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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250023i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20250023i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>My Approach to Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Dyspnea Assessment</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-8746-5216</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Brentegani</surname><given-names>Adriana</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Solis</surname><given-names>Fernando Arturo Effio</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7614-2465</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Paulis</surname><given-names>Milena de</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Vieira</surname><given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Sírio-Libanês</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Adriana Brentegani</bold> • Hospital Sírio-Libanês. Rua Adma Jafet, 115. Postal code: <postal-code>01308-050</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>dribrentegani@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>There is a declaration of potential conflict of interest from the authors Adriana Brentegani, Fernando Arturo Solis, and Milena de Paulis, who serve as instructors and coordinators of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) courses for physicians, without any affiliation with companies or institutional sponsorship.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label><p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>27</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250023</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>24</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>05</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>05</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Dyspnea is a common and potentially serious symptom whose traditional diagnostic approach, based on physical examination and complementary tests, may present significant limitations. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has emerged as an effective tool for the rapid and accurate assessment of this symptom, both in outpatient settings and in emergency and critical care environments.</p>
<p>This article provides a practical, illustrated guide to the integrated application of POCUS in the evaluation of dyspnea, with an emphasis on distinguishing cardiac from pulmonary causes. It describes techniques for acquiring cardiac, pulmonary, and venous ultrasound images, highlights key sonographic findings, and outlines a step-by-step approach to clinical application. Lung POCUS has demonstrated high sensitivity in detecting differential diagnoses of dyspnea. Its integration with echocardiography and lower limb ultrasound further refines diagnosis by identifying specific clinical patterns such as acute pulmonary edema (APE), pulmonary embolism (PE), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).</p>
<p>The structured use of POCUS represents a significant advancement in the modern physical exam, enabling faster and more accurate bedside clinical decision-making. Its adoption should be encouraged among cardiologists, intensivists, and healthcare professionals working in critical care settings.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Ultrasonography</kwd>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Dyspnea</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="28"/>
<table-count count="4"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="21"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<fig id="f1">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf01.tif"/>
<p>POCUS: Point-of-care ultrasound; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; PE: pulmonary embolism; APE: Acute Pulmonary Edema.</p>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Dyspnea is a common and potentially serious complaint encountered in emergency departments, intensive care units, and outpatient settings. Traditionally, clinical reasoning around this symptom relies on correlating patient history, physical examination, and complementary tests such as chest X-ray (CXR), computed tomography, or biomarkers like D-dimer and BNP. However, these methods have significant limitations, including the low sensitivity of physical examination and delays in obtaining complementary test results.</p>
<p>In this context, point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has become an essential tool for enhancing diagnostic sensitivity in the evaluation of dyspnea (Central Illustration).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Several studies have shown that lung POCUS is more sensitive than auscultation and CXR for detecting pulmonary congestion,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and can even identify abnormalities before the onset of clinical symptoms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Moreover, ultrasound findings such as the presence of multiple B-lines correlate with invasive hemodynamic measurements, including elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressures and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, especially in patients with heart failure. Nonetheless, interpretation must always consider the clinical context, particularly differential diagnoses such as interstitial lung diseases or acute inflammatory injuries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Hemodynamic congestion is the first step in the sequence leading to pulmonary congestion.</title> <p>Initially, exertion-induced B-lines emerge, marking a subclinical stage. Resting B-lines appear subsequently, preceding overt clinical signs that may take hours or days to develop. Therapeutic interventions are likely more effective when initiated during the early, asymptomatic stages of the preclinical and pre-radiological cascade. Adapted from Picano E, Scali MC, Ciampi Q, et al. LV: left ventricular</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>This article presents a step-by-step approach to evaluating patients with dyspnea of unclear etiology using an integrated POCUS strategy, including assessment of the lungs, heart, and deep venous system of the lower limbs. The aim is to demonstrate how this approach can efficiently support clinical reasoning.</p>
<p>For cardiologists seeking to go beyond traditional physical examination, mastering POCUS means embracing what Braunwald, Narula, and colleagues have termed the &quot;fifth pillar of the modern physical exam&quot;: insonation, alongside inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This tool is transforming clinical practice by enabling real-time, portable, bedside visualization of conditions that previously depended on slower or unavailable complementary tests. In emergency settings, especially in the evaluation of dyspnea, POCUS has become a frontline modality for differentiating causes such as pulmonary edema, pneumonia, and pneumothorax.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Just as the stethoscope revolutionized auscultation two centuries ago, the ultrasound probe is now beginning to play a comparable role in the physical exam of the modern cardiologist.</p>
<sec>
<title>Technique and Probe Positioning</title>
<p>The POCUS assessment of a dyspneic patient involves different probes and scanning windows, tailored to the anatomical target.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Heart: phased array transducer, with parasternal long- and short-axis, apical and subcostal windows being the most commonly used (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Lungs: For pulmonary ultrasound, using a high-frequency linear transducer (7–13 MHz) is preferable to obtain detailed views of the pleural line and its dynamic features, such as lung sliding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The convex transducer, with its greater penetration and wider field of view, is better suited for evaluating pulmonary artifacts such as A-lines and B-lines (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 3</xref>).</p></list-item>
