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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250021i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20250021i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>My Approach to Intracardiac Echocardiography During Atrial Fibrillation Ablation</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3438-0526</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Simone Nascimento dos</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8415-3140</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Henz</surname><given-names>Benhur Davi</given-names></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6107-3609</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Maria Eduarda Leite da</given-names></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-7612-5611</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Luiz Roberto Leite da</given-names></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">York University</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Toronto</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">Ontário</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="CA">Canada</country>
<institution content-type="original">York University, Toronto, Ontário – Canada</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Simone Nascimento dos Santos</bold> • ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular. SMDB Conj 16 Lote 5 Casa A. Postal Code: <postal-code>71680-160</postal-code>. Brasília, DF – Brazil E-mail: <email>simone.eccos@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>17</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250021</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>09</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>11</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>14</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice and is associated with serious complications such as stroke and heart failure. The prevalence of AF is increasing significantly due to population aging and related comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In addition, advances in technology — particularly the detection of AF through wearable devices such as smartwatches — have enabled earlier diagnosis. Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is a valuable imaging modality in electrophysiology and hemodynamic labs and is well-supported by the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Since the early studies conducted at the Mayo Clinic,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> ICE has rapidly become an indispensable tool for assessing cardiac anatomy. ICE enables real-time visualization of catheter positioning, tissue contact, its relationship to arrhythmogenic substrates and ablation targets, lesion formation, and procedural complications. Several recent studies have demonstrated the benefits of ICE in complex ablations, including reduced procedure times and complication rates, such as lower risks of cardiac tamponade and mortality, along with higher success rates (Central Illustration).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> ICE-guided procedures are increasingly used in clinical practice across a variety of settings. They are considered feasible, safe, and associated with decreased fluoroscopy exposure — or even complete fluoroless procedures, as implemented by several groups in Brazil and worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This article provides a step-by-step &quot;My Approach to&quot; guide on how to perform ICE during AF ablation.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Intracardiac Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
<kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="12"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="32"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<fig id="f6">
<caption>
<title>AF: atrial fibrillation.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-gf06.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec>
<title>Step 1 – Getting to know the system</title>
<p>The catheter used employs a phased-array system (8 and 10 Fr) with a high-resolution ultrasound transducer located at the distal tip (5 to 10 MHz). Images are acquired in the longitudinal plane, with the imaging field aligned with the catheter axis. The catheter can be manipulated in four directions using bidirectional steering: anterior-posterior and right-left (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Supplementary Video 1</xref>).</p>
<p>There are two models currently available in Brazil: i) SoundStar<sup>®</sup> eco (Biosense Webster), compatible with the GE ultrasound systems Vivid™ i and Vivid™ q; ViewFlex™ Xtra (Abbott), compatible with the Zonare Z.One Ultrasound System (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1B</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Phased-array catheters available in Brazil. A: SoundStar<sup>®</sup> (Biosense Webster); B: ViewFlex Xtra<sup>®</sup> (Abbott).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Step 2 – Inserting the catheter</title>
