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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240105i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240105i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Assessment of Left Ventricular Function by MAPSE (Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion): Main Clinical Applications</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2828-479X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>Andressa Alves de</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4507-8149</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>Wanessa Alves de</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6737-1760</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Botelho</surname><given-names>Luis Fabio Barbosa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Melo</surname><given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Marcelo Tavares</bold> • Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Medicina Interna. Campus I Lot, Cidade Universitária. Postal Code: <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>. João Pessoa, PB – Brazil E-mail: <email>marcelo_dtm@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label><p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label><p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>28</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240105</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>23</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>24</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>24</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), a parameter that can be obtained from transthoracic echocardiography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), is capable of reflecting the longitudinal systolic function of the left ventricle (LV) and may change earlier than the LV ejection fraction (LVEF), estimated by usual methods. Furthermore, it also presents a correlation with global longitudinal strain (GLS), assessed by speckle tracking in two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography. The importance of MAPSE extends to the ease with which it can be obtained and reproduced, especially in patients with poor image quality, for whom LVEF and GLS may be inaccurate. This review intends to clarify the evidence available in the literature on MAPSE, which, despite its applicable usefulness in the context of various heart diseases, is an underused index in clinical practice.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Função Ventricular</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Valva Mitral</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="28"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<fig id="f1">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240105-gf01.tif"/>
<p>LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium.</p>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) is an ultrasound parameter obtained from motion mode (M-mode) over the lateral aspect of the mitral valve annulus. It evaluates its movement during the cardiac cycle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). It also presents a good correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), is easy to use, and is readily available. It is also a simple and reproducible index.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>MAPSE calculated from M-mode in 2D echocardiography in an athlete patient, obtaining a value of 20 mm, considered normal. Source: created by the authors. RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; MAPSE: mitral annular plane systolic excursion.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240105-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The American Society of Echocardiography and European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging Guidelines recommend its use as a surrogate parameter when LVEF or global longitudinal strain (GLS) cannot be accurately obtained in patients with poor image quality, as both methods require left ventricular (LV) endocardial tracking, which is highly dependent on adequate visualization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>MAPSE can quantitatively reflect LV longitudinal systolic function, as the longitudinal movement of the mitral valve annulus leads LV pumping, unlike the apex, whose position is relatively stationary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Therefore, its measurement only requires the visualization of the mitral annulus, with no need to define the LV endocardial limit, which is essential in performing the other methods mentioned above.</p>