</list>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Basic echocardiographic windows.</title> <p>Ao: aorta. LA: left atrium. RA: right atrium. LV: left ventricle. RV: right ventricle.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Lung ultrasound assessment in the lateral decubitus position: A-pattern.</title> <p>Left: B-mode image showing the A-pattern, with a hyperechoic pleural line and multiple horizontal A-lines (reverberation artifacts), indicating well-aerated lung. Also visible is the acoustic shadow of the rib (marked with an asterisk). Right: schematic representation of the ultrasound scan of the right hemithorax, with the probe positioned perpendicular to the rib cage. Blue arrows indicate the sequential scan direction along the intercostal spaces.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The scan begins in the longitudinal orientation with the probe marker facing cephalad, allowing identification of the rib spaces and pleural line.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Next, a transverse sweep is performed by sliding the probe from anterior to lateral regions, either covering the entire thoracic surface or focusing on the zone of interest—a reasoning process analogous to auscultation during the traditional physical exam.</p>
<p>The anterosuperior thoracic quadrant is best for pneumothorax assessment, while the inferolateral quadrant along the posterior axillary line is preferred for evaluating pleural effusion and consolidations. The exam can be performed with the patient in the supine or semi-upright position, depending on clinical condition and diagnostic goal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><title>Division of the hemithorax into quadrants for lung assessment, with the patient in supine position.</title> <p>1: anterosuperior region; 2: anteroinferior region; 3: upper lateral region; 4: lower lateral region.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Lower limb deep veins: high-frequency linear transducer for compression ultrasound from the common femoral vein<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> down to the popliteal vein (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 5</xref>).</p></list-item>
</list>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><title>Venous compression protocol for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) evaluation—normal exam with vein collapse upon probe compression.</title> <p>This choice allows clear visualization of anatomical structures while respecting the regional anatomy. The gray arrow indicates the scan direction.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf06.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Why use POCUS? Advantages over physical exam and CXR</title>
<p>Standalone physical examination has low sensitivity for detecting pulmonary congestion, ranging from 17% to 33%, whereas POCUS can exceed 90% sensitivity for the same purpose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Studies have also shown that the presence of 15 or more B-lines strongly correlates with biomarkers such as NT-proBNP, the E/e’ ratio, and functional class in patients with decompensated heart failure, reinforcing its prognostic value<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 6</xref>). Furthermore, a reduction in B-lines during treatment is associated with clinical improvement and hemodynamic compensation, validating POCUS as both a diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In contrast, CXR may show delayed or inconclusive findings in early stages. Pulmonary ultrasound can detect congestion before symptom onset and demonstrate early resolution after therapy, sometimes within a few hours.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 6</label>
<caption><title>Schematic representation of interstitial pulmonary edema progression as evaluated by lung ultrasound, reflecting the gradual loss of aeration.</title> <p>Based on Gargani.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf07.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>It is essential to remember that POCUS should not replace the traditional physical exam or formal tests such as echocardiography, computered tomography, lower limb Doppler, or biomarkers, but rather serve as a complementary tool to support more informed clinical decision-making.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Bedside protocols: which one to choose?</title>
<p>Several POCUS protocols have been developed for evaluating dyspnea, including the Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency (BLUE) protocol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> used in emergency contexts, the FALLS protocol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> for hemodynamic assessment in shock, and the Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension (RUSH) protocol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> for undifferentiated shock. Each offers a specific and structured approach tailored to different clinical scenarios.</p>
<p>The BLUE protocol is the most widely validated and utilized for ultrasonographic assessment of acute respiratory failure. A study involving over 300 patients demonstrated a sensitivity of 90.5% and specificity of 98.2% for identifying the main causes of respiratory failure, with an average scan time of under three minutes. Developed by Daniel Lichtenstein in 2008, its primary goal is to enable a rapid, structured, and accurate approach to diagnosing the most common causes of dyspnea in adults.</p>
<p>The BLUE protocol is based on syndromic reasoning, as it begins with assessing the presence or absence of lung sliding, followed by the analysis of pulmonary artifacts (A-lines and B-lines), subpleural and pulmonary consolidations (C-lines), and pleural effusions. Based on these findings, specific ultrasonographic profiles are generated that correlate with clinical syndromes such as Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, heart failure, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism (PE), and pneumothorax.</p>
<p>It is important to remember that the goal of any protocol is to guide clinical reasoning, not to restrict it. Understanding the available tools, knowing when to apply them, and how to interpret the results is more valuable than rigidly following any given model.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Step-by-step guide to the BLUE protocol</title>
<p>The exam begins by placing the transducer on the anterosuperior chest wall, followed by the anteroinferior and finally the inferolateral regions of both hemithoraces, with the patient lying supine or semi-upright. The transducer is oriented longitudinally to clearly identify the pleural line<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> between the intercostal spaces (also known as the &quot;bat sign&quot;). The following are assessed:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Lung sliding;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Horizontal artifacts (A lines);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Vertical artifacts (B lines);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Subpleural and pulmonary consolidations;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Evaluation of pleural effusion.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Lung sliding refers to the dynamic, horizontal movement of the pleural line seen on lung ultrasound, occurring in sync with respiration. It represents the visceral pleura gliding against the parietal pleura during breathing, indicating normal contact and well-aerated lungs. In B-mode, this movement appears as a horizontal shimmering of the pleural line; in M-mode, it creates the classic &quot;<italic>sea-shore sign</italic>&quot;, with a static upper section (chest wall) and a granular lower section (moving lung) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figure 7</label>
<caption><title>Sea-shore sign: the M-mode representation of normal lung sliding.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf08.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The presence or absence of lung sliding, combined with the analysis of pulmonary artifacts (A-lines and B-lines) or direct visualization of lung parenchyma in cases of consolidation, will define the BLUE protocol diagnostic profiles listed below.</p>
<p>These profiles should be complemented by evaluating DVT in the lower limbs, especially in patients with an A-profile and suspected PE. Compression of the common femoral and popliteal veins using a linear transducer allows for quick confirmation or exclusion of DVT.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Diagnostic profiles in the BLUE protocol</title>