<p>Following ultrasound-guided venous puncture, the catheter is advanced from the left femoral vein through the ipsilateral iliac vein and the inferior vena cava until it reaches the right atrium (RA). During this progression, attention must be paid to possible vessel curvatures and draining veins. At this stage, anterior and/or posterior deflection of the catheter should be used to navigate curves. The catheter should always be advanced within the vessel while visualizing the &quot;echo-free space&quot; on ultrasound, which reduces the risk of vascular perforation and eliminates the need for fluoroscopy (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Supplementary Video 2</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Step 3 – Identifying intracardiac anatomy and adjacent structures</title>
<p>With the catheter positioned in the RA, the Eustachian valve and its morphology — whether rigid, prominent, or filamentous — can be identified. A filamentous Eustachian valve with erratic motion within the RA, if not previously recognized, may be mistaken for filamentous thrombi adherent to sheaths or catheters.</p>
<p>From the mid-RA, with the transducer directed toward the tricuspid valve (TV), the image known as the &quot;Home View&quot; is obtained. This view displays the RA, TV, and the inflow tract of the right ventricle (RV). For operators in the early stages of the learning curve, this image serves as a reference point to return to when anatomical structures are not clearly identified. By rotating the catheter clockwise approximately 10-20 degrees from the Home View, the following structures are sequentially visualized: i) aorta and RV outflow tract (RVOT); ii) aorta and left ventricular (LV) outflow tract (LVOT); iii) left atrium (LA) and interatrial septum (IAS); iv) LA, mitral valve (MV), and LV; v) LA and left atrial appendage (LAA); vi) LA and left pulmonary veins (PVs) in longitudinal view; vii) posterior wall (PW) of the LA, esophagus, and descending aorta; and viii) right PVs in transverse view.</p>
<p>There are no mandatory or predefined imaging planes. Cranial advancement or retraction of the catheter, as well as anterior-posterior and right-left flexion, are often required to obtain optimal images. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2 (A-H)</xref> illustrates such imaging planes and the corresponding views obtained with the catheter positioned in the RA.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>(A-H) Image sequence obtained with the catheter in the RA. A: Home View; sequential images from B to H show the progression of views obtained through clockwise catheter rotation starting from the Home View. LA: left atrium; AO: aorta; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; RVOT: right ventricle outflow tract; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; LAA: left atrial aappendage; LSPV: left superior pulmonar vein; LIPV: left inferior pulmonary vein; RIPV: right inferior pulmonary vein; RSPV: right superior pulmonary vein.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>In atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, it is often necessary to evaluate certain structures with the catheter positioned in the RV, which can be done without the use of fluoroscopy. With the TV in view, the catheter is gently deflected anteriorly and advanced into the RV. Once it crosses the TV, the deflection is released, allowing visualization of the inferior portion of the RV and its anatomical landmarks, such as the moderator band and papillary muscles, as well as the pericardial space. This view is particularly important for detecting any preexisting pericardial effusion (PE) at the start of the procedure. From the RV, clockwise torque enables sequential visualization of the interventricular septum (IVS) and the LV apex, followed by the posteromedial and anterolateral papillary muscles, the MV, the aortic valve in cross-section, the LAA, and the origin of both the left and right coronary arteries. In some cases, it is necessary to advance the catheter through the RVOT and into the pulmonary artery (PA) trunk to improve visualization of the LAA tip and to rule out the presence of thrombi (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">F</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>(A-F) Image sequence obtained from the RV. A: Home View; B: Green arrow shows anterior deflection with catheter positioned in the RV; C-F: Sequential views acquired via clockwise rotation of the catheter in the RV (blue arrows). PMPM: posteromedial papillary muscle; ALPM: anterolateral papillary muscle; AO: aorta; LA: left atrium; AO: aorta; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; LAA: left atrial appendage.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Step 4 – Rule out intracavitary thrombi before transeptal puncture</title>
<p>Thrombus detection in the LA or LAA is essential prior to AF ablation in order to prevent thromboembolic events related to the procedure. Although transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the gold standard for this purpose, anatomical limitations can lead to false-negative results. In our practice, TEE is performed before the procedure only in high-risk patients — those with persistent AF and MV disease, a history of stroke, or elevated CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc scores in the setting of poor anticoagulation adherence. We routinely use intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) to rule out thrombi prior to transeptal puncture, visualizing the LAA from the RA, RV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>), and PA. ICE catheter positioning in the RVOT, near the pulmonary valve, or within the main PA trunk provides the clearest images for thrombus detection (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Supplementary Video 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Step 5 – Guiding the transeptal puncture</title>
