<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="case-report" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250002i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20250002i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Large Heterogeneous Mass in the Right Chambers: A Case Report in Cardio-Oncology</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-9981-4253</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Frigo</surname><given-names>João Pedro Perfeito</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9060-1330</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Voss</surname><given-names>Themissa Helena</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Uberlândia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Uberlândia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas de Uberlândia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Uberlândia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>João Pedro Perfeito Frigo</bold> • Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Rua Ceara. Postal code: <postal-code>38400-694</postal-code>. Uberlândia, MG – Brazil E-mail: <email>joaopedroperfeito1@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label><p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label><p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>28</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250002</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>15</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>16</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>26</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most lethal cancers. It is frequently associated with the formation of tumor thrombi (TT), an intravascular extension of the tumor. Approximately 4% to 10% of patients with RCC have TT, which can reach the renal vein (10% to 18%), the inferior vena cava (4% to 23%), and, rarely, the right atrium (1%). These thrombi generally accompany advanced tumors, with distant metastases, and they reflect an aggressive biology. Treatment is challenging, especially in metastatic cases, and surgical resection is indicated in the absence of metastases. Anticoagulation remains controversial due to the neoplastic composition of TT. We report the case of a 51-year-old male patient with clear cell RCC and lung and liver metastases treated with pazopanib. The patient presented right heart failure and was diagnosed with extensive TT up to the right atrium, identified by transthoracic echocardiography. In an advanced stage, with clinical deterioration, palliative care was chosen, and the patient died within a few weeks. The diagnosis of TT is crucial to define prognosis and therapeutic strategies. Echocardiography, combined with advanced imaging techniques, plays a fundamental role in differentiating between TT and thromboembolism. This case highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and technological advances for managing complex conditions such as TT, with the goals of early diagnosis and reduced complications.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Cardio-Oncology</kwd>
<kwd>Renal Cell Carcinoma</kwd>
<kwd>Thrombosis</kwd>
<kwd>Relatos de Casos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="16"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="6"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most lethal cancers, associated with the formation of tumor thrombi (TT), characterized by intravascular tumor extension. RCC represents approximately 3% of all cancers, and it is estimated that 4% to 10% of patients with RCC have some degree of TT. The reported prevalence of venous TT in RCC is 10% to 18% with invasion of the renal vein, 4% to 23% with involvement of the inferior vena cava, and 1% with extension to the right atrium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>TT is strongly associated with pulmonary embolism, and it is challenging to distinguish it from thromboembolism by radiographic findings. However, biopsy can assist in definitive diagnosis, although it is rarely performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Other common outcomes of TT include thrombotic or hemorrhagic complications and death.</p>
<p>With respect to treatment, in the absence of distant metastases, surgical resection is indicated for local control. In metastatic disease, therapy aims to control symptoms, with a primary focus on palliative treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Regarding anticoagulation, it is still debatable, since TT behaves differently from a conventional thrombus, exhibiting organized tumor cells instead of only a fibrin clot.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Because it is a rare condition and, in the majority of cases, it is diagnosed late, treatment still poses a challenge, especially when the disease is in the metastatic phase.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case report</title>
<p>We report the case of a 51-year-old male patient, with smoking and alcoholism, who was diagnosed with a clear cell renal tumor, clinical stage IV, with lung and liver metastases. He began treatment with the vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor pazopanib. He developed significant peripheral edema and ascites and was hospitalized for further assessment.</p>
<p>The patient underwent a transthoracic echocardiogram, which revealed the presence of a large heterogeneous mass with well-defined borders, measuring 8.3 × 4.0 cm in the right chambers, obstructing anterograde flow in the tricuspid valve (mean gradient of 5 mmHg). Subcostal imaging revealed the continuity of the mass in the right chambers with the inferior vena cava, suggesting the presence of an extensive TT. These findings explain the etiology of the clinical signs and symptoms of right heart failure, initially attributed to a possible pulmonary thromboembolism.</p>