<p>The MAPSE value may be determined from four locations in the atrioventricular plane, equivalent to the septal, lateral, anterior, and posterior walls, viewed in the apical four- and two-chamber windows in M-mode. The cursor must be parallel to the LV walls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). The measurement is calculated from the lowest point at the end of the diastole up to the aortic valve closure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 2</xref>). In general, MAPSE should be obtained from the septal and lateral mitral annulus, with this value being slightly higher in normal hearts.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Demonstration of the locations where the cursor should be placed on the septal (1) and lateral (2) mitral rings in the apical 4-chamber window. On the left, the echocardiographic measurement in M-mode is observed (above, septal MAPSE; below, lateral MAPSE). MAPSE: mitral annular plane systolic excursion; LV: left ventricle. Source: created by the authors.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240105-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A large multicenter study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> identified normal reference values for MAPSE, established according to age and sex, using M-mode and speckle-tracking 2D echocardiography (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Women exhibited slightly higher MAPSE values than men, and older individuals had lower values than younger individuals.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Reference values for a MAPSE by M-mode and 2D-STE.</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" />
<th align="center" valign="middle">Men</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Women</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Msep (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9-19</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9-19</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mlat (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10-20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10-21</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">STEsep (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7-16</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7-16</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">STElat (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6-18</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6-19</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">STEm (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7-17</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8-17</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">nSTEm (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8-19</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9-21</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><p>M-mode: motion mode; 2D-STE: speckle tracking by 2D echocardiography; Msep and Mlat: Septal and lateral MAPSE by M-mode echocardiography, respectively; STEsep, STElat, and STEmid: septal, lateral, and midpoint MAPSE measured by 2D-STE; nSTEmid: STEmid normalized by LV long axis length in end-diastole. Adapted from WANG et al. (2023).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>There are many studies on the usefulness of MAPSE in assessing LV longitudinal systolic function in heart failure (HF). However, recent publications also present it as a tool with prognostic value in the setting of ischemic heart disease, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathies, septic shock, and cardio-oncology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> It is a sensitive marker of early LV dysfunction, also correlating with some diastolic function indices, such as the E/A ratio, septal e’ wave, and lateral e’ wave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>In this sense, as this study will show, MAPSE may be altered in certain cardiac conditions even when the LVEF is still normal. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 3</xref> illustrates a patient with amyloidosis, with preserved ejection fraction (supranormal), but, disproportionately, with a MAPSE value at the lower limit of normal (10 mm) and with reduced GLS (12.1%).</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Patient with amyloidosis, who exhibits LVEF, MAPSE, and GLS values, respectively, of 76%, 10 mm, and 12.1%. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MAPSE: mitral annular plane systolic excursion; GLS: global longitudinal strain; EF: ejection fraction; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; MOD: modified; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; BP: biplane; SV: systolic volume; LVL: left ventricular length; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVLd: left ventricular length diastolic. Source: created by the authors.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240105-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>MAPSE can also be assessed by cardiac nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and is considered an important independent predictor of serious adverse cardiac events (death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, hospitalization for HF or unstable angina, and late revascularization). According to the study by Rangarajan et al. (2016),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> patients with lateral MAPSE &lt;1.11 cm(median value) had a significantly higher incidence of adverse events than did those with MAPSE ≥1.11 cm.</p>
<p>This review article will describe the main clinical applications available in the literature for MAPSE, a parameter that is easy to apply but often forgotten in practice.</p>
<sec>
<title>Clinical applications</title>
<sec>
<title>HF</title>