<p>To perform transeptal puncture, the catheter is positioned in the mid-RA, allowing direct visualization of IAS and LA. Since the procedural target is the electrical isolation of PVs — which drain into the PW of the LA — the ideal puncture site on the IAS is at the level of the left PVs or slightly more posterior. This facilitates maneuverability of the ablation catheter and improves safety by avoiding anterior puncture paths that may be directed toward the LAA, aortic root, or ascending aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). From the Home View, clockwise rotation is performed until the entry of the left PVs into the LA becomes visible. In some cases, posterior deflection is also required, pulling the catheter slightly away from the IAS to optimize the view of the RA, IAS, and LA, thereby facilitating more accurate guidance of the transeptal puncture.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>(A-D) Imaging planes for transeptal puncture. A: Schematic view of the heart and corresponding ICE imaging planes (1-3); B: Plane 1 – more anterior, with risk of aortic perforation; C: Plane 2 – anterior view of the LAA, which may hinder catheter manipulation; D: Plane 3 – ideal for transeptal puncture in AF ablation procedures, visualizing the entry of the left PVs. The orange arrow indicates the transeptal needle. Figure adapted from Enriquez, A. et al.19 LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; LAA: left atrial appendage; LSPV: left superior pulmonar vein; LIPV: left inferior pulmonary vein.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>With ICE, we can rapidly identify the anatomy of the IAS and its relatively common anatomical variations that may complicate transeptal puncture, such as lipomatous hypertrophy, aneurysms, double fossa ovalis, and the presence of surgical patches or occluder devices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<p>Whenever possible, we target the thinnest region of the IAS. In cases of redundant or aneurysmal septa, we select the lowest possible puncture site — while carefully avoiding the risk of perforating a pericardial recess. This strategy provides better anchoring of the needle and facilitates transeptal access in these more challenging scenarios.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Step 6 – Guiding circular catheter contact during electroanatomic mapping</title>
<p>We perform two ICE-guided transeptal punctures and insert two long sheaths: one for the electroanatomic mapping catheter and another for the ablation catheter. Once the anatomy of the LA and PVs is defined — whether there is a common trunk, separate ostia, or their relationship with the LAA — ICE is used to guide the mapping catheter&apos;s contact with atrial tissue, avoid proximity to the MV, and identify the ridge separating the left PVs from the LAA. This facilitates the rapid construction of the electroanatomic map of the LA and PVs. In some centers, the CARTOSOUND™ system (Biosense Webster) is used to generate chamber geometry based on multiple ICE imaging slices.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Step 7 – Monitoring ablation catheter contact and lesion formation</title>
<p>Once electroanatomic mapping is complete, the next step is real-time, accurate monitoring of the ablation catheter&apos;s contact with atrial tissue. This improves the efficacy of energy delivery while reducing the risk of complications. Inadequate tissue contact may result in ineffective lesion formation, leading to incomplete electrical isolation and increased blood heating, which raises the risk of thrombus formation. Energy delivery can also be titrated based on the gradual increase in tissue echogenicity observed on ICE. A sudden or excessive increase in echogenicity may precede a steam pop, which is associated with tissue perforation and an increased risk of cardiac tamponade (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Supplementary Video 4</xref>). Such events are often accompanied by the formation of microbubbles, reflecting tissue heating and cellular leakage, and may pose a risk of cerebral microembolization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although current technologies provide contact force monitoring and recommend specific energy parameters for radiofrequency delivery, individual variations must be considered. Fragile patients, atrial scarring, or calcifications may result in either excessive or ineffective lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Step 8 – Monitoring esophageal proximity to ablation sites</title>
<p>Ablation of the PW — either for PV isolation or direct PW targeting — carries a potential risk of esophageal injury due to the close anatomical relationship between the esophagus and the LA. This may result in an atrioesophageal fistula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> To prevent esophageal injury, energy delivery near the esophagus is typically reduced in both force and duration, and esophageal temperature monitoring is routinely employed. However, despite these precautions, cases of esophageal injury detected by upper endoscopy after ablation have been reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In our esophageal temperature monitoring protocol, we first use ICE to visualize the position of the esophagus and its relationship to the PVs. We then insert a deflectable catheter orally for temperature monitoring, with excellent outcomes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption>
