explorado em outras intervenções estruturais além do fechamento comunicação interatrial, incluindo intervenções em comunicação interventricular, persistência de canal arterial e valvopatia pulmonar. Sua utilização reduz a exposição à radiação e a necessidade de anestesia geral prolongada, trazendo benefícios relevantes ao paciente pediátrico ou adulto com cardiopatia congênita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>O ICE é uma alternativa segura para identificar trombos no apêndice atrial esquerdo, melhora significativamente a segurança dos procedimentos ao reduzir complicações como tamponamento cardíaco, trombose e estenose das veias pulmonares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A realização de ablações com exposição mínima ou mesmo sem utilização de radiação é uma realidade, sendo especialmente relevante nos pacientes jovens e nas gestantes, além de ter impacto significativo na redução dos riscos ocupacionais da equipe médica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>Além disso, a implementação do ICE na prática diária é possível após uma pequena curva de aprendizado, permitindo sua implementação rapidamente e sem impactar na segurança ou eficácia do procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>Apesar dos avanços, o custo ainda representa uma barreira a disseminação universal do ICE, sobretudo pelo uso de cateteres descartáveis de alto preço. Contudo, considerando a redução do tempo de sala, menores complicações e menor necessidade de anestesia geral, o custo total do procedimento pode ser comparável ao do ETE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>Tecnologias emergentes, como o ICE tridimensional em tempo real, já estão sendo aplicadas e prometem elevar ainda mais a precisão das intervenções.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Espera-se para breve a miniaturização dos cateteres, melhoria na resolução das imagens e integração com algoritmos de inteligência artificial para segmentação automática e identificação de estruturas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>O ICE representa uma das principais inovações em imagem cardiovascular para a prática intervencionista contemporânea. Sua utilização crescente é impulsionada pela capacidade de combinar qualidade de imagem, segurança e eficiência, sendo uma ferramenta fundamental para procedimentos de alta complexidade na eletrofisiologia e na cardiologia estrutural com impacto positivo na segurança e eficácia dos procedimentos.</p>
</body>
</sub-article>
</article>