<p>Reduced MAPSE reflects the presence of impaired longitudinal function, providing complementary information to ejection fraction, which represents the overall result of longitudinal and circumferential contraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It was shown that patients with chronic HF resulting from dilated cardiomyopathy or myocardial infarction presented a significant reduction in MAPSE, which had a good correlation with ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Patients with preserved LVEF were divided into three groups according to the value of lateral MAPSE: low (&lt;12 mm), relatively preserved (12-15 mm), and high (≥15 mm). The diastolic dysfunction rate and all-cause hospitalization proved to be higher in the low and relatively preserved groups than in the high group, whereas the pro-BNP level and mortality rate were higher in the low group when compared with the relatively preserved and high groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>There is also evidence that MAPSE, measured at rest and during exercise (on a treadmill using the modified Bruce protocol), correlates well with more sophisticated measurements of ventricular function in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and is, therefore, a useful measure for the early detection of left ventricular dysfunction, which in HFpEF is most evident during exercise testing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Systemic arterial hypertension</title>
<p>In the early stages of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), before the appearance of symptoms related to HF or the reduction in LVEF (&lt;50%), it is already possible to identify abnormalities in the longitudinal components of mechanical contractility and systolic dysfunction. In these patients, parameters were studied to determine the transition between structural abnormalities and myocardial dysfunction early.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>LVEF was identical in hypertensive and healthy patients, while GLS and MAPSE were lower in the first group. Patients with moderate or severe ventricular hypertrophy (septum ≥13 mm) presented longitudinal systolic dysfunction, with GLS being reduced more than MAPSE even in the presence of small structural changes; conversely, LVEF was insensitive for detecting longitudinal myocardial dysfunction in patients with hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This finding shows that the compensatory increase in circumferential deformation may mask the reduced longitudinal deformation, leading to normal LVEF.</p>
<p>The prognostic value of MAPSE obtained by cardiac NMR was evaluated in a large multicenter population of SAH patients. The risk of death was significantly higher in patients with lateral MAPSE lower than 10 mm, even after adjustment for clinical and imaging risk factors, as well as in the subgroups of patients with preserved LVEF and those without a history of myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Aortic stenosis</title>
<p>In patients with aortic valve stenosis, MAPSE changes earlier when compared to LVEF or other parameters that assess ventricular function, which may be normal. Furthermore, it has a lower value in symptomatic patients when compared to asymptomatic and severe patients. It is also useful in predicting the onset of symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> MAPSE was able to differentiate low-gradient aortic stenosis into moderate or severe in the presence of preserved ejection fraction, using a cutoff value of 9 mm to distinguish them.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Intensive care units and emergency services</title>
<p>Bedside transthoracic echocardiography is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in critically ill patients, especially those with septic shock, for whom septic cardiomyopathy may be present in 40% of the cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Studies show that MAPSE reflects systolic and diastolic function in critically ill patients and is commonly related to ICU mortality when associated with TAPSE, LVEF, and lung ultrasound.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>Longitudinal systolic function may be more sensitive in detecting cardiac depression than LVEF. Therefore, when assessing cardiac function in patients with septic shock and normal LVEF, longitudinal function indices, such as MAPSE, should be taken into account.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A study with 90 patients, divided evenly between individuals with septic shock and those without sepsis, compared these echocardiographic parameters. No difference was found between groups for LVEF (64.6% vs. 67.2%, p = 0.161), but a difference was observed for MAPSE, which was significantly worse in those with septic shock (1.2 cm vs. 1.5 cm, p &lt;0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Similarly, other authors found that MAPSE, but not LVEF, differed between patients with septic shock with and without myocardial injury, defined as high-sensitivity troponin T ≥45 ng/L upon ICU admission.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>A significant advantage, in the emergency or intensive care setting, is that MAPSE assessment does not require good image quality or an experienced operator. The decrease in value correlates with LV systolic dysfunction and may precede changes in LVEF during acute myocardial infarction. It also correlates with elevated levels of brain natriuretic peptides and isolated diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>A study with 61 emergency physicians found that MAPSE measurement was easily performed with minimal training and excellent inter-user agreement. An &lt;8 mm value had a moderate predictive value and high specificity for LVEF &lt;50%, and was more specific for identifying a reduced LVEF than the commonly used qualitative assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Acute myocardial infarction</title>
