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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250024i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20250024i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Short Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Radiofrequency in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: The Role of Imaging in the Assessment of Septal Thickness and Gradient Reduction</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2425-4569</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>Marcus Vinicius Silva Freire de</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital São Rafael/ Rede D’Or</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Rafael/ Rede D’Or, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D’Or de ensino e pesquisa</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de ensino e pesquisa, Idor, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Marcus Vinicius Silva Freire de Carvalho</bold> • Hospital São Rafael. Avenida São Rafael, 2152. Postal code: <postal-code>41253-190</postal-code>. São Marcos, Salvador, BA – Brazil E-mail: <email>marcusviniciusfrc@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>27</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250024</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Radiofrequency Ablation</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
<kwd>Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="2"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
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<ref-count count="6"/>
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<body>
<p>Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disorder characterized by pronounced myocardial hypertrophy and varying degrees of fibrosis. The obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) is an anatomical condition with dynamic behavior that can lead to symptoms such as exercise intolerance and reduced functional class, and is also associated with cases of sudden cardiac death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>The indication for invasive treatment aimed at reducing the intraventricular gradient is reserved for symptomatic patients —those who are refractory to medical therapy — with a gradient ≥ 50 mmHg. Common interventional therapies for this condition include surgical myectomy or, in a less invasive approach, alcohol septal ablation of coronary septal branches. However, these interventions have shown highly variable outcomes in the literature and remain infrequently used in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>In view of this scenario, catheter-based radiofrequency septal ablation (RFSA), using electroanatomical mapping for improved characterization of the interventricular septum, has been increasingly investigated as a less invasive therapeutic alternative with greater potential for lesion extent control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>In this context, detailed echocardiographic evaluation is essential for procedural selection and follow-up, assessing morphological aspects (distribution of hypertrophy and degree of septal thickening) and functional/hemodynamic aspects (LVOT obstruction, systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, and consequent mitral regurgitation).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Moreover, it enables the diagnosis of potential complications and aids in monitoring the clinical course of patients undergoing interventional therapies, including RFSA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>The study by Vilela et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> published in this issue of <italic>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</italic>, evaluated 22 patients diagnosed with obstructive HCM who underwent RFSA, aiming to correlate septal thickness with the hemodynamic response achieved through the procedure. To this end, the authors used transthoracic echocardiography for pre-procedural assessments and six-month follow-up, as well as transesophageal echocardiography for intra-procedural measurements.</p>
<p>The primary endpoint was the reduction of the maximal intraventricular gradient, as measured by continuous-wave Doppler at the LVOT. Procedural success was defined by composite criteria: an immediate gradient reduction of ≥ 50%, maintenance of the reduced gradient at six months, and improvement in functional class according to the NYHA classification. In the immediate post-procedural period, 72.7% of patients achieved the proposed gradient reduction, and 60% maintained this result during outpatient follow-up. A significant improvement in functional class was also observed throughout the follow-up period.</p>
<p>The authors found that patients with septal thickness ≥ 18 mm had significantly higher immediate success rates (p = 0.050) compared to those with an average thickness of 15 mm. However, no significant reduction in septal thickness was observed over time, suggesting that the gradient reduction was more likely related to functional modification of the treated segment rather than anatomical remodeling. Nonetheless, these findings should be interpreted with caution, given the small sample size (n = 22), which limits the generalization of results and restricts subgroup analysis of specific clinical or anatomical profiles.</p>
<p>The results of this study highlight the crucial contribution of cardiovascular imaging, particularly echocardiography, in supporting invasive decision-making in patients with HCM. Septal thickness measurement, accurate documentation of the intraventricular gradient, and functional assessment over time together provide a robust set of data, strengthening the clinical application of RFSA as an emerging therapeutic strategy. Although limited by sample size, the findings reinforce the technical feasibility of the method and its association with favorable clinical outcomes. In a context of ongoing advances in structural therapies, the integration of clinical reasoning with imaging modalities remains central to individualized case selection and management.</p>
<p>Despite the positive findings, the small sample size and retrospective design limit the generalizability of the results. The lack of direct comparison with traditional invasive techniques, such as surgical myectomy or alcohol septal ablation, also prevents definitive conclusions regarding the superiority or equivalence of the method. Prospective, randomized studies with long-term follow-up and objective criteria for clinical and functional success are essential to firmly establish RFSA within the therapeutic algorithm for HCM. The evolution of imaging techniques and their integration with electrophysiology represent a promising pathway toward the individualization of invasive approaches.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Schematic illustration of the catheter-based approach for RFSA, highlighting the thickened interventricular septum frequently involved in LVOT obstruction in obstructive HCM.</title> <p>The image shows the position of the ablation catheter relative to the mitral valve apparatus and the LV outflow tract, the target region for RFSA therapy.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250024-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
