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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250025i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20250025i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Conventional and Partially ECG-Gated Triple Rule-Out Computed Tomography Angiography with Extension to Abdominal Aorta: Comparative Radiation Dose and Imaging Quality</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0243-1587</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bertolazzi</surname><given-names>Pamela</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Carla Franco Greco</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0361-0264</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Iunes</surname><given-names>Leonardo</given-names></name>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7832-8554</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>Fernando Freitas de</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>Fabio Payão</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3155-3738</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Viana</surname><given-names>Publio Cesar Cavalcanti</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1160-3064</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Castro</surname><given-names>Isac</given-names></name>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8849-5789</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Horvat</surname><given-names>Natally</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8627-3661</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Araújo-Filho</surname><given-names>José Arimateia Batista</given-names></name>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Sírio-Libanês</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Mayo Clinic</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rochester</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="US">USA</country>
<institution content-type="original">Mayo Clinic, Rochester – USA</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>José Arimateia Batista Araújo-Filho</bold> • Hospital Sírio-Libanês. Adma Jafet. Postal code: <postal-code>01308-050</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>ariaraujocg@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>27</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250025</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>26</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>05</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>05</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>Triple rule-out (TRO) computed tomography angiography (CTA) is an ECG-gated protocol that enables the simultaneous evaluation of the coronary arteries, thoracic aorta, and pulmonary arteries in a single scan. It is especially useful for patients in the emergency department with low to moderate risk of acute coronary syndrome, particularly when aortic dissection and pulmonary embolism are also considered in the differential diagnosis.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objective:</title>
<p>This study aimed to compare two TRO protocols, fully electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated (protocol A) and partially ECG-gated (protocol B), both including coverage of the abdominal aorta, in terms of radiation dose and image quality. Such a comparison of protocols can be useful when iterative reconstruction algorithms are not available and a manual transition between partially ECG-synchronized protocols is required.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>Radiation dose was evaluated using dose-length product (DLP), effective dose (ED), and virtual dose. Attenuation values were measured in the coronary and pulmonary arteries, as well as in the descending and abdominal aorta. Image quality and vessel conspicuity were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>A total of 56 patients were included. Protocol B demonstrated significantly lower radiation exposure compared to protocol A across all metrics: median DLP (1.1 mSv [interquartile range: 0.9 to 1.1] versus 2.2 mSv [interquartile range: 1.6 to 2.8]), ED (17.0 mSv [interquartile range: 14.3 to 18.1] versus 32.6 mSv [interquartile range: 24.4 to 42.7]), and virtual dose (16.2 [interquartile range: 9.3 to 20.4] versus 34.7 [interquartile range: 19.9 to 43.5]); all differences were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001). There were no significant differences in attenuation measurements or qualitative image assessment between the two protocols.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>Partially ECG-gated TRO CTA provides comparable image quality to the fully ECG-gated technique while significantly reducing radiation exposure, becoming a more radiation dose-efficient alternative when iterative reconstruction algorithms are not available and manual transition is necessary.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Drug Tapering</kwd>
<kwd>Radiation Dose-Response Relationship</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="10"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="20"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Chest pain is one of the most frequent reasons for emergency rooms visits worldwide. Its differential diagnosis is broad, encompassing both cardiac causes (particularly coronary artery disease) and non-cardiac conditions such as aortic dissection and pulmonary embolism. Cardiovascular disorders may be present in up to 20% of patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> with acute coronary syndrome as the most feared condition. A prompt and accurate diagnosis is critical to reducing morbidity and mortality in patients presenting with chest pain. However, distinguishing those who require urgent hospitalization from those with benign conditions who can be safely discharged remains a common challenge in clinical practice.</p>
<p>In this context, computed tomography angiography (CTA) can expedite the evaluation of patients with chest pain by effectively ruling out acute coronary syndrome, offering a high negative predictive value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Advances in CT technology and contrast injection protocols have further enabled the implementation of triple rule-out (TRO) CTA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> TRO CTA is an electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated protocol that enables the simultaneous evaluation of the coronary arteries, thoracic aorta, and pulmonary arteries in a single scan. It is currently regarded as a cost-effective diagnostic tool for patients in the emergency department with low to moderate risk of acute coronary syndrome,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> particularly when aortic dissection and pulmonary embolism are also considered in the differential diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, before implementing TRO CTA, it is essential to consider radiation exposure and technical scanning parameters, as these factors can present challenges depending on the operational capabilities of the available CT system.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<caption>