<p>In the context of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the risk of cardiovascular complications after revascularization, including mortality, is considerable. It is suggested that MAPSE provides significantly greater prognostic validity than LVEF in this patient population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Research shows that MAPSE has a significant incremental predictive value over LVEF; therefore, the combination of both can serve as a good alternative for LV-based risk assessment after STEMI, if GLS is not available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Arrhythmias</title>
<p>In a study of 247 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery, MAPSE was able to predict the development of postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF), with an area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.831 (95% CI 0.761-0.901,p &lt;0.001), in addition to sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 81%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
<p>In patients who underwent catheter ablation with pulmonary vein isolation, reduced MAPSE and increased left atrial volume index represented risk factors for AF recurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In HFpEF, a reduced MAPSE was associated with right atrial dyssynchrony, a risk predictor for AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Oncology</title>
<p>Cardiotoxicity associated with cancer therapies is detected early through GLS and LVEF in echocardiography; however, ultrasound imaging may be affected, especially in postoperative patients with left breast cancer or those with high obesity. The European cardio-oncology guideline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> recommends using surrogate parameters for evaluation, such as MAPSE.</p>
<p>In breast cancer patients treated with preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy (anthracyclines and trastuzumab), the following cutoff values were identified for septal MAPSE, lateral MAPSE, and mean MAPSE (septal and lateral), respectively: 11.7 mm (AUC = 0.65, p = 0.02; sensitivity 79%; specificity 45%), 13 mm (AUC = 0.82, p = 0.001; sensitivity 94%; specificity 96%) and 11.7 mm (AUC = 0.87, p &lt; 0.001; sensitivity 83%; specificity 80%), respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
<p>In another study, MAPSE and peak mitral annular systolic velocity (S’) showed good accuracy, sensitivity, and positive predictive value for detecting anthracycline therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (ATRCD), with GLS being used as the gold standard diagnostic test to define it. The authors stated that these conventional echocardiographic parameters may work as screening tools to detect subclinical ATRCD in resource-limited settings.</p>
<p>In patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or esophagogastric junction cancer, no change was identified in LV GLS after treatment. However, septal MAPSE decreased significantly, showing that chemoradiotherapy appears to induce an acute negative effect on left ventricular systolic function, which was not observed for chemotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Mapse limitations</title>
<p>MAPSE has some disadvantages inherent to the method. It is not able, for instance, to detect regional dysfunctions in the myocardium, unlike GLS. Furthermore, there are no normalized values for variations in heart size between different patients, especially in children. Its value may also be influenced by moderate to large pericardial effusion, since the cardiac apex, which is relatively stationary under normal conditions, becomes mobile, interfering with the true MAPSE measurement. Similarly, paradoxical septum due to right ventricular dysfunction alters septal MAPSE, and in these conditions, lateral MAPSE should be used. Finally, it is not possible to perform a direct measurement on the mitral annulus when it has significant calcification; in this case, the measurement must be made slightly higher up in the myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>In addition to being readily available and easy to use, MAPSE is a useful parameter in the clinical assessment of LV longitudinal systolic function in different contexts, such as HF, septic cardiomyopathy, and cardio-oncology, and may be altered even when LVEF is normal. Studies on its applicability are still scarce in the literature. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will allow more research to be carried out on MAPSE so that its use can be expanded in medical practice.