<p>By assessing the structures described above, the following classic ultrasonographic profiles are identified, as defined by Lichtenstein et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> with the patient in the supine or semi-upright position (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 8</xref>):</p>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figure 8</label>
<caption><title>Lung ultrasound profiles described in the BLUE protocol.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf09.tif"/>
</fig>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>A-profile: presence of repetitive horizontal A-lines originating from the pleural line, with bilateral lung sliding preserved. Suggests normally aerated lungs or patterns typical of COPD or asthma. When combined with evidence of DVT, it increases the likelihood of PE.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>A’-profile: same as the A-profile, but with absent lung sliding and presence of the pathognomonic lung point—the transition zone between areas with and without lung sliding—indicative of pneumothorax with 100% specificity.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>B-profile: bilateral, predominant B-lines (long, vertical, hyperechoic, well-defined, dynamic comet-tail artifacts that erase A-lines), with lung sliding preserved. It indicates pulmonary congestion.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>B’-profile: same as B-profile, but with absent lung sliding. It may indicate interstitial pneumonia or ARDS.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>A/B-profile: asymmetric pattern with B-lines on one hemithorax and A-lines on the other. It suggests mixed pathologies or early stages of congestion.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>C-profile: presence of anterior alveolar consolidations, with or without air bronchograms, typically representing pneumonia.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>PLAPS -profile: presence of posterior and/or lateral alveolar consolidations or pleural effusions.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Pleural Effusion Profile: an anechoic space between the lung and diaphragm and/or pleura, associated with conditions such as heart failure, pneumonia, or malignancy.</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Image-Guided Clinical Reasoning</title>
<p>Once the main ultrasound findings have been identified and the pulmonary profiles classified according to the BLUE protocol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> clinical reasoning can be organized into a systematic flowchart (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Flowchart 1</xref>). This approach streamlines the bedside differential diagnosis of dyspnea and speeds up decision-making by integrating pulmonary, cardiac, and venous data, as described below:</p>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Flowchart 1</label>
<caption><title>BLUE Protocol flowchart for the assessment of acute dyspnea by bedside lung ultrasound (adapted from Lichtenstein et al.).</title><p><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> BLUE: Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; PLAPS: Posterolateral Alveolar and/or Pleural Syndrome; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf10.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Multisystem Integration: Lungs, Heart, and Vessels</title>
<p>Although the BLUE protocol prioritizes lung assessment, incorporating echocardiography and venous ultrasound enhances interpretation and expands the diagnostic capabilities of POCUS in patients with dyspnea. Two key questions can guide cardiac evaluation:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Is there LV dysfunction? Findings such as reduced anterior mitral valve leaflet systolic excursion toward the interventricular septum (EPSS, E-point septal separation), decreased mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), ventricular dilation, and diffuse hypokinesia suggest LV systolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<p>Additionally, the mitral E/e’ ratio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> plays a central role in indirectly estimating LV filling pressures. To obtain this ratio:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Use the apical four-chamber view with pulsed Doppler to measure the E wave of mitral inflow;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Then, using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), place the cursor at the septal and lateral mitral annulus to measure the e’ wave;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>An E/e’ ratio ≥ 15 strongly suggests elevated left-sided filling pressures, while values &lt; 8 indicate normal pressures. Intermediate values require clinical correlation.</p></list-item></list>
<p>This parameter is especially useful in patients with diffuse B-lines on lung ultrasound, as it helps distinguish between cardiogenic pulmonary congestion and non-cardiogenic causes such as ARDS. When combined with pulmonary findings and clinical data, diagnostic accuracy improves, enabling more targeted and timely management.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Is there right ventricular (RV) overload or dysfunction? Key findings include:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>RV dilation (RV/LV ratio &gt; 1);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Paradoxical septal motion (&quot;D-shape&quot;);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>McConnell&apos;s sign (hypokinesia of the mid and basal free RV wall with preserved apical contractility);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Tricuspid regurgitation with elevated estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure.</p></list-item>
</list></list-item>
</list>
<p>These findings are strongly suggestive of acute <italic>cor pulmonale</italic>, particularly in the context of PE or decompensated pulmonary hypertension.</p>
<p>How to integrate lung ultrasound with echocardiography to identify the congestion pattern?</p>
<p>Echocardiography can be integrated with lung ultrasound, allowing different types of congestion to be distinguished: absent, purely hemodynamic, combined hemodynamic and pulmonary, or purely pulmonary with possible non-cardiac etiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>These four congestion profiles, resulting from the integration of echocardiography (presence or absence of increased filling pressures based on the E/e’ ratio) and lung ultrasound (presence or absence of pulmonary congestion based on the identification of diffuse B lines), are explained as follows:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>No Congestion: When echocardiography shows no evidence of elevated LV filling pressure (normal E/e’) and lung ultrasound reveals no B-lines, the patient is classified as not congested (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 9</xref>).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Hemodynamic Congestion: If echocardiography indicates elevated LV filling pressure (high E/e’) but lung ultrasound does not detect B-lines, the patient presents with hemodynamic congestion. This reflects increased pressure on the left side of the heart without a detectable fluid overload in the lungs, possibly an early stage of cardiac congestion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 10</xref>).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Hemodynamic and Pulmonary Congestion: When echocardiography reveals elevated LV filling pressure and lung ultrasound shows multiple, bilateral diffuse B-lines, the patient has both hemodynamic and pulmonary congestion. This reflects increased pressure on the left side of the heart that has resulted in fluid leakage into the pulmonary interstitium, as manifested by B-lines (clinical congestion) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 11</xref>).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Pulmonary Congestion without Hemodynamic Congestion: If echocardiography shows no signs of elevated LV filling pressure, but lung ultrasound reveals multiple, bilateral diffuse B-lines, the patient has pulmonary congestion without hemodynamic overload. This suggests a non-cardiac cause for the B-lines, such as acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figure 12</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p></list-item>