<title>Three-dimensional volume-rendering CTA reconstructions of the same patient showing no significant difference in the overall image quality between fully (A) and partially (B) ECG-gated TRO scans.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250025-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Various CT systems can be used to perform the TRO CTA protocol, including 64-slice and 128-slice multidetector scanners, as well as dual-source systems. These typically employ retrospective ECG-gating to enhance coronary arteries visualization. However, the use of expanded anatomic coverage and small pitch values is associated with a significant increase in mean radiation dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Additionally, contrast injection protocols and scan techniques for TRO CTA vary widely across institutions, often leading to inconsistent image quality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Given these challenges, it is essential to maintain high image quality while minimizing radiation exposure.</p>
<p>In recent years, several strategies have been proposed to address this issue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Ketelsen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> for instance, demonstrated a significant reduction in radiation dose using prospective ECG-gated acquisition compared to the traditional retrospective approach. Other studies have explored dose reduction through technical optimizations, such as tube current modulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> To date, existing studies on radiation dose reduction in TRO CTA have not included full coverage of the abdominal aorta, potentially limiting the evaluation of descending aortic dissections. In this context, the aim of our study was to compare radiation dose and diagnostic image quality between two TRO CTA protocols, one using full (protocol A) and the other partial (protocol B) ECG-gating, with both extending to the abdominal aorta.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
<title>Materials and methods</title>
<sec>
<title>Study population</title>
<p>This prospective study was approved by the institutional review board, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Consecutive patients presenting with chest pain between January and June 2018 and referred for TRO CTA with abdominal aorta extension were enrolled to undergo the partially ECG-gated protocol (protocol B). Inclusion criteria consisted of having previously undergone a fully ECG-gated protocol (protocol A) at our institution within the past 5 years. Patients with contraindications to contrast-enhanced CT, as defined by institutional guidelines, were excluded.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>TRO computed tomography</title>
<p>All TRO CTA exams were performed on a single-source 128-slice scanner (SOMATOM Definition AS+, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) equipped with SAFIRE (sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction) technology, using retrospective ECG-gating. Scans were acquired with patients in the supine position (feet first), arms raised, and during breath-hold (apnea) lasting 8 to 20 seconds, depending on body habitus.</p>
<p>Scan parameters included a detector collimation of 128 × 0.6 mm, slice thickness of 0.6 mm, and a gantry rotation time of 0.3 seconds. For both protocols, automatic exposure control systems (CAREDose 4D for tube current modulation and CAREkV for tube voltage optimization) were activated.</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Protocol A (fully ECG-gated): tube voltage of 120 kV and reference tube current (mAs reference) of 210 mAs.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Protocol B (partially ECG-gated): two sequential acquisitions:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Thoracic aorta phase (ECG-gated): 120 kV, 160 mAs reference, with CAREDose 4D.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Abdominal aorta phase (non-ECG-gated): same voltage and mAs settings.</p></list-item>
</list></list-item>
<list-item><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the main differences between protocols A and B.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Reconstruction parameters were as follows:</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Chest: 1.0 mm thickness, 0.7 mm increment, D30f medium smooth filter, mediastinal window.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Aorta (full extent): 1.0 mm thickness, 0.7 mm increment, I26f smooth filter, angiographic window.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Coronary arteries: 0.6 mm thickness, 0.3 mm increment, D30f filter, angiographic window.</p></list-item>
</list>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>TRO CTA parameters at our institution</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Protocol A</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Protocol B</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Collimation detector (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">128 × 0.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">128 × 0.6</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Rotation time (s)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tube voltage (kVp)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">120</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">120</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">mAs reference</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">210</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">160</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>An electromechanical injector pump was used to administer 150 mL of non-ionic iodinated contrast (Omnipaque<sup>®</sup> 300, Iohexol 300 mg/mL; GE Healthcare, USA) at a flow rate of 4 mL/s. Scan initiation was controlled via bolus tracking software, with a region of interest (ROI) placed in the abdominal aorta.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Radiation dose</title>
<p>Radiation dose was assessed using the dose-length product (DLP) and effective dose (ED), expressed in millisieverts (mSv), calculated according to the European Commission&apos;s conversion factors. In addition, organ-specific doses were estimated using VirtualDose™ (Virtual Phantoms Inc., Albany, USA), a tool based on anatomically realistic computational phantoms representing pediatric, pregnant, and adult patients with varying body sizes and morphologies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Image evaluation</title>
<p>The image sets were anonymized and randomly ordered for review. A board-certified abdominal radiologist with 10 years of experience, blinded to the scan protocol, independently evaluated all examinations for both quantitative and qualitative image analysis.</p>