<p>During hospitalization, due to difficulties in improving symptoms and signs of clinical deterioration, in addition to the advanced stage of the disease, exclusive palliative care was chosen. The patient died within a few weeks.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>Intravascular tumor extension is known as TT, which occurs in diverse tumor types, RCC being the most common in adults. Of these, 10% to 18% reach the renal vein only; 4% to 23% reach the inferior vena cava, and only 1% extend into the right atrium. They are generally associated with larger tumors and advanced stages, often accompanied by distant metastases, which reflect a more aggressive biology and may explain the worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Patients without associated metastases may undergo tumor resection, including the TT, by means of various techniques. Anticoagulation is debatable, given that the behavior of TT differs from simple thrombi due to the presence of organized neoplastic cells. In 1.5% to 3.4% of patients with TT, embolization to the pulmonary arteries may occur, mainly during the intraoperative period, and this complication is associated with a high mortality rate (up to 75%). It is noteworthy that TT, in spite of their extension, are not considered metastases. Moreover, there is a possibility of recurrence of the TT after the initial resection. Diagnosis of TT implies a 65% greater chance of mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Transthoracic echocardiography is the initial imaging modality, whereas cardiac magnetic resonance imaging plays an important role in the differential diagnosis between thrombus and cardiac tumor. The associated use of ultrasound enhancement agents in transthoracic echocardiography increases diagnostic accuracy. This finding is decisive in a patient&apos;s journey, indicating an unfavorable prognosis and demanding a differentiated surgical approach.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Enlargement of the right heart chambers observed in the apical four-chamber view.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Preserved right ventricular systolic function based on TAPSE.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Turbulent flow and a mean gradient of 5 mmHg across the tricuspid valve (relative obstruction due to mass protrusion).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><title>Dimensions of the mass within the right heart chambers.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><title>Mass in the inferior vena cava.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The complexity of TT management reinforces the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. Teams composed of specialists in oncology, cardiology, vascular surgery, and radiology are essential to ensure early diagnosis, personalized treatment planning, and reduced complications. Furthermore, advances in imaging techniques have the potential to enhance detection and differentiation between tumor and non-TT, contributing to more precise treatment and better survival prospects for patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>In conclusion, this case highlights the relevance of echocardiography as an essential tool for the diagnosis of pathologies in which the signs and symptoms suggest a cardiac component, in addition to guiding therapeutic management.</p>
<fig id="f6">
<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-m01.mp4">
<label>Video 1</label>
<caption><title>Access: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2025-0002_RC_Video1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2025-0002_RC_Video1.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
</fig>
<fig id="f7">
<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-m02.mp4">
<label>Video 2</label>
<caption><title>Access: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2025-0002_RC_Video2.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2025-0002_RC_Video2.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
</fig>
<fig id="f8">
<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-m03.mp4">
<label>Video 3</label>
<caption><title>Access: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2025-0002_RC_Video3.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2025-0002_RC_Video3.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
</fig>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of Funding</label><p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study Association</label><p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label><p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia under the protocol number 7.534.313. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Kaptein</surname><given-names>FHJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>van der Hulle</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Braken</surname><given-names>SJE</given-names></name>
<name><surname>van Gennep</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Buijs</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Burgmans</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prevalence, Treatment, and Prognosis of Tumor Thrombi in Renal Cell Carcinoma</article-title>
<source>JACC CardioOncol</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>522</fpage>
<lpage>531</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.07.011</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Kaptein FHJ, van der Hulle T, Braken SJE, van Gennep EJ, Buijs JT, Burgmans MC, et al. Prevalence, Treatment, and Prognosis of Tumor Thrombi in Renal Cell Carcinoma. JACC CardioOncol. 2022;4(4):522-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.07.011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Almatari</surname><given-names>AL</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sathe</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Wideman</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Dewan</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Vaughan</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bennie</surname><given-names>IC</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Renal Cell Carcinoma with Tumor Thrombus: A Review of Relevant Anatomy and Surgical Techniques for the General Urologist</article-title>
<source>Urol Oncol</source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>153</fpage>
<lpage>165</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.11.021</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Almatari AL, Sathe A, Wideman L, Dewan CA, Vaughan JP, Bennie IC, et al. Renal Cell Carcinoma with Tumor Thrombus: A Review of Relevant Anatomy and Surgical Techniques for the General Urologist. Urol Oncol. 2023;41(4):153-65. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.11.021.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Pouliot</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Shuch</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Larochelle</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Pantuck</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Belldegrun</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Contemporary Management of Renal Tumors with Venous Tumor Thrombus</article-title>
<source>J Urol</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>184</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>833</fpage>
