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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240097i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240097i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Analysis of Septal Thickness with Gradient Reduction in Patients Undergoing Radiofrequency Septal Ablation</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0056-4378</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Vilela</surname><given-names>Andrea de Andrade</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7166-5841</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Shinzato</surname><given-names>Mariane Higa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0676-2033</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Valdigem</surname><given-names>Bruno Pereira</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2535-4342</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Paladino</surname><given-names>Antonio Tito</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6414-8838</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Correia</surname><given-names>Edileide de Barros</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5153-8420</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Assef</surname><given-names>Jorge Eduardo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Vila Nova Star</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Vila Nova Star, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Andrea de Andrade Vilela</bold> • Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code: <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>andreadeandradevilela@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label><p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>27</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240097</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>03</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>07</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>07</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. Invasive treatment for intraventricular gradient reduction is indicated in patients (p) who are refractory to clinical treatment with gradient ≥ 50 mmHg. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is one of the current options for invasive management.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objectives:</title>
<p>To evaluate the correlation between interventricular septal diameter and procedural success, defined as immediate post-procedural gradient reduction, improvement in functional class (FC), and sustained gradient reduction at 6-month follow-up.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>Twenty-two patients with HOCM were included. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed before and six months after RFA, while transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was carried out intraprocedure.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>The mean age was 56.64 years (± 12.23), with 68.18% of patients being female and 73% hypertensive. An immediate gradient reduction greater than 50% was observed in 72.7% of patients. At the 6-month follow-up, 60% of patients showed a ≥ 50% gradient reduction along with an improvement in FC. A median septal thickness of 18 mm was associated with greater procedural success compared to a median of 15 mm, and no significant change in septal thickness was observed over the 6-month follow-up period.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>Radiofrequency septal ablation (RFSA) is an effective and safe technique for the invasive management of HOCM. The procedure enables a significant reduction in the intraventricular gradient, accompanied by improved FC and sustained short-term results. Thicker septal were associated with greater intraprocedural gradient reductions; however, there was no reduction in thickness during the 6-month follow-up.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
<kwd>Radiofrequency Ablation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="10"/>
<table-count count="16"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="10"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that affects one in 500 individuals<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and is considered the most common isolated form of hereditary heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In addition to its genetic basis, the disease&apos;s pathophysiology involves a combination of diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, mitral regurgitation, and myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>This pathophysiological mechanism explains the development of clinical manifestations, which not only present with a highly heterogeneous clinical picture, but can begin at any stage of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This diversity in clinical presentations is largely due to genetic heterogeneity itself, with progression ranging from asymptomatic cases to sudden death as the initial diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>In the presence of symptoms, treatment for HCM is indicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Pharmacological therapy is the first-line treatment used to relieve heart failure symptoms. However, in cases of significant obstruction and severe symptoms refractory to drug treatment, more invasive measures may be necessary to improve symptoms and reduce the intraventricular gradient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Two invasive methods, surgical myectomy and alcohol septal ablation, are used to relieve LVOT obstruction in patients refractory to clinical treatment. Recent studies have reported favorable results of a new interventional procedure, radiofrequency septal ablation (RFSA).</p>
<p>There are few studies in the literature correlating myocardial thickness diameters with the success of this procedure. Therefore, our objective was to assess whether the degree of myocardial wall thickening prior to the intervention was associated with greater success in RFSA in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240097-gf01.tif"/>
<p>HCM: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; RFSA: Radiofrequency septal ablation; FC: functional class.</p>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<sec>
<title>Study Sample</title>
<p>This is a retrospective observational study based on a review of medical records, approved by our institutional research ethics committee under protocol No. 5133. Patients of both sexes, aged 18 years or older, diagnosed with HOCM, and who underwent RFSA treatment were included. The procedure was performed between May 2017 and October 2019.</p>
<p>Invasive therapy was indicated for patients with HOCM with a maximum gradient at rest or after provocative maneuver ≥ 50 mmHg, were symptomatic, and refractory to clinical treatment. Patients who underwent another concomitant invasive procedure or declined participation were excluded from the study.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>RFSA Protocol</title>
<p>The procedure protocol was described by Valdigem et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> RFSAs were performed in an electrophysiology room, with the patient under general anesthesia and mechanical ventilation. The right femoral artery was accessed using an 8F introducer for retroaortic access to the left ventricular septal region. Two additional punctures were made in the right femoral vein (6F introducer) to place one quadripolar catheter in the right septum (to identify the His bundle electrocardiographically) and another in the right ventricular apex.</p>
<p>With the aid of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), the ventricle-aortic gradient was measured, and the area of greatest flow acceleration—corresponding to the point of greatest obstruction — was identified.</p>