<title>ICE-guided deflection of the esophageal temperature monitoring catheter. A: ICE showing the esophagus in relation to the left and right PVs (green contours); B: Esophagus (in gray) visualized in the electroanatomic map, broad and in contact with both left and right PVs; C: Electroanatomic map with black markers indicating esophageal temperature rise &gt;2 °C; D: Fluoroscopy showing the luminal esophageal temperature (LET) probe in a neutral position, apparently distant from the right PVs; E: Fluoroscopy showing LET deflected to the right, approaching the ablation catheter; F: ICE image of the right PVs and esophagus without LET positioning, corresponding to fluoroscopic image D; G: ICE image with LET probe in place and in close proximity to the ablation catheter, corresponding to fluoroscopic image E. Eso: esophagus; MAP: circular mapping catheter; CS: coronary sinus catheter; LET: luminal esophageal temperature; ICE: Intracardiac echocardiography; LA: left atrium; RIPV: right inferior pulmonary vein; ABL: ablation catheter. Figure reproduced with permission from Leite L.R. et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Detecting complications</title>
<p>ICE imaging is used throughout the entire AF ablation procedure. Therefore, the early detection of potential complications should not be considered a single step in the process. From the initial femoral venous puncture, ICE can assist in identifying thrombi, occlusions, dissections, and extrinsic venous compressions along the pathway to the RA. Below, we highlight the most common complications that may occur during the procedure.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Pericardial effusion</title>
<p>One of the potential complications of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for AF is cardiac tamponade. ICE allows for the rapid detection of PE, often before hemodynamic instability or tamponade develops.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> This enables early intervention, reversal of anticoagulation, and, if necessary, pericardiocentesis. Initially, PE is typically visualized in the inferior region of the RV and the posterior aspect of the RA, and may progressively extend to the apical and anterior regions of the RV, eventually surrounding the entire heart.</p>
<p>Upon reaching the RA, the catheter is advanced into the RV, and clockwise rotation allows visualization of the pericardial space adjacent to both the RV and the LV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). This approach enables early identification of any preexisting PE before catheter manipulation begins. With this baseline reference, if there is any suspicion of perforation or an episode of arterial hypotension, the pericardial space is promptly reassessed and compared to the initial images. As part of our standard protocol, we perform repeated ICE evaluations of the pericardial space from the RV at specific stages of the procedure: after isolation of the left PVs, after isolation of the right PVs, following any additional RF applications, and again after catheter withdrawal at the end of the procedure.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Intracavitary thrombi</title>
<p>Thrombus formation on sheaths and catheters can be readily detected in real time using ICE, allowing for immediate intervention and the prevention of potentially imminent embolic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Although less common due to the use of irrigated-tip catheters and direct oral anticoagulants, thrombi may still be observed adherent to sheaths or catheters while they are positioned in the RA, enabling early management before transeptal puncture. If thrombi are identified on catheters within the LA during the procedure, management strategies may include intensifying systemic heparinization, aspirating the thrombus into the sheath, or, in extreme cases, deploying bilateral carotid artery filters to prevent cerebral embolization.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>ICE is the only tool that provides direct, real-time visualization throughout all phases of AF ablation. Mastery and systematic use of ICE enhance both the effectiveness and safety of the procedure.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
<label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study Association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4"><label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
<label>Availability of Research Data</label>
<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
</sec>
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<app-group>
<app id="app1">
<title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
<p>See the Supplemental Video 1, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3802/2025-0021_AR_video_suplementar_1.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
<media id="f13" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-m01.mp4">
	<label>Video 1</label>
</media>
<p>See the Supplemental Video 2, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3802/2025-0021_AR_video_suplementar_2.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
<media id="f14" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-m02.mp4">
	<label>Video 2</label>
</media>
<p>See the Supplemental Video 3, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3802/2025-0021_AR_video_suplementar_3_AAE_pela_VSVD.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