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of Funding</label><p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study Association</label><p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label><p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240105</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Avaliação da Função Ventricular Esquerda pelo MAPSE (Excursão Sistólica do Plano Anular Mitral): Principais Aplicações Clínicas</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2828-479X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>Andressa Alves de</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4507-8149</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>Wanessa Alves de</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6737-1760</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Botelho</surname><given-names>Luis Fabio Barbosa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Melo</surname><given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Marcelo Tavares</bold> • Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Medicina Interna. Campus I Lot, Cidade Universitária. CEP: <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>. João Pessoa, PB – Brasil E-mail: <email>marcelo_dtm@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label><p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label><p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>A excursão sistólica do plano anular mitral (MAPSE), um parâmetro que pode ser obtido a partir da ecocardiografia transtorácica ou ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM), é capaz de refletir a função sistólica longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), podendo se alterar de forma mais precoce que a fração de ejeção do VE (FEVE), estimada por métodos usuais. Além disso, também apresenta correlação com o strain global longitudinal (SGL), avaliado pelo speckle-tracking na ecocardiografia bidimensional. A importância da MAPSE se estende para a facilidade com que pode ser obtida e reproduzida, especialmente em pacientes com baixa qualidade de imagem, nos quais a FEVE e o SGL podem ser imprecisos. O objetivo desta revisão foi elucidar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre a MAPSE, que, apesar de sua utilidade aplicável no contexto de diversas doenças cardíacas, é um índice subutilizado na prática clínica.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Função Ventricular</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Valva Mitral</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f5">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240105-pt-gf01.tif"/>
<p>VE: ventrículo esquerdo; AE: átrio esquerdo.</p>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A excursão sistólica do plano anular mitral (MAPSE) é um parâmetro ultrassonográfico obtido a partir do modo movimento (modo M) sobre o aspecto lateral do anel da válvula mitral e avalia seu movimento durante o ciclo cardíaco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>). Apresenta boa correlação com a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE), possui fácil uso e boa disponibilidade, sendo um índice simples e reprodutível.</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>MAPSE calculada a partir do modo M na ecocardiografia bidimensional em paciente atleta, sendo obtido um valor de 20 mm, considerado normal. Fonte: os autores. VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; AD: átrio direito; AE: átrio esquerdo; MAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano anular mitral.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240105-pt-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>As Diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia e da Associação Europeia de Imagem Cardiovascular recomendam seu uso como parâmetro substituto quando a FEVE ou o strain global longitudinal (SGL) não podem ser obtidos com precisão em pacientes com baixa qualidade de imagem, já que ambos os métodos precisam do rastreamento endocárdico do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), que é altamente dependente de uma visualização adequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>A MAPSE é capaz de refletir a função sistólica longitudinal do VE de forma quantitativa, pois o movimento longitudinal do anel da válvula mitral lidera o bombeamento do VE, ao contrário do ápice, cuja posição é relativamente estacionária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Portanto, a sua medição requer apenas a visualização do anel mitral, sem que seja necessário delinear o limite endocárdico do VE, o que é essencial para que sejam realizados os demais métodos citados.</p>
<p>A determinação do valor da MAPSE pode ser feita a partir de quatro locais do plano atrioventricular, equivalentes às paredes septal, lateral, anterior e posterior, visualizadas nas janelas apical de quatro e duas câmaras no modo M. O cursor deve estar alinhado paralelamente às paredes do VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>). Calcula-se a medida do ponto mais baixo no final da diástole até o fechamento da valva aórtica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>). De modo geral, deve-se obter o MAPSE a partir do anel mitral septal e lateral, sendo o valor deste, em corações normais, um pouco maior.</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Demonstração dos locais onde deve ser colocado o cursor nos anéis mitrais septal (1) e lateral (2) na janela apical 4 câmaras. À esquerda, observa-se a medida ecocardiográfica no modo M (acima, MAPSE septal; abaixo, MAPSE lateral). MAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano anular mitral. Fonte: os autores.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240105-pt-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Um grande estudo multicêntrico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> identificou valores de referência normais de MAPSE, estabelecidos de acordo com a idade e o sexo, usando o modo M e speckle-tracking pela ecocardiografia bidimensional (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). As mulheres apresentaram valores de MAPSE discretamente mais altos do que os homens, e indivíduos mais velhos tiveram valores mais baixos que os mais jovens.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Valores de referência para a MAPSE pelo modo M e 2D-STE.</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" />