<p>Thus, using TEE morphofunctional analysis and electroanatomical mapping, the therapeutic catheter was positioned at the site of greatest septal obstruction, and radiofrequency energy was applied for 120 seconds (80W, 60 °C). After each application, the gradient was measured by means of TEE. Immediately after the procedure, TEE was used to measure the maximum gradient in the LVOT and to rule out complications such as pericardial effusion, mitral valve injury, or significant mitral regurgitation.</p>
<p>After the sheaths were removed, patients remained in the intensive care unit (ICU) for 24 hours and were then transferred to the inpatient ward for 3 to 5 days.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Research Design Flowchart</title>
<p>Medical records of eligible patients were reviewed according to the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Clinical data and interventricular septal diameters (measured by pre-procedure transthoracic echocardiography) were analyzed. Procedural success was defined as immediate gradient reduction, absence of reintervention within six months, improvement in NYHA functional class (FC), and gradient reduction at 6-month follow-up (Central Illustration).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Statistical Analysis</title>
<p>Frequency distribution was used to describe categorical variables. Central trend measures (mean and median) and variability (minimum, maximum, and standard deviation) were used to describe numerical variables.</p>
<p>Given the variability in hemodynamic conditions, two assessment settings were defined: intraprocedure and outpatient. <underline>Intraprocedure</underline>: considering the gradients immediately before ablation and immediately after ablation, with the patient intubated under the effect of positive pressure. <underline>Outpatient</underline>: considering the gradients estimated by the echocardiogram before the procedure and six months after the procedure.</p>
<p>The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to verify the association between the septal measurement numerical variable and procedural success. This test was chosen because the normal distribution of the septal measurements was not observed.</p>
<p>A graph was constructed for the evolution of the septal thickness at the time points before the procedure, three months, and six months after the ablation. A mixed linear regression model was used to assess changes in septal thickness over time, treating repeated patient measurements as a random effect.</p>
<p>The paired Student&apos;s <italic>t</italic>-test was applied to compare the numerical variable gradient before the procedure and at 6 months, where the normal distribution of the data was identified.</p>
<p>The nonparametric Wilcoxon paired test was applied to compare the numerical variable immediate gradient before the procedure and immediately after, and no normality was observed in the variables data.</p>
<p>The Shapiro-Wilk test was conducted to verify data normality (normal distribution) for each numerical variable.</p>
<p>Box-Plot graphs were used to represent the distribution of the pre and post-immediate gradient at timepoint zero and six months later.</p>
<p>A significance level of 5% was adopted for all statistical tests. The statistical software STATA version 16.0 was used to perform the statistical analyses (ref: StataCorp. 2019. Stata Statistical Software: Release 16.0. College Station, Texas: Stata Corporation).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>The study included 22 patients with HOCM who underwent RFSA treatment at a tertiary cardiology hospital between May 2017 and October 2019.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical characteristics observed before the procedure. Regarding gender, the sample was predominantly female, with seven men (32%) and 15 women (68%). Patient age ranged from 23 to 79 years, with a mean of 56.73 ± 12.20 years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 29.69 ± 5.46 kg/m².</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Clinical profile of patients before RFSA</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Clinical Characteristics</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Total patients (n = 22)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Age (years) – mean (SD)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">56.73 ± 12.20</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Female – n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 (68%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Male – n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7 (32%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">BMI (kg/m²) – mean (SD)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29.69 ± 5.46</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Body surface area (m²) – mean (SD)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.84 ± 0.23</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Smoking - n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (9%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Former smoker – n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (9%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16 (73%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Dyslipidemia</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11 (50%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Coronary artery disease</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3 (14%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Hypothyroidism</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3 (14%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (27%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Familial HCM</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (23%)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><p>N: number of patients; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; SD: Standard Deviation.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Regarding medical history, 16 patients (73%) were hypertensive, 11 (50%) had dyslipidemia, six (27%) were diabetic, and three (14%) had a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Three patients (14%) had associated coronary artery disease. A known family history of HCM was documented in approximately 23% of the cases.</p>
<p>Among the patients with previous coronary artery disease, only one had undergone prior myocardial revascularization.</p>
<p>Regarding symptoms (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), all 22 patients (100%) had dyspnea, 12 (55%) had angina, six (27%) experienced palpitation, seven (32%) had syncope, and five (23%) reported fainting. Nearly all patients (91%) were in FC III-IV despite clinical treatment. All 22 patients (100%) used beta-blockers, seven (32%) were on calcium channel blockers and two (9%) were using antiarrhythmics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><title>Symptoms reported by patients before RFSA</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Symptoms</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Total patients (n = 22)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Dyspnea</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22 (100%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">FC I</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">FC II</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (9%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">FC III</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 (68%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">FC IV</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (23%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Angina</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12 (55%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Palpitation</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (27%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Syncope</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7 (32%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Fainting</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (23%)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2"><p>FC: Function class.