<media id="f15" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-m03.mp4">
	<label>Video 3</label>
</media>
<p>See the Supplemental Video 4, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3802/2025-0021_AR_video_suplementar_4.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
<media id="f16" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-m04.mp4">
	<label>Video 4</label>
</media>
</app>
</app-group>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250021</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Como Eu Faço a Ecocardiografia Intracardíaca Durante a Ablação da Fibrilação Atrial</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3438-0526</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Simone Nascimento dos</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8415-3140</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Henz</surname><given-names>Benhur Davi</given-names></name>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6107-3609</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Maria Eduarda Leite da</given-names></name>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-7612-5611</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Luiz Roberto Leite da</given-names></name>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Toronto</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">Ontário</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="CA">Canadá</country>
<institution content-type="original">York University, Toronto, Ontário – Canadá</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Simone Nascimento dos Santos</bold> • ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular. SMDB Conj 16 Lote 5 Casa A. CEP: <postal-code>71680-160</postal-code>. Brasília, DF – Brasil E-mail: <email>simone.eccos@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia mais comum na prática clínica e está associada a complicações graves, como acidente vascular cerebral e insuficiência cardíaca. A prevalência da FA tem aumentado significativamente devido ao envelhecimento populacional e às comorbidades associadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Além disso, os avanços tecnológicos — em especial a detecção da FA por meio de dispositivos vestíveis, como os relógios inteligentes — têm permitido um diagnóstico mais precoce. A ecocardiografia intracardíaca (EIC) é uma modalidade de imagem valiosa nos laboratórios de eletrofisiologia e hemodinâmica, com amplo respaldo na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Desde os primeiros estudos realizados na Mayo Clinic,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> a EIC tornou-se rapidamente uma ferramenta indispensável para a avaliação da anatomia cardíaca. Essa técnica permite a visualização em tempo real do posicionamento dos cateteres, do contato com o tecido, da relação com substratos arritmogênicos e alvos de ablação, da formação de lesões e de possíveis complicações do procedimento. Diversos estudos recentes demonstraram os benefícios da EIC em ablações complexas, incluindo a redução do tempo de procedimento e da taxa de complicações — como menor risco de tamponamento cardíaco e mortalidade —, além de maiores taxas de sucesso (Ilustração Central).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Procedimentos guiados por EIC são cada vez mais utilizados na prática clínica em diversos contextos. São considerados viáveis, seguros e associados à menor exposição à fluoroscopia — ou até mesmo à completa ausência de radiação, conforme adotado por vários grupos no Brasil e no exterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Este artigo apresenta um guia passo a passo do tipo &quot;Como eu faço&quot; sobre como realizar a EIC durante a ablação da FA.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia Intracardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Ablação por Cateter</kwd>
<kwd>Fibrilação Atrial</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec>
<title/>
<fig id="f12">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-gf06-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec>
<title>Passo 1 – Conhecendo o sistema</title>
<p>O cateter utilizado emprega um sistema de matriz faseada (8 e 10 Fr), com um transdutor de ultrassom de alta resolução localizado na extremidade distal (5 a 10 MHz). As imagens são adquiridas no plano longitudinal, com o campo de imagem alinhado ao eixo do cateter. O cateter pode ser manipulado em quatro direções por meio de deflexão bidirecional: anteroposterior e direita-esquerda (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Vídeo Suplementar 1</xref>).</p>
<p>Atualmente, há dois modelos disponíveis no Brasil: i) SoundStar<sup>®</sup> eco (Biosense Webster), compatível com os sistemas de ultrassom Vivid™ i e Vivid™ q da GE; e ii) ViewFlex™ Xtra (Abbott), compatível com o sistema de ultrassom Zonare Z.One (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">1B</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Cateteres com matriz faseada disponíveis no Brasil. A: SoundStar<sup>®</sup> (Biosense Webster); B: ViewFlex Xtra<sup>®</sup> (Abbott).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Passo 2 – Inserção do cateter</title>