</list>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Figure 9</label>
<caption><title>Integration of echocardiography with lung ultrasound: Normal E/e’ and A-profile on lung ultrasound indicate absence of congestion.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf11.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f12">
<label>Figure 10</label>
<caption><title>Integration of echocardiography with lung ultrasound: Elevated E/e’ and A-profile on lung ultrasound indicate hemodynamic congestion.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf12.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f13">
<label>Figure 11</label>
<caption><title>Integration of echocardiography with lung ultrasound: Elevated E/e’ and B-profile on lung ultrasound indicate both hemodynamic and pulmonary congestion.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf13.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f14">
<label>Figure 12</label>
<caption><title>Integration of echocardiography with lung ultrasound: Normal E/e’ ratio and B-profile on lung ultrasound indicate pulmonary involvement without hemodynamic congestion. ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf14.tif"/>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Ultrasound profiles and differential diagnosis</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Diagnosis</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Pulmonary profile (BLUE)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">US of lower limbs (DVT)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Cardiac POCUS</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Pulmonary edema</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">B-profile</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Negative</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">LV dysfunction, E/e´≥ 15</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">COPD / Asthma</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">A-profile</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Negative</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Normal</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Pneumothorax</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">A’-profile</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Not applicable</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Normal</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">PE</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">A-profile</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Positive (non-compressible vein)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">RV overload (D-shape, McConnell, RV &gt; LV)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Pneumonia</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">B’, C or PLAPS profile</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Negative</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Normal or hyperdynamic LV</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">ARDS / Interstitial pneumonitis</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">B’-profile</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Negative</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Normal, E/e´&lt;15, or RV dysfunction in severe cases</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Pleural Effusion</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Pleural effusion or PLAPS</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Variable</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">LV dysfunction or signs of associated systemic disease</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><label>*</label><p>Adapted from Lichtenstein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> PE: pulmonary embolism; BLUE: Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; POCUS: Point-Of-Care Ultrasound; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; LV: left ventricule; RV: right ventricle; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><title>Differentiation between Cardiogenic Acute Pulmonary Edema (APE) and ARDS</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Ultrasound finding</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Cardiogenic APE</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">ARDS</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Anterior pleural line</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Regular, thin</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Irregular, thickened</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Pleural motion</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Normal glide</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Reduced glide</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Multiple B-line distribution</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Diffuse anterior</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Random</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Right and left lung</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Symmetrical</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">May have spared areas</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Pleural effusion</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Frequent and bilateral</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">May be present</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Dependent consolidation</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Usually present</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Usually present</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Anterior (non-dependent) consolidation</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Never visible</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Sometimes present</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Cardiac POCUS (LV function)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Abnormal</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Often normal</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2"><label>*</label><p>Adapted from Picano et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> LV: left ventricular</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The integration of POCUS in the evaluation of dyspnea marks a major advance in contemporary clinical practice. Its high diagnostic accuracy, combined with the ability to provide dynamic monitoring, makes it an indispensable tool in emergency medicine, critical care, and even outpatient settings.</p>
<p>Despite these advantages, POCUS remains underused by cardiologists,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> even though it has proven reproducibility and a positive impact on diagnostic accuracy. Evidence suggests that the main barriers to adoption are related to medical training and access to proper education.</p>
<p>Mastery of ultrasound techniques and familiarity with sonographic profiles, such as those outlined in the BLUE protocol, will enable an objective and effective syndromic approach.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study Association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4"><label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
<p>During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT for suggestions on restructuring and improving textual flow, as well as for generating and transforming illustrative medical images. Following the use of this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as necessary and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
<label>Availability of Research Data</label>
<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
</sec>
<ack>
<title>Acknowledgments</title>
<p>To Dr. Marcelo Dutra and Dr. Natalia Tavares, for kindly providing the ultrasound images in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 8</xref>.</p>