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption><title>Medications regularly used prior to the RFSA procedure</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Medication</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Total patients (n = 22)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Beta blocker</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22 (100%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Propranolol</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (27.3%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Atenolol</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11 (50%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Metoprolol</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (22.7%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Amiodarone</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1 (4.6%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Disopyramide</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1 (4.6%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Calcium channel blocker</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7 (31.8%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Amlodipine</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1 (4.6%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Verapamil</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3 (13.6%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Diltiazem</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3 (13.6%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">ARB</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (19.2%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Losartan</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (19.2%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Diuretics</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 (68.2%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Furosemide</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (9.1%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Hydrochlorothiazide</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (18.2%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Chlorthalidone</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8 (36.4%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Spironolactone</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 (59.1%)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3"><p>ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Mean heart rate was 62.45 bpm ± 6.99. The electrocardiogram performed before the procedure showed left ventricular overload in 100% of patients, and eight of them (36.4%) had left bundle branch block.</p>
<p>The mean septal thickness before the procedure was 18.59 mm (± 4.63), ranging from 13 mm to 32 mm (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Diastolic dysfunction (grades I to III) and mitral insufficiency due to systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve were notable findings. All patients had preserved systolic function, with a mean ejection fraction estimated by Simpson of 68% ± 4.3. As expected, ventricular mass was increased, with a mean value of 341.86 g (± 113.85). The mean, median, and standard deviation values of the echocardiographic parameters are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Table 4</label>
<caption><title>Individual echocardiographic characteristics prior to the RFSA procedure</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="8%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Patient</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Sex</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Age</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Aortic Root (mm)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">LA (mm)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">iLA (mm/m²)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">LVDD (mm)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Pre-Ablation Septal Thickness (mm)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Posterior Wall (mm)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Septum/PW Ratio</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">LV mass (g)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Indexed LV mass (g/m²)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">EF (%)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">55</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">60.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">44</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2.09</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">408</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">178.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">69</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">57</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">81.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">47</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">24</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">345</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">156</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">78</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">51</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">73.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">201</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">99</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">74</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">64</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">41</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">37.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">41</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">229</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">165</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">68</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">71</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">47</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.38</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">341</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">165</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">70</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">62</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">30</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">46.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">427</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">207</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">74</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">52</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">108.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">214</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">143</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">70</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">51</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">44</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">335</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">163</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">66</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">39</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2.13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">189</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">114</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">67</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">73</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">34</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">49.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">48</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.23</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">362</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">189</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">62</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">64</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">46</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">52.