<p>Após a punção venosa guiada por ultrassonografia, o cateter é introduzido pela veia femoral esquerda, passando pela veia ilíaca ipsilateral e pela veia cava inferior até alcançar o átrio direito (AD). Durante essa progressão, é necessário atenção às possíveis curvaturas dos vasos e às veias de drenagem. Nessa fase, deve-se utilizar a deflexão anterior e/ou posterior do cateter para contornar as curvas. O cateter deve ser sempre avançado dentro do vaso com visualização contínua do &quot;espaço livre de ecos&quot; na ultrassonografia, o que reduz o risco de perfuração vascular e elimina a necessidade de fluoroscopia (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Vídeo Suplementar 2</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Passo 3 – Identificação da anatomia intracardíaca e estruturas adjacentes</title>
<p>Com o cateter posicionado no AD, é possível identificar a válvula de Eustáquio e sua morfologia — se rígida, proeminente ou filamentosa. Uma válvula de Eustáquio filamentosa, com movimento errático no interior do AD, caso não seja previamente reconhecida, pode ser confundida com trombos filamentosos aderidos a bainhas ou cateteres.</p>
<p>A partir da porção média do AD, com o transdutor direcionado para a valva tricúspide (VT), obtém-se a imagem conhecida como &quot;Home View&quot;. Essa visualização mostra o AD, a VT e o trajeto de entrada do ventrículo direito (VD). Para operadores em fase inicial da curva de aprendizado, essa imagem funciona como ponto de referência para o qual retornar caso as estruturas anatômicas não estejam claramente identificadas. Ao rotacionar o cateter no sentido horário, aproximadamente de 10 a 20 graus a partir da Home View, as seguintes estruturas são visualizadas sequencialmente: i) aorta e via de saída do VD (VSVD); ii) aorta e via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) (VSVE); iii) átrio esquerdo (AE) e septo interatrial (SIA); iv) AE, valva mitral (VM) e VE; v) AE e apêndice atrial esquerdo (AAE); vi) AE e veias pulmonares (VPs) esquerdas em visão longitudinal; vii) parede posterior (PP) do AE, esôfago e aorta descendente; viii) VPs direitas em visão transversal.</p>
<p>Não existem planos de imagem obrigatórios ou predefinidos. O avanço cranial ou a retração do cateter, bem como sua flexão anteroposterior e direita-esquerda, são frequentemente necessários para obtenção de imagens ideais. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2 (A-H)</xref> ilustra esses planos de imagem e as respectivas visões obtidas com o cateter posicionado no AD.</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>(A-H) Sequência de imagens obtidas com o cateter no AD. A: Home View; as imagens de B a H mostram a progressão das visualizações obtidas com rotação horária do cateter a partir da Home View. AD: átrio direito; VD: ventrículo direito; VSVD: via de saída do ventrículo direito; VSVE: via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; AE: átrio esquerdo; ESO: esôfago; AO: Aorta; AAE: apêndice atrial esquerdo; VPID:veia pulmonar inferior direita; VPIE:veia pulmonar inferior esquerda; VPSD:veia pulmonar superior direita.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Na ablação da fibrilação atrial (FA), é frequentemente necessário avaliar certas estruturas com o cateter posicionado no VD, o que pode ser feito sem o uso de fluoroscopia. Com a VT em foco, o cateter é suavemente defletido anteriormente e avançado para dentro do VD. Após cruzar a VT, a deflexão é liberada, permitindo a visualização da porção inferior do VD e de seus marcos anatômicos, como a banda moderadora e os músculos papilares, além do espaço pericárdico. Essa visualização é especialmente importante para detectar qualquer derrame pericárdico (DP) preexistente no início do procedimento. A partir do VD, a rotação horária do cateter permite a visualização sequencial do septo interventricular (SIV) e do ápice do VE, seguida pelos músculos papilares póstero-medial e ântero-lateral, pela VM, pela valva aórtica em corte transversal, pelo AAE e pela origem das artérias coronárias esquerda e direita. Em alguns casos, é necessário avançar o cateter através do VSVD até o tronco da artéria pulmonar (AP) para melhorar a visualização da ponta do AAE e excluir a presença de trombos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">F</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>(A-F) Sequência de imagens obtidas a partir do VD. A: Home View; B: A seta verde indica a deflexão anterior com o cateter posicionado no VD; C-F: Visualizações sequenciais adquiridas com rotação horária do cateter no VD (setas azuis). MPPM: músculo papilar posteromedial; MPAL: músculo papilar anterolateral; AO: aorta; AD: átrio direito; VD: ventrículo direito; VSVD: via de saída do ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; AE: átrio esquerdo; AAE: apêndice atrial esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Passo 4 – Exclusão de trombos intracavitários antes da punção transeptal</title>
<p>A detecção de trombos no AE ou no AAE é essencial antes da ablação da FA, a fim de prevenir eventos tromboembólicos relacionados ao procedimento. Embora a ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE) seja o padrão-ouro para essa finalidade, limitações anatômicas podem levar a resultados falso-negativos. Em nossa prática, a ETE é realizada previamente apenas em pacientes de alto risco — aqueles com FA persistente e doença da VM, histórico de acidente vascular cerebral ou escores CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc elevados associados a baixa adesão à anticoagulação. Utilizamos rotineiramente a ecocardiografia intracardíaca (EIC) para excluir trombos antes da punção transeptal, visualizando o AAE a partir do AD, do VD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">3</xref>) e da AP. O posicionamento do cateter de EIC na VSVD, próximo à valva pulmonar, ou no tronco principal da AP proporciona as imagens mais nítidas para a detecção de trombos (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Vídeo Suplementar 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Passo 5 – Guia para a punção transeptal</title>