<th align="center" valign="middle">Homens</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mulheres</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Msep (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9-19</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9-19</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mlat (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10-20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10-21</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">STEsep (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7-16</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7-16</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">STElat (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6-18</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6-19</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">STEm (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7-17</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8-17</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">nSTEm (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8-19</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9-21</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2"><p>Modo M: modo movimento; 2D-STE: speckle tracking por ecocardiografia bidimensional; Msep e Mlat: MAPSE septal e lateral por ecocardiografia em modo M, respectivamente; STEsep, STElat e STEm: MAPSE septal, lateral e de ponto médio medido por 2D-STE; nSTEmid: STEmid normalizado pelo comprimento do eixo longo do VE na diástole final. Adaptado de Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Há muitos estudos sobre a utilidade da MAPSE na avaliação da função sistólica longitudinal do VE na insuficiência cardíaca (IC), mas publicações recentes mostram-na como uma ferramenta de valor prognóstico também no cenário de doença cardíaca isquêmica, valvopatias, cardiomiopatias, choque séptico e cardio-oncologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> É um marcador sensível da disfunção precoce do VE, também tendo correlação com alguns índices de função diastólica, como a relação E/A, onda e’ septal e onda e’ lateral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nesse sentido, como será evidenciado adiante, a MAPSE pode estar alterada em certas condições cardíacas mesmo quando a FEVE ainda é normal. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">figura 3</xref> ilustra uma paciente portadora de amiloidose, com fração de ejeção preservada (supranormal), mas, de forma desproporcional, com um valor de MAPSE no limite inferior da normalidade (10 mm) e com SGL reduzido (12,1%).</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Paciente portadora de amiloidose, que apresenta valores de FEVE, MAPSE e SGL, respectivamente, de 76%, 10 mm e 12,1%. FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; MAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano anular mitral; SGL: strain global longitudinal; EF: fração de ejeção; LVEDV: volume diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo; MOD: modificado; LVEF: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; BP: biplanar; SV: volume sistólico; LVL: comprimento do ventrículo esquerdo; LVESV: volume sistólico final do ventrículo esquerdo; LVLd: comprimento diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo. Fonte: os autores.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240105-pt-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A MAPSE pode, ainda, ser avaliada por ressonância nuclear magnética cardíaca (RNM), sendo considerada um importante preditor independente de eventos cardíacos adversos graves (morte, infarto do miocárdio não fatal, hospitalização por IC ou angina instável, e revascularização tardia). Conforme o estudo de Rangarajan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> pacientes com MAPSE lateral &lt;1,11 cm (valor mediano) tiveram uma incidência significativamente maior de eventos adversos do que aqueles com MAPSE ≥1,11 cm.</p>
<p>Neste artigo de revisão, serão descritas as principais aplicações clínicas disponíveis na literatura para a MAPSE, um parâmetro de fácil aplicação, mas, muitas vezes, esquecido na prática.</p>
<sec>
<title>Aplicações clínicas</title>
<sec>
<title>IC</title>