<lpage>841</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.juro.2010.04.071</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Pouliot F, Shuch B, Larochelle JC, Pantuck A, Belldegrun AS. Contemporary Management of Renal Tumors with Venous Tumor Thrombus. J Urol. 2010;184(3):833-41. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.04.071.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Palaskas</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Gladish</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Agha</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Hassan</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Iliescu</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Evaluation and Management of Cardiac Tumors</article-title>
<source>Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>29</fpage>
<lpage>29</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11936-018-0625-z</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29556752</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Palaskas N, Thompson K, Gladish G, Agha AM, Hassan S, Iliescu C, et al. Evaluation and Management of Cardiac Tumors. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2018;20(4):29. doi: 10.1007/s11936-018-0625-z. PMID: 29556752..</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Psutka</surname><given-names>SP</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Leibovich</surname><given-names>BC</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Management of Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombus in Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma</article-title>
<source>Ther Adv Urol</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>216</fpage>
<lpage>229</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1756287215576443</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Psutka SP, Leibovich BC. Management of Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombus in Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. Ther Adv Urol. 2015;7(4):216-29. doi: 10.1177/1756287215576443.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ge</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Qiu</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Outcomes of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Associated Venous Tumor Thrombus: Experience from a Large Cohort and Short Time Span in a Single Center</article-title>
<source>BMC Cancer</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>766</fpage>
<lpage>766</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12885-021-08508-x</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Chen Z, Yang F, Ge L, Qiu M, Liu Z, Liu C, et al. Outcomes of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Associated Venous Tumor Thrombus: Experience from a Large Cohort and Short Time Span in a Single Center. BMC Cancer. 2021;21(1):766. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-08508-x.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250002</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Volumosa Massa Heterogênea em Câmaras Direitas: Relato de Caso em Cardio-Oncologia</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-9981-4253</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Frigo</surname><given-names>João Pedro Perfeito</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9060-1330</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Voss</surname><given-names>Themissa Helena</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Uberlândia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Uberlândia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>João Pedro Perfeito Frigo</bold> • Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Rua Ceara. CEP: <postal-code>38400-694</postal-code>. Uberlândia, MG – Brasil E-mail: <email>joaopedroperfeito1@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label><p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label><p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>O carcinoma de células renais (CCR) é um dos cânceres mais letais, frequentemente associado à formação de trombos tumorais (TT), uma extensão intravascular do tumor. Aproximadamente 4% a 10% dos pacientes com CCR apresentam TT, que pode atingir a veia renal (10% a 18%), a veia cava inferior (4% a 23%) e, raramente, o átrio direito (1%). Esses trombos geralmente acompanham tumores avançados, com metástases à distância, e refletem uma biologia agressiva. O tratamento é desafiador, especialmente em casos metastáticos, sendo a ressecção cirúrgica indicada na ausência de metástases. A anticoagulação permanece controversa devido à composição neoplásica dos TT. Relatamos o caso de um homem de 51 anos com CCR de células claras e metástases pulmonares e hepáticas, tratado com pazopanibe. O paciente apresentou insuficiência cardíaca direita e foi diagnosticado com TT extenso até o átrio direito, identificado por ecocardiograma transtorácico. Em estágio avançado e com deterioração clínica, optou-se por cuidados paliativos, evoluindo a óbito em poucas semanas. O diagnóstico de TT é crucial para definir o prognóstico e as estratégias terapêuticas. O ecocardiograma, combinado a técnicas avançadas de imagem, tem papel fundamental na diferenciação entre TT e tromboembolismo. Este caso ressalta a importância da abordagem multidisciplinar e de avanços tecnológicos para o manejo de condições complexas como o TT, visando diagnóstico precoce e redução de complicações.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Cardio-Oncologia</kwd>
<kwd>Carcinoma de Células Renais</kwd>
<kwd>Trombose</kwd>
<kwd>Relatos de Casos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>O carcinoma de células renais (CCR) é um dos cânceres mais letais, associado à formação de trombos tumorais (TT), caracterizados por uma extensão tumoral intravascular. O CCR representa cerca de 3% de todos os cânceres, e estima-se que de 4% a 10% dos pacientes com CCR apresentem algum grau de TT. A prevalência relatada de TT venoso no CCR é de 10% a 18% com invasão da veia renal, 4% a 23% com envolvimento da veia cava inferior, e 1% com extensão até o átrio direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>O TT está fortemente associado à embolia pulmonar, sendo desafiador distingui-la, através de achados radiográficos, do tromboembolismo. Entretanto, a biópsia pode auxiliar no diagnóstico definitivo, embora seja raramente realizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Outros desfechos comuns do TT incluem complicações trombóticas ou hemorrágicas e morte.</p>