<p>Attenuation measurements were performed on a post-processing PACS workstation (Carestream Health, Rochester, USA) at four predefined anatomical locations: pulmonary trunk, descending aorta, anterior descending coronary artery, and abdominal aorta. Circular ROIs were manually placed at the center of each vessel with the following dimensions: 0.6 × 0.5 cm (pulmonary trunk), 0.6 × 0.5 cm (descending aorta), 0.1 × 0.1 cm (anterior descending coronary artery), and 0.6 × 0.5 cm (abdominal aorta), as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>CTA in axial plane demonstrating the 4 predefined circle regions of interest to assess the attenuation measurements in the anterior descending coronary artery (A), pulmonary trunk and descending aorta (B), and abdominal aorta (C).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250025-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Subjective assessment of image quality was performed using a five-point Likert scale,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> where 1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = sufficient, 4 = suboptimal, and 5 = unsatisfactory. The radiologist also rated the conspicuity of key thoracic and abdominal vascular structures, including pulmonary trunk, lobar and segmental pulmonary arteries, aortic arch, descending aorta, aortic valve, left coronary trunk, right coronary artery, circumflex artery, celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, right and left renal arteries, and right and left iliac arteries. Additionally, image quality of relevant findings such as coronary stents and aortic endoprostheses was assessed.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p>Continuous variables were presented as medians with interquartile ranges (IQR), while categorical variables were expressed as counts and proportions. Comparisons between protocols A and B were performed using either Student&apos;s t-test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, depending on data distribution. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software (version 22.0, IBM Corp.). The statistical methodology was reviewed by an independent statistician.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>The final study population included 56 patients, of whom 38 (68%) were men, with a median age of 66 years (IQR: 59 to 70). The median time interval between protocol A and protocol B was 24 months (IQR: 14.2 to 33.3). Patient characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Patient characteristics</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristics</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Total (N = 56)<break/> Median (IQR or %)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sex (male/female)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">38/18 (68%/32%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">66 (59-70)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23.5 (21.0-25.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Interval between protocol A and B (months)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24 (14.2-33.3)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>BMI: body mass index; IQR: interquartile range.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>In terms of radiation dose, the median DLP for Protocol B was 1.1 mSv (IQR: 0.9 to 1.1), while for Protocol A it was 2.2 mSv (IQR: 1.6 to 2.8). The median ED for Protocol B was 17.0 mSv (IQR: 14.3 to 18.1), compared to 32.6 mSv (IQR: 24.4 to 42.7) for Protocol A. Both the DLP and ED values were significantly lower for protocol B compared to protocol A (p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, the virtual dose for protocol B was significantly lower than for protocol A, 16.2 (IQR: 9.3 to 20.4) versus 34.7 (IQR: 19.9 to 43.5), respectively (p &lt; 0.001), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Radiation doses of protocol A and B</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Protocol A</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Protocol B</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dose length product, median (IQR)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2.2 (1.6-2.8)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.1 (0.9-1.1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">ED, median (IQR)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">32.6 (24.4-42.7)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17.0 (14.3-18.1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2">
<p>IQR: interquartile range; ED: effective dose.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Regarding image evaluation, no significant differences were observed in the quantitative attenuation measurements of the ascending aorta, descending aorta, abdominal aorta, and pulmonary trunk between protocols A and B (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Similarly, no significant differences were found in the qualitative assessment of the conspicuity of the main thoracic and abdominal arteries or in the overall image quality between protocols A and B (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> and Central Illustration).</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Table 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Arterial attenuation in Hounsfield unit measurements in protocols A and B</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Protocol A</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Protocol B</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Ascending aorta, median (IQR)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">432 (377-390)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">439 (387-500)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.601</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Descending aorta, median (IQR)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">399 (346-458)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">405 (363-451)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.890</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Abdominal aorta, median (IQR)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">406 (364-475)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">393 (335-456)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.486</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pulmonary trunk, median (IQR)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">460 (387-551)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">477 (416-531)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.835</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3">
<p>IQR: interquartile range.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t5">