<p>A MAPSE reduzida reflete a presença de função longitudinal prejudicada, fornecendo informações complementares à fração de ejeção, que representa o resultado global da contração longitudinal e circunferencial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Foi evidenciado que pacientes com IC crônica decorrente de cardiomiopatia dilatada ou infarto do miocárdio apresentaram uma redução significativa da MAPSE, que teve boa correlação com a fração de ejeção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Pacientes com FEVE preservada foram divididos em três grupos quanto ao valor da MAPSE lateral: baixo (&lt;12 mm), relativamente preservado (12-15 mm) e alto (≥15 mm). Verificou-se que a taxa de disfunção diastólica e hospitalização por todas as causas foi maior nos grupos baixo e relativamente preservado do que no grupo alto, enquanto o nível de pró-BNP e a taxa de mortalidade foram maiores no grupo baixo em comparação com os grupos relativamente preservados e altos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Também há evidência de que a MAPSE, medida em repouso e no exercício (em esteira, por meio do uso do protocolo de Bruce modificado), se correlaciona bem com medições mais sofisticadas da função ventricular em pacientes com IC com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp), sendo, portanto, uma medida útil para detectar precocemente a disfunção ventricular esquerda, que, na ICFEp, é mais evidente durante o teste de exercício.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica</title>
<p>Em estágios iniciais da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), antes do aparecimento de sintomas relacionados à IC ou da redução da FEVE (&lt;50%), já é possível identificar anormalidades nos componentes longitudinais da contratilidade mecânica e disfunção sistólica. Nesses pacientes, foram estudados parâmetros para determinar precocemente a transição entre anormalidades estruturais e disfunção miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>Verificou-se que a FEVE foi idêntica em pacientes hipertensos e saudáveis, enquanto o SGL e a MAPSE foram menores no primeiro grupo. Pacientes com hipertrofia ventricular moderada ou grave (septo ≥13 mm) tiveram disfunção sistólica longitudinal, tendo o SGL reduzido mais que a MAPSE mesmo na presença de pequena alteração estrutural; de modo contrário, a FEVE foi insensível para a detecção de disfunção miocárdica longitudinal em pacientes com hipertensão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Tal achado evidencia que o aumento compensatório da deformação circunferencial pode mascarar a deformação longitudinal reduzida, levando a uma FEVE normal.</p>
<p>O valor prognóstico da MAPSE obtido por RNM cardíaca foi avaliado em uma grande população multicêntrica de pacientes com HAS. O risco de morte foi significativamente maior em pacientes com MAPSE lateral menor que 10 mm, mesmo após o ajuste para fatores de risco clínicos e de imagem, bem como nos subgrupos de pacientes FEVE preservada e naqueles sem histórico de infarto do miocárdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Estenose Aórtica</title>
<p>Em pacientes com estenose valvar aórtica, a MAPSE se altera de forma mais precoce em comparação à FEVE ou outros parâmetros que avaliam a função ventricular, que podem estar normais. Ademais, possui valor menor em pacientes sintomáticos em comparação com assintomáticos e graves, também tendo utilidade na previsão do início dos sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A MAPSE foi capaz de diferenciar a estenose aórtica de baixo gradiente em moderada ou grave na presença de fração de ejeção preservada, usando um valor de corte de 9 mm para distingui-los.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e Serviços de Emergência</title>
<p>A ecocardiografia transtorácica beira-leito é essencial para o diagnóstico e tratamento da disfunção sistólica ventricular esquerda em pacientes com doenças críticas, especialmente aqueles com choque séptico, nos quais a cardiomiopatia séptica pode estar presente em 40% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Estudos revelam que a MAPSE reflete a função sistólica e diastólica em pacientes gravemente doentes, tendo relação com a mortalidade em UTI quando associada a TAPSE, FEVE e ultrassonografia pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>A função sistólica longitudinal pode ser mais sensível na detecção de depressão cardíaca do que a FEVE. Portanto, na avaliação da função cardíaca em pacientes com choque séptico e FEVE normal, deve-se valorizar índices de função longitudinal, como a MAPSE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Um estudo com 90 pacientes, divididos igualmente entre portadores de choque séptico e indivíduos sem sepse, comparou tais parâmetros ecocardiográficos. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para a FEVE (64,6% vs. 67,2%, p = 0,161), mas sim para a MAPSE, que foi significativamente pior naqueles com choque séptico (1,2 cm vs. 1,5 cm, p &lt;0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> De forma similar, outros autores verificaram que a MAPSE, mas não a FEVE, diferiu entre pacientes portadores de choque séptico com e sem lesão miocárdica, definida como troponina T de alta sensibilidade ≥45 ng/L à admissão na UTI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>Uma vantagem significativa, no ambiente da emergência ou de terapia intensiva, é que a avaliação da MAPSE não requer boa qualidade de imagem ou um operador experiente. A redução do seu valor se correlaciona com a disfunção sistólica do VE e pode preceder alterações na FEVE durante o infarto agudo do miocárdio. Também tem correlação com a elevação nos níveis de peptídeos natriuréticos cerebrais e com a presença de disfunção diastólica isolada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Um estudo com 61 médicos emergencistas identificou que a medição da MAPSE foi facilmente realizada com treinamento mínimo e excelente concordância entre os usuários. Um valor &lt;8 mm teve um valor preditivo moderado e alta especificidade para FEVE &lt;50%, sendo mais específico para identificar uma FEVE reduzida do que a avaliação qualitativa, habitualmente utilizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio</title>