<p>No que diz respeito ao tratamento, na ausência de metástases à distância, é indicada a ressecção cirúrgica para controle local. Na doença metastática, a terapia visa o controle sintomático, com foco principal no tratamento paliativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Quanto à anticoagulação, esta ainda é discutível, pois o TT se comporta de maneira diferente de um trombo convencional, exibindo células tumorais organizadas em vez de apenas um coágulo de fibrina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Por se tratar de uma condição rara e, na maioria das vezes, diagnosticada tardiamente, o tratamento ainda representa um desafio, especialmente quando a doença se encontra em fase metastática.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato de caso</title>
<p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 51 anos, tabagista e etilista, diagnosticado com tumor renal de células claras, estadiamento clínico IV, com metástases pulmonares e hepáticas. Iniciou tratamento com inibidor do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (pazopanibe). Evoluiu com edema periférico significativo e ascite, sendo internado para avaliação complementar.</p>
<p>Foi submetido a ecocardiograma transtorácico, que revelou a presença de uma massa volumosa, heterogênea, com bordas bem delimitadas, medindo 8,3 × 4,0 cm no interior das câmaras direitas, ocasionando obstrução do fluxo anterógrado na valva tricúspide (gradiente médio de 5 mmHg). Em imagem subcostal, observou-se a continuidade da massa nas câmaras direitas com a veia cava inferior, sugerindo a presença de um extenso TT. Esses achados explicam a etiologia dos sinais e sintomas clínicos de insuficiência cardíaca direita, inicialmente atribuídos a um possível tromboembolismo pulmonar.</p>
<p>Durante a internação, devido à dificuldade de melhora sintomática e aos sinais de deterioração clínica, além do estágio avançado da doença, optou-se por cuidados paliativos exclusivos. O paciente evoluiu a óbito em poucas semanas.</p>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Aumento das dimensões das câmaras direitas na janela apical 4 câmaras.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-pt-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Função sistólica do ventrículo direito preservada pelo TAPSE.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-pt-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Fluxo turbulento e gradiente médio de 5mmHg em valva tricúspide (obstrução relativa pela protrusão da massa).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-pt-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f12">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption><title>Dimensões da massa no interior das câmaras direitas.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-pt-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f13">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption><title>Massa em veia cava inferior.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-pt-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>A extensão tumoral intravascular é denominada TT, ocorrendo em diversos tipos de tumores, sendo o CCR o mais comum em adultos. Destes, de 10% a 18% atingem apenas a veia renal, 4% a 23% alcançam a veia cava inferior, e apenas 1% se estendem até o átrio direito. Geralmente, estão associados a tumores maiores e estadiamentos avançados, frequentemente acompanhados de metástases à distância, o que reflete uma biologia mais agressiva e pode explicar o pior prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Pacientes sem metástases associadas podem ser submetidos à ressecção tumoral, incluindo o TT, por meio de diversas técnicas. A anticoagulação é discutível, uma vez que o comportamento do TT difere de trombos simples devido à presença de células neoplásicas organizadas. Em 1,5% a 3,4% dos pacientes com TT, pode ocorrer embolização para as artérias pulmonares, principalmente durante o intraoperatório, complicação associada a uma alta taxa de mortalidade (até 75%). É digno de nota que os TT, apesar de sua extensão, não são considerados metástases. Além disso, há possibilidade de recorrência do TT após a ressecção inicial. O diagnóstico de TT implica em uma chance 65% maior de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>O ecocardiograma transtorácico é a modalidade inicial de imagem, enquanto a ressonância magnética cardíaca desempenha um papel importante no diagnóstico diferencial entre trombo e tumor cardíaco. O uso associado de agentes de realce ultrassonográfico no ecocardiograma transtorácico aumenta a acurácia diagnóstica. Esse achado é determinante na jornada do paciente, sinalizando um prognóstico desfavorável e demandando uma abordagem cirúrgica diferenciada.</p>
<p>A complexidade do manejo do TT reforça a importância de uma abordagem multidisciplinar. Equipes compostas por especialistas em oncologia, cardiologia, cirurgia vascular e radiologia são essenciais para garantir o diagnóstico precoce, planejamento terapêutico personalizado e redução de complicações. Além disso, avanços nas técnicas de imagem têm o potencial de aprimorar a detecção e a diferenciação entre TT e não tumorais, contribuindo para um tratamento mais preciso e melhores perspectivas de sobrevida para os pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em conclusão, este caso destaca a relevância da ecocardiografia como ferramenta essencial para o diagnóstico de patologias em que os sinais e sintomas sugerem componente cardíaco, além de nortear conduta e terapêutica.</p>
<fig id="f14">
<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-m01.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 1</label>
<caption><title>Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2025-0002_RC_Video1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2025-0002_RC_Video1.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
</fig>
<fig id="f15">
<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-m02.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 2</label>
<caption><title>Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2025-0002_RC_Video2.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2025-0002_RC_Video2.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
</fig>
<fig id="f16">
<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20250002-m03.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 3</label>
<caption><title>Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2025-0002_RC_Video3.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2025-0002_RC_Video3.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
</fig>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><label>Fontes de Financiamento</label><p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label><p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label><p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia sob o número de protocolo 7.534.313. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>