<label>Table 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Comparison of subjective evaluation of overall imaging quality and conspicuity of the main thoracic and abdominal vessels</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Overall image quality</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.610</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pulmonary trunk</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.564</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Lobular arteries</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.705</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Segmental arteries</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Aortic arch</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.317</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Descending aorta</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.157</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Aortic valve</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.107</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Left coronary trunk</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Right coronary artery</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.750</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Circumflex artery</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.301</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Celiac trunk</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.317</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Superior mesenteric artery</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferior mesenteric artery</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Right renal artery</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Left renal artery</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.000</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Right iliac arteries</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.317</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Left iliac arteries</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.317</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>In our study population, the median DLP and ED were significantly lower in protocol B compared to protocol A, with a similarly significant reduction in virtual dose for protocol B. However, there were no significant differences between the two protocols regarding quantitative analysis of ROI measurements in the main thoracic and abdominal arteries or qualitative assessments of vessel conspicuity and overall image quality.</p>
<p>A previous study focusing solely on chest evaluation reported estimated ED values for retrospective ECG-gated TRO CTA ranging from 7.4 to 13.4 mSv for men and 10.1 to 17.5 mSv for women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Another study also including only the chest, using a larger coverage scanner, demonstrated ED of 9.7 to 23.2 mSv, depending on the patient heart rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In comparison, our results for the partially ECG-gated TRO CTA protocol, which included the abdomen, showed an ED range of 14.3 to 18.1 mSv. This range is consistent with previous studies and has the added advantage of evaluating the abdominal aorta.</p>
<p>In recent years, equipment manufacturers have developed various acquisition protocols to combine thoracic and abdominal images in angiography scans. For example, some manufacturers have implemented automatic switching to non-gated scanning with a faster pitch for imaging the abdominal aorta. However, in certain CT units, automatic iterative reconstruction algorithms are unavailable, requiring manual transitions in partially ECG-gated protocols. This manual switch between gated and non-gated sequences can be time-consuming and may introduce reconstruction artifacts. The CT unit used in our study lacked the automatic iterative reconstruction algorithm, yet no significant loss in image quality was observed. Based on these findings, we strongly advocate for the incorporation of partially ECG-gated protocols when including the abdominal aorta, even in the absence of automatic switching.</p>
<p>Currently, TRO CTA is recognized as an important diagnostic tool for selected patients in the emergency department with acute chest pain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> However, there are no established guidelines outlining its clinical indications. Very few studies, like ours, have incorporated the abdominal aorta into the protocol to enhance the evaluation of the entire aorta when descending aortic dissections need to be ruled out. The clinical significance of our findings lies in the feasibility of including abdominal aorta scanning in a partially ECG-gated TRO CTA protocol, which provides additional diagnostic information without a substantial increase in effective radiation dose compared to previous thoracic-only studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>Several limitations of this study should be noted. First, imaging analysis was conducted by a single experienced radiologist, which precluded the assessment of interobserver agreement and may have introduced bias in the evaluation of image quality. Additionally, the impact of heart rate on image quality was not explored in a subgroup comparison. Lastly, we did not compare the procedural times for each protocol or the time required for image reconstruction. These aspects should be addressed in future studies. Furthermore, additional research is needed to assess the cost-benefit ratio of including abdominal scanning in TRO CTA for patients at different risk levels for aortic dissection.</p>
<p>In conclusion, our study demonstrates the feasibility of using a partially ECG-synchronized acquisition protocol as an effective strategy to reduce radiation dose compared to the fully ECG-synchronized technique in CCTA with TRO, when iterative reconstruction algorithms are not available. The proposed protocol maintained image quality, with scan extension to include the abdominal aorta, without loss of image quality when a manual transition between partially ECG-synchronized protocols is necessary.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
<label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<label>Study Association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de ensino e pesquisa sirio-libanes under the protocol number 2.445.680. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
<label>Availability of Research Data</label>
<p>All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
