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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250027i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20250027i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Do Patients with Homozygosity and Compound Heterozygosity for Variants in the Transthyretin Amyloidosis TTR Gene Have More Severe and Earlier Clinical Conditions?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9983-6438</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Tonnison de Oliveira</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-9137-2645</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Nascimento</surname><given-names>Samuel Ulisses Chaves Nogueira do</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Cardio Pulmonar Hospital</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Cardio Pulmonar Hospital, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Tonnison de Oliveira Silva</bold> • Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública. Rua Dom João VI. Postal code: <postal-code>40285-001</postal-code>. Brotas, Salvador, BA – Brazil E-mail: <email>tonnisonsilva@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250027</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
<kwd>Prealbumin</kwd>
<kwd>Homozygote</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="7"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>The prevalence of homozygotes for the Val142Ile genetic variant in the transthyretin (TTR) gene is extremely low in the general population (0.72%). This prevalence is slightly higher in endomyocardial biopsy studies (6% to 10%) and in cohorts involving reference centers for TTR cardiac amyloidosis (4% to 14%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Homozygotes represent a distinct subpopulation within the spectrum of cardiac amyloidosis, with clinical characteristics that appear to differ substantially from those of heterozygotes. This genetic variation has been associated with an onset of clinical manifestations in younger patients compared with heterozygotes and also with a higher risk of serious cardiovascular events, such as heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias.³ Besides the earlier onset, observational studies indicate that the disease has a more aggressive phenotypic behavior in homozygous patients, characterized by greater ventricular thickening, worse diastolic function, and a higher load of amyloid fibrils in the heart.³ Thus, homozygotes usually have a higher risk of developing early and more severe heart failure than heterozygotes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Homozygosity, defined as the inheritance of two identical copies of a mutated allele in the same gene locus, and compound heterozygosity, characterized by the presence of two distinct pathogenic variants in different alleles, are genetic conditions that may exacerbate the severity and anticipate the disease onset due to the absence of a compensatory functional allele.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity significantly modulate the clinical phenotype of this pathology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Incomplete penetrance means that not all carriers of pathogenic variants in the TTR gene will manifest the disease. Variable expressivity reflects the diversity of clinical manifestations between carriers of the same variant. For instance, Val50Met is associated with early-onset polyneuropathy in endemic regions, such as Portugal and Japan, but may have a predominantly ocular or cardiac phenotype in other regions, such as Sweden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A study of 13 homozygotes for Val142Ile revealed the onset of cardiac symptoms about a decade earlier (63 years) compared with heterozygotes (72 years).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, these findings are not universal. In the Val50Met variant, Swedish homozygotes showed a predominantly ocular phenotype, with no significant difference in age of onset compared with heterozygotes, suggesting that severity depends on the specific variant and genetic background.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Compound heterozygosity also seems to predispose to earlier and more aggressive cases. Cases with combinations, such as Val142IIe/Ile88Leu or Val142Ile/Thr80Ala, showed cardiac symptoms in the fifth or sixth decade of life, significantly earlier than homozygotes or heterozygotes for Val142Ile alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Micaglio et al. observed that compound heterozygosity causes important cardiac impairment in patients, similar to that observed in homozygotes, suggesting that the combined effect of the genetic variants exacerbates the deposition of amyloid fibrils and leads to a faster progression of cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Despite these associations between compound homozygosity/heterozygosity and greater disease severity and precocity, factors, such as gender, geographical location, ancestry, and genetic modifiers, as well as the variable penetrance and expressivity of the TTR gene, influence phenotypic expression and sometimes hinder clinical predictions.</p>
<p>In short, homozygosity and compound heterozygosity are often associated with more severe and earlier conditions, but incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity, interacting with epigenetic factors, limit generalizations. Moreover, the treatment with the best clinical applicability for this group with more complex diseases may be the TTR stabilizers associated with RNA silencers.</p>