<p>Para realizar a punção transeptal, o cateter é posicionado na porção média do AD, permitindo a visualização direta do SIA e do AE. Como o objetivo do procedimento é a isolação elétrica das VPs — que drenam para a PP do AE —, o local ideal de punção no SIA é ao nível das VPs esquerdas ou ligeiramente mais posterior. Isso facilita a manobrabilidade do cateter de ablação e aumenta a segurança, ao evitar trajetos de punção anteriores que possam ser direcionados ao AAE, à raiz da aorta ou à aorta ascendente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>). A partir da Home View, realiza-se uma rotação horária até que a entrada das VPs esquerdas no AE se torne visível. Em alguns casos, também é necessário realizar deflexão posterior, afastando ligeiramente o cateter do SIA para otimizar a visualização do AD, do SIA e do AE, facilitando assim uma orientação mais precisa da punção transeptal.</p>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>(A-D) Planos de imagem para punção transeptal. A: Visão esquemática do coração e respectivos planos de imagem por EIC (1-3); B: Plano 1 – mais anterior, com risco de perfuração aórtica; C: Plano 2 – visão anterior do AAE, que pode dificultar a manipulação do cateter; D: Plano 3 – ideal para punção transeptal em procedimentos de ablação da FA, com visualização da entrada das VPs esquerdas. A seta laranja indica a agulha transeptal. Figura adaptada de Enriquez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> VE: ventrículo esquerdo; AE: átrio esquerdo; ESO: esôfago; AO: Aorta; AAE: apêndice atrial esquerdo; VPSE: veia pulmonar superior esquerda; VPIE:veia pulmonar inferior esquerda.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Com a EIC, é possível identificar rapidamente a anatomia do SIA e suas variações anatômicas relativamente comuns, que podem dificultar a punção transeptal, como hipertrofia lipomatosa, aneurismas, dupla fossa oval e presença de próteses cirúrgicas ou dispositivos oclusores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<p>Sempre que possível, buscamos a região mais delgada do SIA. Em casos de septos redundantes ou aneurismáticos, selecionamos o ponto de punção mais inferior possível — tomando o devido cuidado para evitar o risco de perfuração de um recesso pericárdico. Essa estratégia permite melhor ancoragem da agulha e facilita o acesso transeptal em cenários mais desafiadores.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Passo 6 – Guia para o contato do cateter circular durante o mapeamento eletroanatômico</title>
<p>Realizamos duas punções transeptais guiadas por EIC e inserimos duas bainhas longas: uma para o cateter de mapeamento eletroanatômico e outra para o cateter de ablação. Após a definição da anatomia do AE e das VPs — seja na presença de tronco comum, óstios separados ou em relação ao AAE — a EIC é utilizada para guiar o contato do cateter de mapeamento com o tecido atrial, evitar a proximidade com a VM e identificar a crista que separa as VPs esquerdas do AAE. Isso facilita a construção rápida do mapa eletroanatômico do AE e das VPs. Em alguns centros, utiliza-se o sistema CARTOSOUND™ (Biosense Webster) para gerar a geometria da câmara com base em múltiplos cortes de imagem por EIC.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Passo 7 – Monitoramento do contato do cateter de ablação e formação de lesões</title>
<p>Após a conclusão do mapeamento eletroanatômico, o passo seguinte é o monitoramento em tempo real e com precisão do contato do cateter de ablação com o tecido atrial. Isso melhora a eficácia da entrega de energia e reduz o risco de complicações. O contato inadequado com o tecido pode resultar em formação ineficaz de lesões, levando à isolação elétrica incompleta e ao aquecimento excessivo do sangue, o que aumenta o risco de formação de trombos. A entrega de energia também pode ser ajustada com base no aumento gradual da ecogenicidade do tecido observado na EIC. Um aumento súbito ou excessivo da ecogenicidade pode anteceder a ocorrência de steam pop, fenômeno associado à perfuração tecidual e aumento do risco de tamponamento cardíaco (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Vídeo Suplementar 4</xref>). Tais eventos geralmente são acompanhados pela formação de microbolhas, refletindo o aquecimento tecidual e a extravasação celular, podendo representar risco de microembolização cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Embora as tecnologias atuais forneçam monitoramento da força de contato e recomendem parâmetros específicos de energia para a aplicação por radiofrequência, variações individuais devem ser consideradas. Pacientes frágeis, presença de fibrose atrial ou calcificações podem resultar em lesões excessivas ou ineficazes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Passo 8 – Monitoramento da proximidade esofágica aos sítios de ablação</title>