</sec>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250025</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Angiotomografia Computadorizada com Descarte Triplo Convencional e Parcialmente Sincronizada ao ECG com Cobertura da Aorta Abdominal: Comparação da Dose de Radiação e da Qualidade da Imagem</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0243-1587</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bertolazzi</surname><given-names>Pamela</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Carla Franco Greco</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0361-0264</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Iunes</surname><given-names>Leonardo</given-names></name>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7832-8554</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>Fernando Freitas de</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>Fabio Payão</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3155-3738</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Viana</surname><given-names>Publio Cesar Cavalcanti</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1160-3064</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Castro</surname><given-names>Isac</given-names></name>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8849-5789</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Horvat</surname><given-names>Natally</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8627-3661</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Araújo-Filho</surname><given-names>José Arimateia Batista</given-names></name>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rochester</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="US">EUA</country>
<institution content-type="original">Mayo Clinic, Rochester – EUA</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>José Arimateia Batista Araújo-Filho</bold> • Hospital Sírio-Libanês. Adma Jafet. CEP: <postal-code>01308-050</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>ariaraujocg@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento:</title>
<p>A angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC) com descarte triplo (TRO; do inglês, <italic>triple rule-out</italic>) é um protocolo sincronizado ao eletrocardiograma (ECG) que permite a avaliação simultânea das artérias coronárias, da aorta torácica e das artérias pulmonares em um único exame. É especialmente útil para pacientes com risco baixo a moderado de síndrome coronariana aguda no pronto atendimento, particularmente quando dissecção aórtica e embolia pulmonar também são consideradas no diagnóstico diferencial.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivo:</title>
<p>O presente estudo visou comparar, em termos de dose de radiação e qualidade da imagem, dois protocolos de TRO: totalmente sincronizado ao ECG (protocolo A) e parcialmente sincronizado ao ECG (protocolo B), ambos incluindo cobertura da aorta abdominal. Tal comparação de protocolos pode ser útil quando algoritmos de reconstrução iterativa não estiverem disponíveis e a transição manual entre em protocolos parcialmente sincronizados ao ECG for necessária.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Métodos:</title>
<p>A dose de radiação foi avaliada usando o produto dose-comprimento, a dose efetiva e a dose virtual. Os valores de atenuação foram medidos nas artérias coronárias e pulmonares, bem como na aorta descendente e abdominal. A qualidade da imagem e a conspicuidade dos vasos foram avaliadas por meio de uma escala Likert de 5 pontos.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>Um total de 56 pacientes foi incluído. O protocolo B demonstrou exposição à radiação significativamente menor em comparação ao protocolo A em todas as métricas: mediana do produto dose-comprimento (1,1 mSv [intervalo interquartil: 0,9 a 1,1] versus 2,2 mSv [intervalo interquartil: 1,6 a 2,8]), dose efetiva (17,0 mSv [intervalo interquartil: 14,3 a 18,1] versus 32,6 mSv [intervalo interquartil: 24,4 a 42,7]) e dose virtual (16,2 [intervalo interquartil: 9,3 a 20,4] versus 34,7 [intervalo interquartil: 19,9 a 43,5]). Todas as diferenças foram estatisticamente significativas (p &lt; 0,001). Não houve diferenças significativas nas medidas de atenuação ou na avaliação qualitativa das imagens entre os dois protocolos.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusão:</title>
<p>A ATC com TRO parcialmente sincronizada ao ECG proporciona qualidade de imagem comparável à técnica totalmente sincronizada ao ECG, reduzindo significativamente a exposição à radiação, tornando-se uma alternativa mais eficiente em termos de dose de radiação, quando algoritmos de reconstrução iterativa não estiverem disponíveis e a transição manual for necessária.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Redução da Medicação</kwd>
<kwd>Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f4">
<caption>
<title>Reconstruções tridimensionais de ATC com renderização de volume do mesmo paciente, mostrando ausência de diferença significativa na qualidade geral da imagem entre os exames com TRO totalmente (A) e parcialmente (B) sincronizados ao ECG.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250025-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A dor torácica é um dos motivos mais frequentes de atendimentos nas salas de emergência ao redor do mundo. Seu diagnóstico diferencial é amplo, abrangendo tanto causas cardíacas (particularmente doença arterial coronariana) quanto condições não cardíacas, como dissecção aórtica e embolia pulmonar. Distúrbios cardiovasculares podem estar presentes em até 20% dos pacientes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sendo a síndrome coronariana aguda a condição mais temida. Um diagnóstico rápido e preciso é fundamental para reduzir a morbimortalidade em pacientes que apresentam dor torácica. No entanto, distinguir aqueles que necessitam de hospitalização urgente daqueles com condições benignas que podem receber alta com segurança continua sendo um desafio comum na prática clínica.</p>
<p>Nesse contexto, a angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC) pode agilizar a avaliação de pacientes com dor torácica, descartando efetivamente a síndrome coronariana aguda e oferecendo um alto valor preditivo negativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Avanços na tecnologia de tomografia computadorizada (TC) e nos protocolos de injeção de contraste possibilitaram ainda mais a implementação da ATC com descarte triplo (TRO; do inglês, <italic>triple rule-out</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A ATC com TRO é um protocolo sincronizado ao eletrocardiograma (ECG) que permite a avaliação simultânea das artérias coronárias, da aorta torácica e das artérias pulmonares em um único exame. Atualmente, é considerada uma ferramenta diagnóstica custo-efetiva para pacientes com risco baixo a moderado de síndrome coronariana aguda no departamento de emergência,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> particularmente quando dissecção aórtica e embolia pulmonar também são consideradas no diagnóstico diferencial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, antes de implementar a ATC com TRO, é essencial considerar a exposição à radiação e os parâmetros técnicos do exame, pois esses fatores podem apresentar desafios dependendo das capacidades operacionais do sistema de TC disponível.</p>
<p>Vários sistemas de TC podem ser usados para realizar o protocolo de ATC com TRO, incluindo aparelhos multidetectores de 64 e 128 canais, bem como sistemas de dupla energia. Esses métodos geralmente empregam sincronização retrospectiva ao ECG para aprimorar a visualização das artérias coronárias. No entanto, o uso de cobertura anatômica expandida e valores de <italic>pitch</italic> baixos está associado a um aumento significativo na dose média de radiação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Além disso, os protocolos de injeção de contraste e as técnicas de varredura para ATC com TRO variam amplamente entre as instituições, frequentemente levando a uma qualidade de imagem inconsistente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Diante desses desafios, é essencial manter a alta qualidade de imagem e, ao mesmo tempo, minimizar a exposição à radiação.</p>