</ack>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250023</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Como Eu Faço Ultrassom Point-Of-Care para Avaliação de Dispneia</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-8746-5216</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Brentegani</surname><given-names>Adriana</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Solis</surname><given-names>Fernando Arturo Effio</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7614-2465</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Paulis</surname><given-names>Milena de</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Vieira</surname><given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Adriana Brentegani</bold> • Hospital Sírio-Libanês. Rua Adma Jafet, 115. CEP: <postal-code>01308-050</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>dribrentegani@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Há declaração de potencial conflito de interesse dos autores Adriana Brentegani, Fernando Arturo Effio Solis e Milena de Paulis que atuam como instrutores e coordenadores de cursos de ultrassonografia point-of-care (POCUS) para médicos, sem vínculo com empresas ou patrocínio institucional.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label><p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>A dispneia é um sintoma comum e potencialmente grave, cuja abordagem diagnóstica tradicional, baseada em exame físico e exames complementares, pode apresentar limitações importantes. O ultrassom point-of-care (POCUS) consolidou-se como uma ferramenta eficaz para a avaliação rápida e precisa desse sintoma, tanto em ambiente ambulatorial quanto em contextos de emergência e terapia intensiva.</p>
<p>Este artigo apresenta um guia prático e ilustrado sobre a aplicação integrada do POCUS na avaliação da dispneia, com ênfase na diferenciação entre causas cardíacas e pulmonares. São descritas técnicas de aquisição de imagens cardíacas, pulmonares e venosas, os principais achados ultrassonográficos e um passo a passo de sua aplicação na prática clínica. O POCUS pulmonar tem demonstrado alta sensibilidade na detecção do diagnóstico diferencial de dispneia. Sua integração com a ecocardiografia e o ultrassom de membros inferiores permite, ainda, refinar o diagnóstico, identificando padrões clínicos específicos, como edema agudo de pulmão (EAP), tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) e síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA).</p>
<p>O uso estruturado do POCUS representa um avanço relevante no exame físico moderno, permitindo decisões clínicas mais rápidas e precisas à beira-leito. Sua adoção deve ser incentivada entre cardiologistas, intensivistas e profissionais que atuam em ambientes de cuidados críticos.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ultrassonografia</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Dispneia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f15">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A dispneia é uma queixa comum e potencialmente grave, presente tanto em ambientes de emergência e terapia intensiva quanto no cenário ambulatorial. Tradicionalmente, o raciocínio clínico em relação a esse sintoma depende da correlação entre história, exame físico e exames complementares, como radiografia de tórax (RX), tomografia computadorizada ou biomarcadores, como o dímero-D ou o BNP . No entanto, esses métodos apresentam limitações importantes, como a baixa sensibilidade do exame físico e o atraso na disponibilidade dos exames complementares.</p>
<p>Frente a isso, o ultrassom point-of-care (POCUS) tornou-se uma ferramenta essencial para aumentar a sensibilidade diagnóstica na investigação das causas de dispneia (Figura Central).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Diversos estudos demonstram que o POCUS pulmonar apresenta sensibilidade superior à ausculta e à RX para a detecção de congestão pulmonar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> sendo inclusive capaz de detectar alterações antes do início dos sintomas clínicos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Além disso, os achados ultrassonográficos, como a presença de múltiplas linhas B, correlacionam-se com medidas hemodinâmicas invasivas, como o aumento das pressões de enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e da pressão capilar pulmonar, especialmente em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Ainda assim, sua interpretação deve ser contextualizada, considerando diagnósticos diferenciais como pneumopatias intersticiais ou injúrias inflamatórias agudas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f16">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>A congestão hemodinâmica é a primeira alteração na sequência da congestão pulmonar.</title> <p>Inicialmente, surgem linhas B induzidas pelo esforço, marcando uma fase subclínica. As linhas B em repouso aparecem posteriormente, antecedendo os sinais clínicos evidentes, que podem levar horas a dias para se instalar. As medidas terapêuticas são provavelmente mais eficazes quando iniciadas nas fases assintomáticas iniciais da cascata — pré-sintomáticas e pré-radiológicas. Adaptado de Picano E, Scali MC, Ciampi Q et al.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Este artigo descreve o passo a passo para a avaliação de pacientes com dispneia de etiologia indefinida, utilizando o POCUS de maneira integrada, abrangendo a avaliação dos pulmões, do coração e do sistema venoso profundo dos membros inferiores. O objetivo é demonstrar como essa abordagem pode auxiliar o raciocínio clínico de forma eficiente.</p>
<p>Para o cardiologista que deseja ir além do exame físico tradicional, dominar o POCUS representa incorporar o que Braunwald, Narula e colaboradores denominaram como o &quot;quinto pilar do exame físico moderno&quot;: a insonação, ao lado da inspeção, palpação, percussão e ausculta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Essa ferramenta transforma a prática clínica ao permitir, de forma rápida, portátil e à beira-leito, a visualização de patologias que antes dependiam de exames complementares demorados ou indisponíveis. Em contextos de emergência, como na avaliação da dispneia, torna-se um recurso de primeira linha para diferenciar causas como edema pulmonar, pneumonia e pneumotórax.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Assim como o estetoscópio revolucionou a ausculta há dois séculos, o transdutor de ultrassom começa, agora, a ocupar um papel semelhante no exame físico do cardiologista moderno.</p>
<sec>
<title>Como fazer: técnica e posicionamento do transdutor</title>
<p>A avaliação do paciente com dispneia pelo POCUS utiliza diferentes transdutores e janelas de exploração, que devem ser adaptadas conforme o alvo anatômico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Coração: transdutor setorial (<italic>phased array</italic>), com janelas paraesternais nos eixos longo e curto, apical e subcostal, principalmente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figura 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Pulmões: Para a avaliação ultrassonográfica pulmonar, preferimos o uso do transdutor linear de alta frequência (7–13 MHz) para visualização detalhada da linha pleural e suas alterações, como o deslizamento pleural (<italic>lung sliding</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Já o transdutor convexo é mais adequado para a análise dos artefatos pulmonares, como as linhas A e B, devido à sua maior penetração e campo de visão mais amplo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 3</xref>).</p></list-item>
</list>
<fig id="f17">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Janelas ecocardiográficas básicas.</title> <p>Ao: aorta. AE: átrio esquerdo. AD: átrio direito. VE: ventrículo esquerdo. VD: ventrículo direito.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f18">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Avaliação ultrassonográfica do pulmão em decúbito lateral: padrão A.</title> <p>À esquerda, imagem em modo B evidenciando o padrão A, com presença de linha pleural hiperecogênica e múltiplas linhas A horizontais (artefatos de reverberação), indicativas de pulmão arejado. A imagem também mostra a sombra acústica da costela (marcada com asterisco). À direita, representação esquemática da varredura ultrassonográfica no hemitórax direito, com o transdutor posicionado perpendicularmente ao gradil torácico. As setas azuis indicam a direção da varredura sequencial ao longo dos espaços intercostais.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A varredura é iniciada com o transdutor em orientação longitudinal com o marcador do transdutor no sentido cefálico, permitindo identificar os arcos costais e a linha pleural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em seguida, realizamos uma varredura transversal, deslizando o transdutor entre os espaços intercostais da região anterior para a lateral, cobrindo toda a superfície torácica ou focando apenas na zona de interesse — um raciocínio semelhante à ausculta com o estetoscópio durante o exame físico tradicional.</p>