<p>A ablação da PP envolve risco potencial de lesão esofágica, devido à estreita relação anatômica entre o esôfago e o AE. Essa condição pode resultar em fístula átrio-esofágica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Para prevenir lesão esofágica, a entrega de energia próxima ao esôfago é geralmente reduzida em força e duração, e o monitoramento da temperatura esofágica é realizado de forma rotineira. No entanto, apesar dessas precauções, já foram relatados casos de lesão esofágica detectada por endoscopia digestiva alta após a ablação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Em nosso protocolo de monitoramento da temperatura esofágica, utilizamos inicialmente a EIC para visualizar a posição do esôfago e sua relação com as VPs. Em seguida, inserimos um cateter defletível por via oral para o monitoramento da temperatura, com excelentes resultados<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Deflexão do cateter de monitoramento de temperatura esofágica guiada por EIC. A: EIC mostrando o esôfago em relação às VPs esquerda e direita (contornos verdes); B: Esôfago (em cinza) visualizado no mapa eletroanatômico, amplo e em contato com as VPs esquerda e direita; C: Mapa eletroanatômico com marcadores pretos indicando aumento da temperatura esofágica &gt;2 °C; D: Fluoroscopia mostrando a sonda de temperatura esofágica luminal (LET) em posição neutra, aparentemente distante das VPs direitas; E: Fluoroscopia com deflexão da LET para a direita, aproximando-se do cateter de ablação; F: Imagem de EIC das VPs direitas e do esôfago sem posicionamento da LET, correspondente à imagem fluoroscópica D; G: Imagem de EIC com a sonda LET posicionada e em estreita proximidade com o cateter de ablação, correspondente à imagem fluoroscópica E. Figura reproduzida com permissão de Leite et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Eso: esôfago; MAP: cateter de mapeamento circular; CS: cateter do seio coronariano.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250021-gf05-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Detecção de complicações</title>
<p>A EIC é utilizada ao longo de todo o procedimento de ablação da FA. Por isso, a detecção precoce de possíveis complicações não deve ser considerada uma etapa isolada do processo. Desde a punção venosa femoral inicial, a EIC pode auxiliar na identificação de trombos, oclusões, dissecções e compressões venosas extrínsecas ao longo do trajeto até o AD. A seguir, destacamos as complicações mais comuns que podem ocorrer durante o procedimento.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Derrame pericárdico</title>
<p>Uma das possíveis complicações da ablação por radiofrequência (ARF) para FA é o tamponamento cardíaco. A EIC permite a detecção rápida do DP, frequentemente antes do surgimento de instabilidade hemodinâmica ou do próprio tamponamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Isso possibilita uma intervenção precoce, a reversão da anticoagulação e, se necessário, a realização de pericardiocentese. Inicialmente, o DP é geralmente visualizado na região inferior do VD e na face posterior do AD, podendo se estender progressivamente para as regiões apical e anterior do VD, até envolver todo o coração.</p>
<p>Ao alcançar o AD, o cateter é avançado para o VD, e a rotação horária permite a visualização do espaço pericárdico adjacente tanto ao VD quanto ao VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>). Essa abordagem possibilita a identificação precoce de qualquer DP preexistente antes do início da manipulação dos cateteres. Com essa imagem de referência inicial, caso haja suspeita de perfuração ou episódio de hipotensão arterial, o espaço pericárdico é prontamente reavaliado e comparado às imagens anteriores. Como parte de nosso protocolo padrão, realizamos avaliações repetidas do espaço pericárdico por meio da EIC a partir do VD em momentos específicos do procedimento: após a isolação das VPs esquerdas, após a isolação das VPs direitas, após qualquer aplicação adicional de radiofrequência e novamente após a retirada dos cateteres ao final do procedimento.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Trombos intracavitários</title>
<p>A formação de trombos em bainhas e cateteres pode ser prontamente detectada em tempo real por meio da EIC, permitindo intervenção imediata e prevenção de eventos embólicos potencialmente iminentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Embora menos frequentes devido ao uso de cateteres com ponta irrigada e anticoagulantes orais diretos, ainda é possível observar trombos aderidos a bainhas ou cateteres enquanto estão posicionados no AD, o que possibilita o manejo precoce antes da punção transeptal. Caso trombos sejam identificados em cateteres posicionados no AE durante o procedimento, as estratégias de manejo podem incluir o aumento da heparinização sistêmica, aspiração do trombo para dentro da bainha ou, em casos extremos, o uso de filtros bilaterais nas artérias carótidas para prevenção de embolização cerebral.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>A EIC é a única ferramenta que oferece visualização direta e em tempo real em todas as fases da ablação da FA. O domínio e o uso sistemático da EIC aumentam tanto a eficácia quanto a segurança do procedimento.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
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<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8"><label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
<label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
</sec>
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<title>*Material suplementar</title>
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<label>Video 1</label>
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