<p>No contexto do infarto agudo do miocárdio com supra de segmento ST (IAMCSST), o risco de complicações cardiovasculares subsequentes à revascularização, incluindo mortalidade, é considerável. É sugerido que a MAPSE fornece uma validade prognóstica significativamente maior do que a FEVE nessa população de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Pesquisas evidenciam que a MAPSE apresenta um valor preditivo incremental significativo sobre a FEVE; logo, a combinação de ambas pode servir como boa alternativa para a avaliação de risco baseado no VE após IAMCSST, se o SGL não estiver disponível.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Arritmias</title>
<p>Em um estudo com 247 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (bypass), a MAPSE foi capaz de predizer o desenvolvimento de fibrilação atrial (FA) pós-operatória, com uma área sob a curva (AUC) ROC (do inglês, Receiver Operating Characteristic) de 0,831 (IC 95% 0,761-0,901, p &lt;0,001), além de sensibilidade e especificidade, respectivamente, de 90% e 81%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em pacientes que realizaram ablação por cateter com isolamento de veias pulmonares, MAPSE reduzida e índice de volume atrial esquerdo aumentado representaram fatores de risco para recorrência de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Na ICFEp, uma diminuição da MAPSE teve associação com dissincronia atrial direita, o que é um preditor de risco para FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Oncologia</title>
<p>A cardiotoxicidade associada a terapias para câncer é detectada precocemente por meio do SGL e FEVE na ecocardiografia, mas a imagem ultrassonográfica pode ser afetada especialmente em pacientes em pós-operatório de câncer de mama esquerda ou portadores de obesidade alta. A diretriz europeia de cardio-oncologia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> recomenda usar parâmetros substitutos para avaliação, como a MAPSE.</p>
<p>Em pacientes com câncer de mama tratadas com quimioterapia pré ou pós-operatória (antraciclinas e trastuzumabe), foram identificados os seguintes valores de corte para a MAPSE septal, MAPSE lateral e MAPSE média (septal e lateral), respectivamente: 11,7 mm (AUC = 0,65, p = 0,02; sensibilidade 79%; especificidade 45%), 13 mm (AUC = 0,82, p = 0,001; sensibilidade 94%; especificidade 96%) e 11,7 mm (AUC = 0,87, p &lt;0,001; sensibilidade 83%; especificidade 80%), respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em outro estudo, a MAPSE e o pico da velocidade sistólica do anel mitral (S’) apresentaram boa precisão, sensibilidade e valor preditivo positivo para detectar disfunção cardíaca subclínica relacionada à terapia com antraciclina (DCRTA), tendo sido utilizado o SGL como teste diagnóstico padrão-ouro para defini-la. Os autores afirmaram que esses parâmetros ecocardiográficos convencionais podem servir como ferramentas de triagem para detectar DCRTA subclínica em locais com recursos limitados.</p>
<p>Em pacientes que realizaram quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante para câncer de esôfago ou junção esofagogástrica, não houve alteração no SGL do VE após o tratamento, mas a MAPSE septal diminuiu significativamente, evidenciando que a quimiorradioterapia parece induzir um efeito negativo agudo na função ventricular esquerda sistólica, o que não foi observado para a quimioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Limitações da MAPSE</title>
<p>A MAPSE apresenta algumas desvantagens inerentes ao método. Não é capaz, por exemplo, de detectar disfunções regionais no miocárdio, ao contrário do SGL. Além disso, não há valores normalizados referentes a variações no tamanho cardíaco entre diferentes pacientes, especialmente em crianças. Pode, ainda, ter seu valor influenciado pela presença de derrame pericárdio de moderado a grande volume, já que o ápice cardíaco, que, em condições normais, é relativamente estacionário, torna-se móvel, interferindo na verdadeira medida da MAPSE. De modo análogo, o septo paradoxal por disfunção do ventrículo direito altera a MAPSE septal, devendo, nessas condições, ser usado a MAPSE lateral. Por fim, não é possível realizar sua medida direta no anel mitral quando este possui importante calcificação; nesse caso, a medição deve ser um pouco mais acima no miocárdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>A MAPSE é um parâmetro que, além de ter boa disponibilidade e facilidade de uso, é útil na avaliação clínica da função sistólica longitudinal do VE em diferentes contextos, como IC, cardiomiopatia séptica e cardio-oncologia, podendo estar alterado mesmo quando a FEVE está normal. Ainda há uma escassez de estudos na literatura sobre sua aplicabilidade e, portanto, espera-se que, por meio desta revisão, mais pesquisas sejam realizadas sobre a MAPSE, a fim de que seu uso possa ser ampliado na prática médica.</p>
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<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><label>Fontes de Financiamento</label><p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label><p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label><p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
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