</body>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250027</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Os Pacientes com Homozigose e Heterozigose Composta para Variantes no Gene TTR da Amiloidose por Transtirretina Apresentam Quadros Clínicos Mais Graves e Precoces?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9983-6438</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Tonnison de Oliveira</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-9137-2645</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Nascimento</surname><given-names>Samuel Ulisses Chaves Nogueira do</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Cardio Pulmonar Hospital, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Tonnison de Oliveira Silva</bold> • Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública. Rua Dom João VI. CEP: <postal-code>40285-001</postal-code>. Brotas, Salvador, BA – Brasil E-mail: <email>tonnisonsilva@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
<kwd>Pré-Albumina</kwd>
<kwd>Homozigoto</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>A prevalência de homozigotos para a variante genética Val142Ile no gene da transtirretina (TTR) é extremamente baixa na população geral (0,72%) e um pouco maior em estudos de biópsia endomiocárdica (de 6% a 10%) e em coortes que envolvem centros de referência em amiloidose cardíaca por TTR (de 4% a 14%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os homozigotos representam uma subpopulação distinta dentro do espectro da amiloidose cardíaca, com características clínicas que parecem apresentar diferenças substanciais em relação às dos heterozigotos não compostos. Essa variação genética foi associada ao início de manifestações clínicas em pacientes mais jovens, em relação aos heterozigotos, e também a um maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares graves, como insuficiência cardíaca e arritmias ventriculares.³ Além da apresentação mais precoce, estudos observacionais indicam que, em pacientes homozigotos, a doença apresenta um comportamento fenotípico mais agressivo, caracterizado por maior espessamento ventricular, pior função diastólica e maior carga de fibrilas amiloides no coração.³ Em comparação com os heterozigotos, os homozigotos habitualmente apresentam maior risco de desenvolver insuficiência cardíaca precoce e de maior gravidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>A homozigose, definida como a herança de duas cópias idênticas de um alelo mutado em um mesmo locus gênico, e a heterozigose composta, caracterizada pela presença de duas variantes patogênicas distintas em alelos diferentes, são condições genéticas que, em teoria, podem exacerbar a gravidade e antecipar o início da doença devido à ausência de um alelo funcional compensatório.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Contudo, a penetrância incompleta e a expressividade variável causam modulação significativa no fenótipo clínico dessa patologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>A penetrância incompleta implica que nem todos os portadores de variantes patogênicas no gene TTR manifestarão a doença. Já a expressividade variável reflete a diversidade de manifestações clínicas entre portadores da mesma variante. A Val50Met, por exemplo, associa-se à polineuropatia de início precoce em regiões endêmicas, como em Portugal e no Japão, mas pode apresentar fenótipo predominantemente ocular ou cardíaco em outros contextos, como na Suécia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Um estudo com 13 homozigotos para Val142Ile revelou início dos sintomas cardíacos cerca de uma década mais cedo (63 anos), em comparação com heterozigotos (72 anos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, esses achados não são universais. Na variante Val50Met, homozigotos suecos apresentaram fenótipo predominantemente ocular, sem diferença significativa na idade de início em relação aos heterozigotos, sugerindo que a gravidade depende da variante específica e do contexto genético.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>A heterozigose composta também parece predispor quadros mais precoces e agressivos. Casos com combinações como Val142IIe/Ile88Leu ou Val142Ile/Thr80Ala apresentaram sintomas cardíacos na quinta ou sexta década de vida, significativamente mais cedo que homozigotos ou heterozigotos para casos de Val142Ile isolada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Num estudo conduzido por Micaglio et al., observou-se que a heterozigose composta confere aos pacientes comprometimento cardíaco significativo, semelhante ao observado em homozigotos, sugerindo que o efeito combinado das variantes genéticas exacerba a deposição de fibrilas amiloides e leva a uma progressão mais rápida da cardiomiopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Apesar dessas associações entre homozigose/heterozigose composta e maior gravidade e precocidade da doença, fatores como sexo, localização geográfica, ancestralidade, modificadores genéticos, somados à penetrância e à expressividade variável do gene TTR, influenciam a expressão fenotípica e, por vezes, dificultam as previsões clínicas.</p>
<p>Em suma, a homozigose e a heterozigose composta com frequência associam-se a quadros mais graves e precoces, mas a penetrância incompleta e a expressividade variável, interagindo com fatores epigenéticos, limitam a possibilidade de generalizações. É interessante destacar também que, talvez, sobretudo nesse grupo de maior complexidade de doença, haja uma melhor aplicabilidade clínica do uso da terapia combinada com estabilizadores da TTR somados aos silenciadores de RNA.</p>
</body>
</sub-article>
</article>