<p>O quadrante anterossuperior do tórax é o mais adequado para avaliação de pneumotórax, enquanto o quadrante lateral inferior, na linha axilar posterior é o preferido na investigação de derrame pleural e consolidações. O exame pode ser realizado com o paciente em decúbito dorsal ou semissentado, conforme a condição clínica e o objetivo diagnóstico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f19">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption><title>Divisão do hemitórax em quadrantes para avaliação pulmonar, no paciente em decúbito dorsal.</title> <p>1: região anterossuperior; 2: região anteroinferior; 3: região lateral superior; 4: região lateral inferior.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf05-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Veias profundas dos membros inferiores: transdutor linear de alta frequência, para compressão da veia femoral comum<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> até a veia poplítea (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Figura 5</xref>).</p></list-item></list>
<fig id="f20">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption><title>Esquema de compressão venosa para avaliação de trombose venosa profunda (TVP) com ultrassonografia – exame normal, com colabamento da veia à compressão pelo transdutor.</title> <p>Essa escolha permite visualizar as estruturas com boa definição e respeitar a anatomia das regiões exploradas. A seta cinza indica a direção da varredura.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf06-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Por que usar POCUS? Vantagens sobre exame físico e RX</title>
<p>O exame físico isolado possui baixa sensibilidade para detecção de congestão pulmonar, variando entre 17% e 33%, enquanto o POCUS pode ultrapassar 90% de sensibilidade para o mesmo fim.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Estudos demonstram ainda que a presença de 15 ou mais linhas B tem forte correlação com biomarcadores como NT-pró BNP, razão E/e’ e classe funcional de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada, reforçando seu valor prognóstico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figura 6</xref>). Além disso, a redução do número de linhas B ao longo do tratamento está associada à melhora clínica e à compensação hemodinâmica, o que valida o POCUS como ferramenta não apenas diagnóstica, mas também de monitoramento terapêutico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A RX, por sua vez, pode apresentar alterações tardias ou ser inconclusiva em quadros iniciais. Enquanto a ultrassonografia pulmonar detecta congestão antes do surgimento de sintomas e mostra resolução precoce após o tratamento, muitas vezes em poucas horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f21">
<label>Figura 6</label>
<caption><title>Representação esquemática da progressão do edema pulmonar intersticial avaliada por ultrassonografia pulmonar, refletindo a perda gradual da aeração pulmonar.</title> <p>Baseado em Gargani.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf07-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>É fundamental lembrar que o POCUS não deve substituir o exame físico tradicional, nem os exames formais como ecocardiograma, angiotomografia, doppler de membros inferiores ou biomarcadores, mas deve servir como complemento para a melhor tomada de decisão.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Protocolos à beira-leito: qual escolher?</title>
<p>Diversos protocolos de POCUS foram desenvolvidos para a avaliação de dispneia, como o protocolo BLUE (<italic>Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency</italic>),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> no contexto de emergência, o protocolo FALLS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> para avaliação hemodinâmica do choque, ou o RUSH (<italic>Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension</italic>),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> no cenário de choque indiferenciado. Cada um deles oferece uma abordagem específica e estruturada para diferentes contextos clínicos.</p>
<p>O protocolo BLUE é o mais amplamente validado e utilizado para avaliação ultrassonográfica da insuficiência respiratória aguda. Em um estudo com mais de 300 pacientes, o protocolo demonstrou sensibilidade de 90,5% e especificidade de 98,2% na identificação das principais causas de insuficiência respiratória, com tempo médio de execução inferior a três minutos. Desenvolvido por Daniel Lichtenstein em 2008, sua principal proposta é permitir uma abordagem rápida, estruturada e precisa para diagnóstico das principais causas de dispneia em adultos.</p>
<p>A lógica do BLUE se baseia em raciocínio sindrômico, a partir da presença ou ausência de deslizamento pleural <italic>(lung sliding</italic>), seguida pela avaliação dos artefatos pulmonares (linhas A e B), de consolidações subpleurais e pulmonares (linhas C) e de derrames pleurais. A partir desses achados, constroem-se perfis ultrassonográficos que se correlacionam com quadros clínicos específicos, como DPOC, asma, insuficiência cardíaca, pneumonia, tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) e pneumotórax.</p>
<p>Vale lembrar que o objetivo de qualquer protocolo é orientar a sistematização da análise clínica, sem limitar o raciocínio médico. Conhecer as ferramentas e saber quando aplicá-las e como interpretá-las é mais relevante do que seguir rigidamente qualquer modelo.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Passo a passo do Protocolo BLUE</title>
<p>O exame inicia-se com o transdutor posicionado na região anterossuperior seguido para a região anteroinferior e finalmente lateral inferior de ambos os hemitórax, com o paciente em posição deitada ou semissentada. Utiliza-se a orientação longitudinal do transdutor, visando a identificação clara da linha pleural<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> entre os espaços intercostais (&quot;sinal do morcego&quot;). São avaliados:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Deslizamento pleural (<italic>lung sliding</italic>);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Artefatos horizontais (linhas A);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Artefatos verticais (linhas B);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Consolidações subpleurais e pulmonares;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Avaliação de derrame pleural.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p><italic>Lung sliding</italic> é o movimento dinâmico e horizontal da linha pleural visível à ultrassonografia pulmonar, que ocorre de forma sincronizada com a respiração. Ele representa o deslizamento da pleura visceral contra a pleura parietal durante os movimentos respiratórios, e é um sinal de que essas camadas estão em contato íntimo, como ocorre normalmente em pulmões bem aerados. No ultrassom modo B, esse movimento aparece como um cintilar horizontal da linha pleural; no modo M, corresponde ao padrão clássico chamado de &quot;<italic>sea-shore sign</italic>&quot; (sinal da praia), em que a parte superior da imagem (parede torácica) é estática e a inferior (pulmão em movimento) mostra granulações (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f22">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f22">
<label>Figura 7</label>
<caption><title>Sinal da praia: representação do deslizamento pleural normal (lung sliding) ao modo M.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf08-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A presença ou não de <italic>lung sliding</italic> junto com a análise dos artefatos pulmonares (linhas A e B) ou com a identificação do parênquima pulmonar propriamente dito no caso de consolidação definirão os perfis dos diagnósticos do protocolo BLUE listados a seguir.</p>
<p>Esses perfis devem ser complementados com a avaliação de TVP em membros inferiores, especialmente em pacientes com perfil A e suspeita de TEP. A compressão das veias femoral comum e poplítea com transdutor linear permite rápida exclusão ou confirmação de TVP.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Perfis diagnósticos no Protocolo BLUE</title>