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">252</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">155</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">65</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">55</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">35</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">41</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">37.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">51</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.82</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">438</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">223</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">69</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">79</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">34</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">56</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">64.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">38</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">21</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">367</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">209</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">69</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">292</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">200</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">68</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">31</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">38</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">53.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">237</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">145</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">66</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">38</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">49</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.69</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">497</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">225</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">51</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">46</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">46.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">51</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">397</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">193</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">67</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">62</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">37</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">48</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.31</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">381</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">214</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">62</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">19</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">55</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">34</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">80.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">686</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">394</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">76</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">71</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">49</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">82.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">45</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">346</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">215</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">68</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">21</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">64</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">37</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">45</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">55.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">52</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.08</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">331</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">186</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">67</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">22</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">48</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">31</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">246</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">129</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">67</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN4"><p>LA: left atrium; iLA: indexed left atrium; LVDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; PW: posterior wall; LV: left ventricle; EF: ejection fraction.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t5">
<label>Table 5</label>
<caption><title>Echocardiographic parameters prior to the RFSA</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="17%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Median</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Standard deviation</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Minimum</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Maximum</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">AO (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32.77</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32.50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2.67</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">37</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">LA (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">44.59</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">44.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7.46</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">iLA (mm/m²)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">56.36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">49.50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18.76</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">108</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">LVDD (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43.64</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4.87</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">52</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">IS (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18.59</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4.63</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">PW (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12.64</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2.63</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">IS/PW</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2.12</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">LV mass (g)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">341.86</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">343.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">113.85</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">189</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">686</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Indexed LV mass (g/m²)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">184.88</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">182.15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58.49</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">99</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">394</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">LVEDV (ml)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">88.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">85.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23.10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">130</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">EF (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">68.32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">68.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4.29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">78</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN5"><p>AO: aortic root; LA: left atrium; iLA: indexed left atrial volume; LVDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; IS: interventricular septum; PW: posterior wall; IS/PW: interventricular septum/posterior wall ratio; LV: left ventricle; EDV: end-diastolic volume; EF: ejection fraction; LVEDV: Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>The mean initial maximum gradient estimated during the procedure was 78.18 mmHg (± 33.05). At the end of the procedure, the mean decreased to 34.09 mmHg (± 28.48).</p>