<p>Nos últimos anos, diversas estratégias foram propostas para abordar essa questão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Ketelsen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> por exemplo, demonstraram uma redução significativa na dose de radiação utilizando sincronização prospectiva ao ECG, em comparação com a abordagem retrospectiva tradicional. Outros estudos investigaram a redução da dose por meio de otimizações técnicas, como a modulação da corrente do tubo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Até o momento, os estudos existentes sobre redução da dose de radiação na ATC com TRO não incluíram a cobertura total da aorta abdominal, potencialmente limitando a avaliação de dissecções da aorta descendente. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do nosso estudo foi comparar a dose de radiação e a qualidade da imagem diagnóstica entre dois protocolos de ATC com TRO: um totalmente sincronizado ao ECG (protocolo A) e o outro parcialmente sincronizado ao ECG (protocolo B), ambos se estendendo à aorta abdominal.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
<title>Materiais e métodos</title>
<sec>
<title>População do estudo</title>
<p>O presente estudo prospectivo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa institucional, e o consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes. Pacientes consecutivos que apresentaram dor torácica entre janeiro e junho de 2018 e foram encaminhados para ATC com TRO com cobertura da aorta abdominal foram incluídos para serem submetidos ao protocolo parcialmente sincronizado ao ECG (protocolo B). Os critérios de inclusão consistiram em terem sido submetidos previamente a um protocolo totalmente sincronizado ao ECG (protocolo A) em nossa instituição nos últimos 5 anos. Foram excluídos pacientes com contraindicações para TC com contraste, conforme definido pelas diretrizes institucionais.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Tomografia computadorizada com TRO</title>
<p>Todos os exames de ATC com TRO foram realizados em um aparelho de 128 cortes de fonte única (SOMATOM Definition AS+, Siemens, Erlangen, Alemanha) equipado com tecnologia SAFIRE (reconstrução iterativa afirmada por sinograma), utilizando ECG com sincronização retrospectiva. As imagens foram adquiridas com os pacientes em decúbito dorsal (começando pelos pés), braços elevados e em apneia, com duração de 8 a 20 segundos, dependendo da constituição corporal.</p>
<p>Os parâmetros da imagem incluíram colimação do detector de 128 × 0,6 mm, espessura de corte de 0,6 mm e tempo de rotação do <italic>gantry</italic> de 0,3 segundos. Para ambos os protocolos, foram ativados os sistemas de controle automático de exposição (CAREDose 4D para modulação da corrente do tubo e CAREkV para otimização da voltagem do tubo).</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Protocolo A (totalmente sincronizado ao ECG): voltagem do tubo de 120 kV e corrente de referência do tubo (mAs de referência) de 210 mAs.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Protocolo B (parcialmente sincronizado ao ECG): duas aquisições sequenciais:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Fase da aorta torácica (sincronizada ao ECG): 120 kV, 160 mAs de referência, com CAREDose 4D.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Fase da aorta abdominal (não sincronizada ao ECG): mesmas configurações de voltagem e mAs.</p></list-item>
</list></list-item>
<list-item><p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref> resume as principais diferenças entre os protocolos A e B.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Foram aplicados os seguintes parâmetros de reconstrução:</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Tórax: 1,0 mm de espessura, incremento de 0,7 mm, filtro liso médio D30f, janela mediastinal.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Aorta (extensão total): 1,0 mm de espessura, incremento de 0,7 mm, filtro liso I26f, janela angiográfica.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Artérias coronárias: 0,6 mm de espessura, incremento de 0,3 mm, filtro D30f, janela angiográfica.</p></list-item>
</list>
<table-wrap id="t6">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Parâmetros da ATC com TRO em nossa instituição</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Parâmetro</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Protocolo A</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Protocolo B</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Detector de colimação (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">128 × 0,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">128 × 0,6</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo de rotação (s)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Voltagem do tubo (kVp)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">120</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">120</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">mAs de referência</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">210</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">160</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Uma bomba injetora eletromecânica foi utilizada foi utilizado para administrar 150 mL de contraste iodado não iônico (Omnipaque<sup>®</sup> 300, Iohexol 300 mg/mL; GE Healthcare, EUA) a uma vazão de 4 mL/s. O início da varredura foi controlado por um software de rastreamento de bolus, com uma região de interesse (ROI) posicionada na aorta abdominal.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Dose de radiação</title>
<p>A dose de radiação foi avaliada utilizando o produto dose-comprimento e a dose efetiva, expressos em milisieverts (mSv), calculados de acordo com os fatores de conversão da Comissão Europeia. Além disso, as doses específicas de cada órgão foram estimadas utilizando VirtualDose™ (Virtual Phantoms Inc., Albany, USA), uma ferramenta baseada em phantoms computacionais anatomicamente realistas que representam pacientes pediátricos, gestantes e adultos com diferentes tamanhos e morfologias corporais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avaliação das imagens</title>
<p>Os conjuntos de imagens foram anonimizados e ordenados aleatoriamente para revisão. Um radiologista abdominal certificado, com 10 anos de experiência e sem conhecimento do protocolo de exame, avaliou independentemente todos os exames para análise quantitativa e qualitativa das imagens.</p>