<label>Short editorial referring to the article:</label> <p>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Analysis Of Septal Thickness With Gradient Reduction In Patients Undergoing Radiofrequency Septal Ablation</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250024</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Minieditorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Ablação Septal por Radiofrequência na Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica Obstrutiva: Papel da Imagem na Avaliação de Espessura Septal e Redução de Gradiente</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2425-4569</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>Marcus Vinicius Silva Freire de</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Rafael/ Rede D’Or, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de ensino e pesquisa, Idor, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Marcus Vinicius Silva Freire de Carvalho</bold> • Hospital São Rafael. Avenida São Rafael, 2152. CEP: <postal-code>41253-190</postal-code>. São Marcos, Salvador, BA – Brasil E-mail: <email>marcusviniciusfrc@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ablação por Radiofrequência</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
<kwd>Obstrução da Via de Saída Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva (CMHO) é uma patologia de origem genética caracterizada por acentuada hipertrofia miocárdica, além de fibrose de extensão variável. A obstrução da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (OVSVE) é uma condição anatômica de comportamento dinâmico, podendo ocasionar sintomas como limitação ao esforço físico e redução da classe funcional, além de ser associada a casos de morte súbita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>A indicação de tratamento invasivo para redução do gradiente intraventricular ocorre em pacientes sintomáticos — refratários ao tratamento clínico — e com gradiente ≥ 50 mmHg. As terapêuticas intervencionistas comumente utilizadas para essa doença são a miectomia cirúrgica ou, de forma menos invasiva, a alcoolização de ramos septais da artéria coronária. Contudo, essas intervenções apresentam resultados muito variados descritos na literatura e ainda são utilizadas com pouca frequência na prática clínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Diante desse contexto, a ablação septal por radiofrequência (ASRF) por meio de cateter, utilizando mapeamento eletroanatômico para melhor caracterização do septo interventricular, tem sido cada vez mais estudada como uma alternativa terapêutica menos invasiva e com maior potencial de controle da extensão da lesão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nesse cenário, a avaliação ecocardiográfica detalhada é fundamental para a escolha e acompanhamento do procedimento, utilizando-se para isso a análise dos aspectos morfológicos (distribuição da hipertrofia e grau de espessura do septo) e dos aspectos funcionais/hemodinâmicos (OVSVE, movimento anterior sistólico da valva mitral e sua consequente regurgitação).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Além disso, permite diagnosticar possíveis complicações e auxiliar na avaliação evolutiva dos pacientes submetidos às terapêuticas intervencionistas, entre elas a ASRF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>O estudo de Vilela et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> publicado nesta edição da <italic>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</italic>, avaliou 22 pacientes com diagnóstico de CMHO, submetidos à ASRF, com o objetivo de correlacionar a espessura septal à resposta hemodinâmica obtida com o procedimento. Para isso, os autores utilizaram ecocardiografia transtorácica nas avaliações prévias e no seguimento após seis meses, além de ecocardiografia transesofágica para aferições durante o curso do procedimento.</p>
<p>A principal variável de desfecho foi a redução do gradiente intraventricular máximo, mensurado por Doppler contínuo na via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo. O sucesso do procedimento foi definido por critérios compostos: redução ≥ 50% do gradiente imediato, manutenção do gradiente reduzido em seis meses e melhora da classe funcional pela classificação da NYHA. No pós-imediato, 72,7% dos pacientes atingiram a redução proposta, e 60% mantiveram esse resultado no acompanhamento ambulatorial. Também foi observada melhora significativa da classe funcional ao longo do seguimento.</p>
<p>Os autores observaram que pacientes com espessura septal igual ou superior a 18 mm apresentaram maiores taxas de sucesso imediato, com significância estatística (p = 0,050), em comparação àqueles com média de 15 mm. Por outro lado, não houve redução significativa da espessura septal ao longo do tempo, sugerindo que a diminuição do gradiente estaria mais relacionada à modificação funcional do segmento tratado do que ao remodelamento anatômico. Mesmo assim, os achados devem ser interpretados com cautela, dado o número reduzido de pacientes (n = 22), o que limita a generalização dos resultados e restringe análises em subgrupos clínicos ou anatômicos específicos.</p>
<p>Os resultados do estudo destacam a contribuição da imagem cardiovascular, especialmente da ecocardiografia, no suporte à tomada de decisão invasiva em pacientes com CMHO. A mensuração da espessura septal, a documentação precisa do gradiente intraventricular e a avaliação funcional ao longo do tempo formam um conjunto robusto de dados, que fortalece a aplicação clínica da ASRF como estratégia terapêutica emergente. Embora limitados pelo tamanho da amostra, os achados reforçam a viabilidade técnica do método e sua associação com desfechos clínicos favoráveis. Em um contexto de constante evolução das terapias estruturais, a integração entre raciocínio clínico e métodos de imagem permanece central na seleção e condução individualizada dos casos.</p>
<p>Apesar dos achados positivos, o pequeno tamanho amostral e o desenho retrospectivo limitam a generalização dos resultados. A ausência de comparação direta com outras técnicas invasivas tradicionais, como a miectomia ou a alcoolização septal, também impede conclusões definitivas sobre superioridade ou equivalência. Estudos prospectivos e randomizados, com acompanhamento prolongado e critérios objetivos de sucesso clínico e funcional, são fundamentais para posicionar a ASRF de forma sólida no algoritmo terapêutico da CMHO. A evolução das técnicas de imagem e sua integração com a eletrofisiologia representam um caminho promissor para a individualização das abordagens invasivas.</p>
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<label>Figura 1</label>
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<title>Ilustração esquemática da abordagem por cateter para (ASRF), com destaque para o septo interventricular espessado, frequentemente envolvido na OVSVE na CMHO.</title> <p>A imagem ilustra a posição do cateter de ablação em relação ao aparelho valvar mitral e à via de saída do VE, região alvo da terapia por ASRF.</p></caption>
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<label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label> <p>Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica: Análise da Espessura Septal com a Redução do Gradiente em Pacientes Submetidos à Ablação Septal por Radiofrequência</p></fn>
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