<p>Two patients developed complications at the puncture site, one pseudoaneurysm and two hematomas, which were resolved conservatively. Seven patients developed left bundle branch block immediately after the procedure and, and two patients had hypotension. There were no deaths or complications requiring surgical intervention during hospitalization. No cases of pericardial effusion or clinical cerebral embolic events were observed.</p>
<p>The mean length of hospital stay was 4.14 days, ranging from two to 10 days.</p>
<p>Before the radioablation procedure, 68% of the patients were in NYHA FC III, and 23% reported FC IV. At the end of one year after the procedure, 77% were in FC I, and 9% were in FC II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Percentage distribution of patients with FC I, II, III and IV before and after 6 months of the RFSA procedure. FC: functional class.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240097-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>LVOT gradient measurements were performed immediately before and after radioablation, considering the same hemodynamic status (patient sedated, on mechanical ventilation with PEEP of 5, with the same pressure level and inferior vena cava diameter) for accurate analysis of gradient variation related to the procedure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 2</xref>). A statistically significant reduction in the LVOT gradient was observed, with the median pre-procedure value at 68 mmHg and the median immediate post-procedure value at 27 mmHg (p &lt; 0.001). Obstructive gradients recorded in the outpatient setting prior to the procedure (mean = 110.5 mmHg) were higher than those recorded in the procedure room, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 3</xref>, and higher than those measured in the outpatient setting six months post-procedure (45.7 mmHg) compared to the immediate post-procedure values. This difference is likely due to the hemodynamic response under sedation during the radioablation procedure. In both assessments, a significant reduction in the gradient was observed: a mean relative reduction of 58.9% immediately after the procedure and 52% at the 6-month follow-up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Gradients assesment immediately before and after RFSA.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240097-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Gradients assesment before and after 6 months of the RFSA procedure.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240097-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="t6">
<label>Table 6</label>
<caption><title>Gradient in the pre- and post-intraprocedural time points and at 6 months</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="17%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Time points</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Pre</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Post</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Absolute Dif. [95% CI]</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Relative Reduction % [95% CI]</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Intraprocedural</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">78.2 ± 33.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">34.1 ± 28.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">-44.1 [-53.3; −34.9]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58.9 [51.1; 66.7]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Outpatient</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">110.5 ± 41.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">45.7 ± 24.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">-60.9 [-80.7; −41.1]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">52.0 [38.2; 65.8]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN6"><p>CI: Confident interval.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>There is no established definition of successful outcomes for RFSA in the literature. Ifor this study, success was defined as an immediate gradient reduction of ≥ 50%, with this reduction maintained six months after the procedure. Gradients lower than 50 mmHg and lower than 30 mmHg immediately after the procedure were also considered parameters of procedural success. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref> shows the proportion of patients who presented a reduced gradient (immediately after RFSA and at six months) according to success-defining parameters. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to verify the association between ventricular septum diameter and RFSA success. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 8</xref> shows the distribution of septal measurements based on procedural outcomes. When defining success as a gradient reduction of ≥ 50%, septa with a median thickness of 18 mm were associated with better outcomes compared to those with 15 mm (p &lt; 0.05). When success was defined as a gradient reduction of ≥ 50% and an absolute gradient below 50 mmHg, septa with a median thickness of 18 mm again showed better outcomes than those with 15 mm (p &lt; 0.05). No significant associations were found in the other success categories (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
<table-wrap id="t7">
<label>Table 7</label>
<caption><title>Proportion of patients who reduced gradients comparing pre and immediate post, and comparing pre-outpatient and 6-months post-outpatient</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Endpoints</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Total</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>Pre- and Post-Immediate Intraoperative</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Immediate gradient reduction ≥ 50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16/22 (72.7%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Post-immediate gradient ≤ 50 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19/22 (86.4%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Post-immediate gradient ≤ 30 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12/22 (54.5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gradient reduction ≥ 50% and Post-immediate gradient ≤ 50 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16/22 (72.7%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gradient reduction ≥ 50% of Post-immediate gradient ≤ 30 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12/22 (54.5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="3"><bold>Pre-Outpatient and 6-Months Post-Outpatient</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gradient reduction in 6 months ≥ 50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12/20 (60.0%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gradient after 6 months ≤ 50 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12/20 (60.0%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gradient after 5 months ≤ 30 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7/20 (35.0%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gradient reduction in 6 months ≥ 50% and after 6 months gradient ≤ 50 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9/20 (45.0%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gradient reduction in 6 months ≥ 50% and after 6 months gradient ≤ 30 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6/20 (30.0%)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t8">