<p>Avaliando as estruturas descritas acima, identificam-se os seguintes perfis ultrassonográficos clássicos conforme definidos por Lichtenstein et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> considerando o paciente em decúbito dorsal ou semissentado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f23">Figura 8</xref>):</p>
<fig id="f23">
<label>Figura 8</label>
<caption><title>Perfis ultrassonográficos do pulmão descritos no protocolo BLUE.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf09-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Perfil A: presença de linhas A horizontais repetitivas originadas da linha pleural, associadas a <italic>lung sliding</italic> preservado bilateralmente. Sugere pulmão aerado, com padrão normal ou com alterações típicas de DPOC ou asma. Quando associado à presença de TVP, reforça a suspeita de tromboembolismo venoso (TEP).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Perfil A’: igual ao perfil A, mas com ausência de <italic>lung sliding</italic> e presença de sinal patognomônico de pneumotórax, com 100% de especificidade – o <italic>lung point</italic> (transição entre o deslizamento pleural e a sua ausência).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Perfil B: presença bilateral e predominante de linhas B verticais (artefatos de cauda de cometa longos, hiperecogênicos, bem definidos, dinâmicos, que apagam as linhas A), associadas a <italic>lung sliding</italic> preservado. Indica congestão pulmonar.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Perfil B’: igual ao perfil B, mas com abolição do <italic>lung sliding</italic>. Pode indicar pneumonia intersticial ou SDRA.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Perfil A/B: linhas B em um hemitórax e linhas A no outro, padrão assimétrico. Sugere situações mistas ou fases iniciais de congestão.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Perfil C: presença de consolidações alveolares anteriores (com ou sem broncograma aéreo), podendo representar pneumonia.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Perfil PLAPS: consolidações e/ou derrames em regiões posteriores e/ou laterais do pulmão.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Perfil de Derrame Pleural: presença de imagem anecoica entre pulmão e diafragma e/ou pleura, associada a doenças como ICC, pneumonia ou neoplasia.</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Raciocínio clínico guiado por imagem</title>
<p>Após a identificação dos principais achados ultrassonográficos e a classificação dos perfis pulmonares segundo o protocolo BLUE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> podemos organizar o raciocínio clínico em um fluxograma sistemático (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f24">Fluxograma 1</xref>). Essa abordagem facilita o diagnóstico diferencial de dispneia à beira-leito e agiliza a tomada de decisão integrando dados pulmonares, cardíacos e venosos como vemos a seguir:</p>
<fig id="f24">
<label>Fluxograma 1</label>
<caption><title>Fluxograma do Protocolo BLUE para avaliação da dispneia aguda por ultrassonografia pulmonar à beira-leito (Adaptado de Lichtenstein et al.).</title><p><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> DPOC: Doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica; TVP: trombose venosa profunda.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf10-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Integração multissistêmica: pulmão, coração e vasos</title>
<p>Embora o protocolo BLUE priorize a avaliação pulmonar, a incorporação da ecocardiografia e do ultrassom venoso enriquece a interpretação e amplia a capacidade diagnóstica do POCUS na dispneia. A investigação cardíaca pode ser orientada por duas perguntas principais:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Há disfunção do VE? Sinais como redução da excursão sistólica da cúspide anterior em direção ao septo ventricular (distância do ponto E ao septo interventricular, EPSS), diminuição do movimento do plano anular mitral (MAPSE), dilatação ventricular e hipocinesia difusa sugerem disfunção sistólica do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<p>Além disso, a relação E/e’ mitral<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> tem papel central na estimativa indireta das pressões de enchimento do VE. Para obtê-la:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Utiliza-se a janela apical de quatro câmaras com Doppler pulsado para medir a onda E do fluxo mitral;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Em seguida, com Doppler tecidual (TDI), posiciona-se o cursor no anel mitral septal e lateral para obtenção da onda e’;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>A relação E/e’ ≥ 15 sugere fortemente aumento da pressão de enchimento em câmaras esquerdas, enquanto valores &lt; 8 indicam normalidade. Valores intermediários exigem correlação clínica.</p></list-item></list>
<p>Esse parâmetro é especialmente útil em pacientes com linhas B difusas à utrassonografia pulmonar, pois auxilia na diferenciação entre congestão pulmonar cardiogênica e etiologias não cardiogênicas, como SDRA. Sua combinação com achados pulmonares e parâmetros clínicos aumenta a acurácia diagnóstica, permitindo o manejo mais direcionado e precoce.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Há sobrecarga ou disfunção do ventrículo direito (VD)? Os principais achados incluem:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Dilatação do VD (relação VD/VE &gt; 1);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Movimento paradoxal do septo interventricular (&quot;<italic>D shape</italic>&quot;);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Sinal de McConnell (hipocinesia dos segmentos médio e basal da parede livre do VD com preservação da contratilidade do ápice do VD);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Refluxo tricúspide com estimativa elevada da pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar.</p></list-item>
</list></list-item>
</list>
<p>Esses achados são fortemente sugestivos de cor <italic>pulmonale</italic> agudo, com destaque para TEP ou hipertensão pulmonar descompensada.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Como integrar o ultrassom pulmonar ao ecocardiograma para identificar o padrão de congestão?</title>
<p>É possível integrar a ecocardiografia com o ultrassom pulmonar permitindo distinguir diferentes tipos de congestão: ausente, puramente hemodinâmica, combinada hemodinâmica e pulmonar, ou puramente pulmonar com possível etiologia não cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os quatro perfis de congestão, resultantes da integração da ecocardiografia (presença ou ausência de aumento das pressões de enchimento a partir da relação E/e’) e do ultrassom pulmonar (presença ou ausência de congestão pulmonar a partir da identificação de linhas B difusas), são explicados da seguinte forma:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Sem congestão: Quando a ecocardiografia não mostra sinais de aumento da pressão de enchimento do VE (E/e’ normal) e o ultrassom pulmonar não revela a presença de linhas B, o paciente é classificado como sem congestão (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f25">Figura 9</xref>).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Congestão hemodinâmica: Se a ecocardiografia indica um aumento da pressão de enchimento do VE (E/e’ aumentado), mas o LUS não detecta linhas B, o paciente apresenta congestão hemodinâmica. Isso sugere um aumento da pressão no coração esquerdo sem que haja, contudo, acúmulo significativo de líquido nos pulmões detectável pelo ultrassom pulmonar (fase pré-clínica de congestão cardíaca) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f26">Figura 10</xref>).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Congestão hemodinâmica e pulmonar: Quando a ecocardiografia demonstra sinais de aumento da pressão de enchimento do VE e o LUS evidencia múltiplas linhas B difusas e bilaterais, o paciente sofre de congestão hemodinâmica e pulmonar. Este cenário reflete o aumento da pressão no lado esquerdo do coração que resultou em extravasamento de líquido para o interstício pulmonar, manifestado pelas linhas B (congestão clínica) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f27">Figura 11</xref>).</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Congestão pulmonar sem congestão hemodinâmica: Se a ecocardiografia não apresenta sinais de aumento da pressão de enchimento do VE, mas o ultrassom pulmonar mostra múltiplas linhas B difusas e bilaterais, existe congestão pulmonar sem sinais de congestão hemodinâmica. Nesta situação, deve-se investigar causas não cardíacas de congestão responsável pelo aparecimento das linhas B, como lesão pulmonar aguda (ALI) ou SDRA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f28">Figura 12</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p></list-item>