<p>As medições de atenuação foram realizadas em uma estação de trabalho de pós-processamento PACS (Carestream Health, Rochester, EUA) em quatro localizações anatômicas predefinidas: tronco pulmonar, aorta descendente, artéria coronária descendente anterior e aorta abdominal. ROIs circulares foram manualmente posicionadas no centro de cada vaso com as seguintes dimensões: 0,6 × 0,5 cm (tronco pulmonar), 0,6 × 0,5 cm (aorta descendente), 0,1 × 0,1 cm (artéria coronária descendente anterior) e 0,6 × 0,5 cm (aorta abdominal), conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>ATC no plano axial demonstrando as 4 regiões circulares de interesse predefinidas para avaliar as medidas de atenuação na artéria coronária descendente anterior (A), tronco pulmonar e aorta descendente (B), e aorta abdominal (C).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250025-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A avaliação subjetiva da qualidade da imagem foi realizada utilizando uma escala Likert de 5 pontos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> em que 1 = excelente, 2 = bom, 3 = suficiente, 4 = subótimo e 5 = insatisfatório. O radiologista também avaliou a conspicuidade das principais estruturas vasculares torácicas e abdominais, incluindo tronco pulmonar, artérias pulmonares lobares e segmentares, arco aórtico, aorta descendente, valva aórtica, tronco coronário esquerdo, artéria coronária direita, artéria circunflexa, tronco celíaco, artérias mesentéricas superiores e inferiores, artérias renais direitas e esquerdas e artérias ilíacas direitas e esquerdas. Além disso, foi avaliada a qualidade da imagem de achados relevantes, como <italic>stents</italic> coronários e endopróteses aórticas.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Análise estatística</title>
<p>As variáveis contínuas foram apresentadas como medianas com intervalos interquartis (IIQ), enquanto as variáveis categóricas foram expressas como contagens e proporções. As comparações entre os protocolos A e B foram realizadas utilizando o teste t de Student ou o teste de soma de postos de Wilcoxon, dependendo da distribuição dos dados. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o software SPSS (versão 22.0, IBM Corp.). A metodologia estatística foi revisada por um estatístico independente.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>A população final do estudo incluiu 56 pacientes, dos quais 38 (68%) eram homens, com mediana de idade de 66 anos (IIQ: 59 a 70). O intervalo de tempo mediano entre o protocolo A e o protocolo B foi de 24 meses (IIQ: 14,2 a 33,3). As características dos pacientes estão resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t7">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Características dos pacientes</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Características</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Total (N = 56)<break/> Mediana (IIQ ou %)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo (masculino/feminino)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">38/18 (68%/32%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">66 (59-70)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23,5 (21,0-25,9)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Intervalo entre protocolo A e B (meses)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24 (14,2-33,3)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN4">
<p>IIQ: intervalo interquartil; IMC: índice de massa corporal.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Em termos da dose de radiação, a mediana de DLP para o protocolo B foi de 1,1 mSv (IQR: 0,9 a 1,1), enquanto para o protocolo A foi de 2,2 mSv (IQR: 1,6 a 2,8). A mediana de ED para o protocolo B foi de 17,0 mSv (IQR: 14,3 a 18,1) e 32,6 mSv (IQR: 24,4 a 42,7) para o protocolo A. Os valores de DLP e ED foram significativamente menores para o protocolo B em comparação ao protocolo A (p &lt; 0,001). Além disso, a dose virtual para o protocolo B foi significativamente menor do que para o protocolo A, 16,2 (IQR: 9,3 a 20,4) versus 34,7 (IQR: 19,9 a 43,5), respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001), conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t8">
<label>Tabela 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Doses de radiação dos protocolos A e B</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Protocolo A</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Protocolo B</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Produto dose-comprimento, mediana (IIQ)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2,2 (1,6-2,8)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,1 (0,9-1,1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dose efetiva, mediana (IIQ)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">32,6 (24,4-42,7)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17,0 (14,3-18,1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN5">
<p>IIQ: intervalo interquartil.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Em relação à avaliação da imagem, não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas medidas quantitativas de atenuação da aorta ascendente, aorta descendente, aorta abdominal e tronco pulmonar entre os protocolos A e B (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>). Da mesma forma, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na avaliação qualitativa da conspicuidade das artérias torácicas e abdominais principais ou na qualidade geral da imagem entre os protocolos A e B (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref> e Figura Central).</p>
<table-wrap id="t9">
<label>Tabela 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Atenuação arterial medida em unidades Hounsfield nos protocolos A e B</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Protocolo A</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Protocolo B</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Aorta ascendente, mediana (IIQ)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">432 (377-390)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">439 (387-500)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,601</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Aorta descendente, mediana (IIQ)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">399 (346-458)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">405 (363-451)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,890</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Aorta abdominal, mediana (IIQ)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">406 (364-475)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">393 (335-456)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,486</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tronco pulmonar, mediana (IIQ)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">460 (387-551)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">477 (416-531)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,835</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN6">
<p>IIQ: intervalo interquartil.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t10">