<label>Table 8</label>
<caption><title>Distribution of septum measurements according to success group</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="13%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" />
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="7">SEPTUM</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">SUCCESS</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Category</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Variation</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Median</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Mean (SD)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Immediate gradient dropped MORE than 50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(1.3)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0.050</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">Yes</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5.0)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Immediate gradient dropped BELOW 50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(1.7)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0.300</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">Yes</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(4.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Immediate gradient dropped BELOW 30%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(4.2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0.421</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">Yes</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5.0)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Immediate gradient dropped more than 50% and BELOW 50 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(1.3)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0.050</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">Yes</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5.0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Immediate gradient dropped more than 50% and BELOW 30 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(4.2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0.421</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">Yes</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5.0)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Success 6 months gradient DROPPED more than 50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5.2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0.137</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">Yes</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(4.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Success Gradient 6 months BELOW 50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 23</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(3.1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0.506</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">Yes</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 - 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Success Gradient 6 months DROPPED Below 30 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5.1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0.984</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">Yes</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(4.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Success gradient 6 months dropped &gt; 50% and below 50 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5.1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0.751</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">Yes</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(4.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Success gradient 6 months dropped &gt; 50% and below 30 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5.0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0.889</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">Yes</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(4.4)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN7"><p>SD: Standard Deviation. P-value obtained by the Mann-Whitney U test.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>The measurement of septal thickness at the pre-procedure, three-months and six-months’ time points is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 4</xref>. The red line represents the mean values. A mixed linear model was used to evaluate the effect of time on septal thickness, considering the dependence between participants. No evidence was found to suggest that the measurements changed over time.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><title>Profile graph of the septal thickness evolution (mean and standard deviation) over time.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240097-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>To date, this study has shown that RFSA presents favorable results in reducing the ventricular gradient, without fatal complications.</p>
<p>To minimize hemodynamic variability, we compared gradients measured immediately before and after the procedure while the patient was sedated and on mechanical ventilation in the catheterization lab. Similarly, we compared outpatient gradients measured before the procedure with those measured six months post-procedure.</p>
<p>The procedure was largely successful, whether defined as a gradient reduction of more than 50%, an absolute gradient below 50 mmHg or 30 mmHg, or a combination of these criteria. Immediate gradient reduction above 50% occurred in 72.7% of patients.</p>
<p>The result at 6 months also demonstrated a gradient reduction ≥ 50% in 60% of the patients. At six months, the patients benefited from the procedure, as demonstrated by improved FC in 100% of the patients, without the need for reintervention.</p>
<p>The results analysis showed that septa with a median of 18 mm tended to have greater success than those with a median of 15 mm. This can be explained by the fact that greater septal thicknesses are related to higher gradients, and the reduction becomes more noticeable in patients who already have greater gradients.</p>
<p>Over the course of six months, the analysis of the septal diameter evolution was influenced by the loss of data, but there was no significant change during this period. These findings suggest that the gradient reduction probably occurs due to the lower motility of the septal segment treated by radioablation, rather than a reduction in its thickness.</p>
<sec>
<title>Study Limitations</title>
<p>This was a retrospective study with a short follow-up period. As a retrospective study, we acknowledge that including a validated quality of life questionnaire pre- and post-procedure (six months) would have provided additional insight beyond NYHA FC. Likewise, the six-minute walk test and cardiopulmonary test would have offered quantitative parameters, which would certainly contribute more valuable data.</p>
<p>The sample size was small, which limits statistical correlation. The small sample size and retrospective design restricted our ability to perform comparative analyses with other established methods, such as alcohol septal ablation or surgical myectomy.</p>
<p>Since data were obtained from medical records, some cases were excluded due to incomplete information.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>RFSA is an effective and safe technique in the invasive management of HOCM. The procedure allows for a significant reduction in intraventricular gradient, improvement in FC, and maintenance of results in short-term follow-up.</p>
<p>Multicenter studies comparing RFSA to traditional invasive techniques, with long-term follow-up, are required for this new modality to be considered an alternative for invasive management in HOCM, as outlined in the guidelines.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of Funding</label><p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study Association</label><p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Mariane Higa Shinzato, from Dante Pazzanese Institute/São Paulo University.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Dante Pazzanese Heart Institute under the protocol number 5133. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4"><label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