</list>
<fig id="f25">
<label>Figura 9</label>
<caption><title>Integração da ecocardiografia com o ultrassom pulmonar: E/e’ normal e perfil A no USG pulmonar indica ausência de congestão.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf11-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f26">
<label>Figura 10</label>
<caption><title>Integração da ecocardiografia com o ultrassom pulmonar: E/e’ alterado e perfil A no USG pulmonar indica congestão hemodinâmica.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf12-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f27">
<label>Figura 11</label>
<caption><title>Integração da ecocardiografia com o ultrassom pulmonar: E/e’ alterado e perfil B no USG pulmonar indica congestão hemodinâmica epulmonar.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf13-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f28">
<label>Figura 12</label>
<caption><title>Integração da ecocardiografia com o ultrassom pulmonar: E/e’ normal e perfil B no USG pulmonar indica acometimento pulmonar sem congestão hemodinâmica. SDRA: síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250023-gf14-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Perfis ultrassonográficos e diagnóstico diferencial</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Diagnóstico</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Perfil Pulmonar (BLUE)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">US de MMII (TVP)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">POCUS Cardíaco</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Edema Pulmonar</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Perfil B</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Negativo</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Disfunção de VE, E/e´≥ 15</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">DPOC / Asma</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Perfil A</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Negativo</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Normal</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Pneumotórax</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Perfil A’</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Não aplicável</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Normal</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">TEP</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Perfil A</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Positivo (veia não compressível)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Sobrecarga de VD (D-shape, McConnell, VD &gt; VE)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Pneumonia</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Perfil B’, C ou PLAPS</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Negativo</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Normal ou VE hiperdinâmico</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">SDRA / Pneumonite Intersticial</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Perfil B’</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Negativo</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Normal, E/e´&lt;15, ou disfunção de VD em casos graves</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Derrame Pleural</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Derrame Pleural ou PLAPS</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Variável</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Disfunção de VE ou sinais de doença sistêmica associada</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3"><label>*</label><p>Adaptado de Lichtenstein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> TVP: trombose venosa profunda; DPOC: TEP: tromboembolismo pulmonar; SDRA: síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo; VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption><title>Diferenciação entre EAP Cardiogênico e SDRA</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Achado ultrassonográfico</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">EAP Cardiogênico</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">SDRA</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Linha pleural anterior</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Regular, fina</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Irregular, espessada</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Movimento pleural</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Deslizamento normal</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Deslizamento reduzido</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Distribuição de linhas B múltiplas</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Difusa anterior</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Aleatória</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Pulmão direito e esquerdo</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Simétrico</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Pode ter áreas poupadas</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Derrame pleural</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Frequente e bilateral</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Pode estar presente</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Consolidação dependente</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Geralmente presente</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Geralmente presente</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Consolidação anterior (não dependente)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Nunca visível</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Às vezes presente</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">POCUS cardiaco (função do VE)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Anormal</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Frequentemente normal</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN4"><label>*</label><p>Adaptado de Picano et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> POCUS: ultrassom point-of-care. EAP: Edema Agudo de Pulmão; SDRA: Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório do Agudo.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>A incorporação do POCUS na avaliação da dispneia representa um avanço decisivo na prática clínica contemporânea. Sua elevada acurácia diagnóstica, somada à capacidade de monitoramento dinâmico, o torna uma ferramenta indispensável em contextos como a emergência, terapia intensiva e mesmo na prática ambulatorial.</p>
<p>Apesar desses benefícios, o POCUS ainda é subutilizado por cardiologistas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> mesmo com sua comprovada reprodutibilidade e impacto positivo na acurácia diagnóstica. Evidências sugerem que as principais barreiras para sua adoção residem na formação médica e no acesso à capacitação adequada.</p>
<p>O domínio técnico do exame e a familiaridade com perfis ultrassonográficos, como os do protocolo BLUE, viabilizam uma abordagem sindrômica objetiva e eficaz.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5"><label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8"><label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
<p>Durante a preparação deste trabalho, os autores usaram ChatGPT para sugestões de reestruturação e melhoria de fluidez textual e geração e transformação de imagens médicas ilustrativas. Após o uso desta ferramenta, os autores revisaram e editaram o conteúdo conforme necessário e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conteúdo do artigo publicado.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
<label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
</sec>
<ack>
<title>Agradecimentos</title>
<p>Aos Dr. Marcelo Dutra e à Dra. Natalia Tavares, por cederem as imagens ultrassonográficas da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f23">Figura 8</xref>.</p>
</ack>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