<label>Tabela 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Comparação da avaliação subjetiva da qualidade geral da imagem e da conspicuidade dos grandes vasos torácicos e abdominais</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Qualidade geral da imagem</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,610</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tronco pulmonar</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,564</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Artérias lobares</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,705</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Artérias segmentares</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Arco aórtico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,317</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Aorta descendente</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,157</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Válvula aórtica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,107</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tronco coronário esquerdo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Artéria coronária direita</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,750</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Artéria circunflexa</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,301</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tronco celíaco</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,317</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Artéria mesentérica superior</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Artéria mesentérica inferior</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,000</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Artéria renal direita</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Artéria renal esquerda</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,000</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Artérias ilíacas direitas</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,317</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Artérias ilíacas esquerdas</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,317</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>Em nossa população de estudo, as medianas de produto dose-comprimento e dose efetiva foram significativamente menores no protocolo B em comparação ao protocolo A, com uma redução igualmente significativa na dose virtual para o protocolo B. No entanto, não houve diferenças significativas entre os dois protocolos em relação à análise quantitativa das medidas de ROI nas grandes artérias torácicas e abdominais ou às avaliações qualitativas da conspicuidade vascular e da qualidade geral das imagens.</p>
<p>Um estudo anterior que focou exclusivamente na avaliação do tórax, relatou valores estimados de dose efetiva para ATC com TRO e sincronização retrospectiva ao ECG variando de 7,4 a 13,4 mSv para homens e de 10,1 a 17,5 mSv para mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Outro estudo, que também incluiu apenas o tórax, utilizando um aparelho de maior cobertura, demonstrou dose efetiva de 9,7 a 23,2 mSv, dependendo da frequência cardíaca do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em comparação, nossos resultados para o protocolo de ATC com TRO parcialmente sincronizada ao ECG, que incluiu o abdômen, mostraram dose efetiva variando de 14,3 a 18,1 mSv. Essa faixa é consistente com estudos anteriores e tem a vantagem adicional de avaliar a aorta abdominal.</p>
<p>Nos últimos anos, os fabricantes de equipamentos desenvolveram diversos protocolos de aquisição para combinar imagens torácicas e abdominais em angiografias. Por exemplo, alguns fabricantes implementaram a comutação automática para varredura sem sincronização com um <italic>pitch</italic> mais rápido para imagens da aorta abdominal. No entanto, em certas unidades de TC, algoritmos de reconstrução iterativa automática não estão disponíveis, exigindo transições manuais em protocolos parcialmente sincronizados ao ECG. Essa comutação manual entre sequências sincronizadas e não sincronizadas pode consumir mais tempo, podendo introduzir artefatos de reconstrução. A unidade de TC utilizada em nosso estudo não possuía o algoritmo de reconstrução iterativa automática, mas nenhuma perda significativa na qualidade da imagem foi observada. Com base nesses achados, defendemos fortemente a incorporação de protocolos parcialmente sincronizados ao ECG quando a aorta abdominal for incluída, mesmo na ausência de comutação automática.</p>
<p>Atualmente, a ATC com TRO é reconhecida como uma importante ferramenta diagnóstica para pacientes selecionados no departamento de emergência com dor torácica aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> No entanto, não há diretrizes estabelecidas descrevendo suas indicações clínicas. Pouquíssimos estudos, como o nosso, incorporaram a aorta abdominal ao protocolo para aprimorar a avaliação de toda a aorta quando dissecções da aorta descendente precisam ser descartadas. A significância clínica de nossos achados reside na viabilidade de incluir a varredura da aorta abdominal em um protocolo de ATC com TRO parcialmente sincronizada ao ECG, o que fornece informações diagnósticas adicionais sem um aumento substancial na dose efetiva de radiação em comparação a estudos anteriores apenas torácicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>Algumas limitações deste estudo devem ser observadas. Primeiro, a análise de imagem foi realizada por um único radiologista experiente, o que impediu a avaliação da concordância interobservador e pode ter introduzido viés na avaliação da qualidade da imagem. Além disso, o impacto da frequência cardíaca na qualidade da imagem não foi explorado em uma comparação de subgrupos. Por fim, não comparamos os tempos de procedimento para cada protocolo ou o tempo necessário para a reconstrução da imagem. Esses aspectos devem ser abordados em estudos futuros. Ademais, pesquisas adicionais são necessárias para avaliar a relação custo-benefício de incluir a varredura abdominal na ATC com TRO para pacientes com diferentes níveis de risco de dissecção aórtica.</p>
<p>Em conclusão, nosso estudo demonstra a viabilidade de usar um protocolo de aquisição parcialmente sincronizado ao ECG como uma estratégia eficaz para reduzir a dose de radiação em comparação com a técnica totalmente sincronizada ao ECG na ATC com TRO quanto algoritmos de recontrução iterativa não estiverem disponíveis. O protocolo proposto manteve a qualidade da imagem, com extensão da varredura para incluir a aorta abdominal, sem perda da qualidade das imagens quando a transição manual em protocolos parcialmente sincronizados ao ECG for necessária.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Instituto de ensino e pesquisa sirio-libanes sob o número de protocolo 2.445.680. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
<label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
<p>Todo o conjunto de dados que dá suporte aos resultados deste estudo está disponível mediante solicitação ao autor correspondente.</p>
</sec>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>