<label>Availability of Research</label>
<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
</sec>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240097</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica: Análise da Espessura Septal com a Redução do Gradiente em Pacientes Submetidos à Ablação Septal por Radiofrequência</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0056-4378</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Vilela</surname><given-names>Andrea de Andrade</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7166-5841</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Shinzato</surname><given-names>Mariane Higa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0676-2033</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Valdigem</surname><given-names>Bruno Pereira</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2535-4342</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Paladino</surname><given-names>Antonio Tito</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6414-8838</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Correia</surname><given-names>Edileide de Barros</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5153-8420</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Assef</surname><given-names>Jorge Eduardo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Vila Nova Star, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Andrea de Andrade Vilela</bold> • Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP: <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>andreadeandradevilela@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label><p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento:</title>
<p>A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva (CMHO) é uma doença genética autossômica dominante. A indicação de tratamento invasivo para a redução do gradiente intraventricular ocorre nos pacientes (p) refratários ao tratamento clínico com gradiente ≥ 50 mmHg. A ablação por radiofrequência (ARF) é, atualmente, uma das opções disponíveis para o manejo invasivo.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivos:</title>
<p>Correlacionar o diâmetro do septo interventricular com o sucesso do procedimento, definido como a redução do gradiente no pós-procedimento imediato, melhora da classe funcional e redução do gradiente seis meses após o procedimento.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Métodos:</title>
<p>Foram incluídos 22 pacientes com CMHO. O ecocardiograma transtorácico foi realizado antes e seis meses após a ARF, enquanto o ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) foi realizado no intraprocedimento.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>A idade média foi de 56,64 anos (± 12,23), com 68,18% dos pacientes do sexo feminino e 73% hipertensos. A redução imediata do gradiente em mais de 50% foi observada em 72,7% dos pacientes. Aos seis meses, também houve redução do gradiente ≥ 50% em 60% dos casos, além de melhora da classe funcional. Os valores de espessura septal com mediana de 18 mm estiveram associados a maior sucesso no procedimento em comparação com os de mediana de 15 mm. Não houve alteração significativa na espessura septal durante o seguimento de seis meses.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusão:</title>
<p>A ablação septal por radiofrequência (ASRF) é uma técnica eficaz e segura no manejo invasivo da CMHO. Proporciona redução significativa do gradiente intraventricular com melhora da classe funcional e manutenção de resultados no curto prazo de seguimento. Septos mais espessos mostraram correlação com maiores reduções de gradientes no intraprocedimento, mas não houve redução da espessura septal no seguimento de seis meses.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica</kwd>
<kwd>Ablação por Radiofrequência</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f6">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240097-gf01-pt.tif"/>
<p>CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertrófica; ASRF: ablação septal por radiofrequência.</p>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) é uma doença genética autossômica dominante que afeta um a cada 500 indivíduos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sendo considerada a forma isolada mais comum de doença cardíaca hereditária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Associada à base genética, a combinação de disfunção diastólica, obstrução da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE), regurgitação mitral e isquemia miocárdica compõem a base fisiopatológica da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Tal mecanismo fisiopatológico justifica o desenvolvimento de manifestações clínicas que, além de apresentarem um quadro clínico bastante heterogêneo, podem ter início em qualquer fase da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Essa diversidade de apresentações clínicas está fortemente relacionada à heterogeneidade genética da doença, de modo que sua evolução pode variar desde casos assintomáticos até a morte súbita como diagnóstico inicial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Na presença de sintomas, o tratamento da CMH é indicado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A terapêutica farmacológica é o tratamento de primeira linha utilizado para o alívio dos sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca. Entretanto, quando há obstrução significativa e sintomas graves refratários ao tratamento medicamentoso, medidas mais invasivas podem ser necessárias a fim de melhorar os sintomas e reduzir o gradiente intraventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Dois métodos invasivos, a miectomia cirúrgica e ablação septal com álcool, são usados para aliviar a obstrução de VSVE em pacientes refratários ao tratamento clínico. Mais recentemente, estudos têm mostrado resultados favoráveis de um novo procedimento intervencionista, a ablação septal por radiofrequência (ASRF).</p>
<p>Trabalhos na literatura que correlacionem os diâmetros da espessura miocárdica com o sucesso desse procedimento são escassos. Sendo assim, nosso objetivo foi avaliar se o grau de espessamento da parede miocárdica pré-tratamento invasivo estaria relacionado ao maior sucesso no procedimento de ASRF em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva (CMHO).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Métodos</title>
<sec>
<title>Amostra do estudo</title>
<p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional retrospectivo, realizado através da revisão de prontuário, devidamente aprovado pelo comitê de ética e pesquisa sob o protocolo n.º 5133 de nossa instituição. Foram incluídos pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, com diagnóstico de CMHO e que realizaram tratamento de ASRF. O procedimento foi realizado entre maio de 2017 e outubro de 2019.</p>
<p>A terapia invasiva foi indicada em pacientes com CMHO com gradiente máximo em repouso ou pós-manobra provocativa ≥ 50 mmHg sintomáticos e refratários ao tratamento clínico. Pacientes nos quais outro procedimento invasivo concomitante foi realizado ou que se recusaram a participar da pesquisa foram excluídos do estudo.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Protocolo do procedimento de ASRF</title>
<p>O protocolo do procedimento foi descrito por Valdigem et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As ASRFs foram realizadas em sala de eletrofisiologia, com o paciente sob anestesia geral e em ventilação mecânica. A artéria femoral direita foi puncionada com introdutor 8F para acesso à região septal do ventrículo esquerdo via acesso retroaórtico. Além disso, foram realizadas mais duas punções na veia femoral direita (introdutor 6F) para posicionamento de cateter quadripolar no septo direito (para identificação eletrocardiográfica do feixe de His) e de outro cateter quadripolar na ponta do ventrículo direito.</p>
<p>Com o auxílio do ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE), foi mensurado o gradiente ventrículo-aórtico e determinada a região de maior aceleração do fluxo, que corresponde à área de maior obstrução.</p>
<p>Dessa maneira, através da análise morfofuncional do ETE e do mapeamento eletroanatômico, o cateter terapêutico foi posicionado no septo (local de maio obstrução) e foram feitas aplicações de radiofrequência por 120 segundos (80W, 60 °C). Após cada aplicação, uma nova aferição do gradiente foi realizada por meio do ETE. No pós-procedimento imediato, o ETE determinou o gradiente máximo na VSVE e descartou possíveis intercorrências, como derrame pericárdico, lesão valvar mitral e grau de regurgitação mitral.</p>
<p>Após a retirada de introdutores, os pacientes permaneceram em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) por 24 horas, sendo posteriormente encaminhados para a enfermaria, onde permaneceram por três a cinco dias.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Fluxograma do desenho da pesquisa</title>
<p>A revisão de prontuário foi realizada nos pacientes elegíveis, de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão descritos. Foram analisados os dados clínicos e os diâmetros do septo interventricular, que foram mensurados pelo exame de ecocardiograma transtorácico pré-procedimento. Consideramos como sucesso do procedimento a redução do gradiente no pós-procedimento imediato, a ausência de necessidade de reintervenção em seis meses, a melhora da classe funcional conforme a New York Heart Association (NYHA) e a redução do gradiente após seis meses (Figura Central).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Análise estatística</title>
<p>A distribuição de frequências foi utilizada para descrever as variáveis categóricas. As medidas de tendência central (média e mediana) e de variabilidade (mínimo, máximo e desvio padrão) foram utilizadas para descrever as variáveis numéricas.</p>
<p>Nota-se que, devido à condição hemodinâmica diferenciada, foram definidas duas situações: intraprocedimento e ambulatorial. <underline>Intraprocedimento:</underline> considerados os gradientes imediatamente antes da ablação e imediatamente após a ablação, estando o paciente intubado e sob efeito de pressão positiva. <underline>Ambulatorial:</underline> considerados os gradientes estimados pelo ecocardiograma pré-procedimento e seis meses após o procedimento.</p>
<p>O teste não paramétrico U de Mann-Whitney foi adotado para verificar a associação entre a variável numérica da medida do septo e o sucesso do procedimento, uma vez que não foi observada distribuição normal das medidas do septo.</p>
<p>Para a evolução da espessura do septo nos momentos pré-procedimento, três meses e seis meses após a ablação, foi construído um gráfico. Utilizou-se um modelo de regressão linear misto para avaliar se houve modificação na espessura nos tempos avaliados, considerando como efeito aleatório a repetição das medidas do paciente no período.</p>
<p>O teste t de <italic>Student</italic> pareado foi aplicado para comparar a variável numérica do gradiente pré-procedimento e em seis meses, onde foi identificada a distribuição normal dos dados.</p>
<p>O teste pareado de <italic>Wilcoxon,</italic> não paramétrico, foi aplicado para comparar a variável numérica do gradiente imediato pré-procedimento com o imediato pós-procedimento, e não se observou normalidade dos dados dessas variáveis.</p>
<p>O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi conduzido para verificar a normalidade dos dados (distribuição normal) de cada variável numérica.</p>
<p>Gráficos <italic>Box-Plot</italic> foram utilizados para representar a distribuição do gradiente no pré e pós-imediato, bem como do gradiente no tempo zero e após seis meses.</p>
<p>Adotou-se um nível de significância de 5% para todos os testes estatísticos. O programa estatístico para computadores STATA, versão 16.0, foi utilizado para a realização das análises estatísticas (ref: StataCorp. 2019. Stata Statistical Software: Release 16.0. College Station, Texas: Stata Corporation).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>Foram incluídos no estudo 22 pacientes com CMHO que realizaram tratamento com ASRF em um hospital terciário de cardiologia, no período entre maio de 2017 e outubro de 2019.</p>
<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as características clínicas observadas antes do procedimento. Em relação ao gênero, a amostra foi predominantemente composta por mulheres, sendo sete homens (32%) e 15 mulheres (68%). A idade dos pacientes variou de 23 a 79 anos, com média de 56,73 ± 12,20 anos. A média do índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi 29,69 ± 5,46 kg/m².</p>
<table-wrap id="t9">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Perfil clínico dos pacientes antes da ASRF</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Características clínicas</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Total de pacientes (n = 22)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Idade (anos) – média (DP)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">56,73 ± 12,20</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Sexo feminino – n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 (68%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Sexo masculino – n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7 (32%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">IMC (kg/m²) – média (DP)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29,69 ± 5,46</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Superfície corpórea (m²) – média (DP)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,84 ± 0,23</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Tabagista – n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (9%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Ex-tabagista – n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (9%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Hipertensão arterial sistêmica</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16 (73%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Dislipidemia</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11 (50%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Doença arterial coronariana</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3 (14%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Hipotireoidismo</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3 (14%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (27%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">CMH familiar</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (23%)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN8"><p>N: número de pacientes. DP: desvio padrão. IMC: índice de massa corporal. CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertrófica.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Em relação aos antecedentes pessoais, 16 pacientes (73%) eram hipertensos, 11 (50%) apresentavam dislipidemia, seis (27%) eram diabéticos e três (14%) apresentavam diagnóstico de hipotireoidismo. Três pacientes (14%) apresentavam doença arterial coronariana associada. Aproximadamente 23% tinham histórico familiar de CMH conhecido e documentado em prontuário.</p>
<p>Dentre os pacientes com doença coronariana prévia, somente um tinha sido submetido à revascularização do miocárdio prévia.</p>
<p>Com relação aos sintomas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 2</xref>), todos os 22 pacientes (100%) apresentavam dispneia, 12 (55%) referiam angina, seis (27%) palpitação, sete (32%) síncope e cinco (23%) lipotimia. Quase a totalidade dos pacientes (91%) encontrava-se em classe funcional (CF) III-IV, apesar do tratamento clínico. Todos os 22 pacientes (100%) utilizavam betabloqueadores, sete (32%) usavam bloqueadores de canais de cálcio e dois (9%) faziam uso de antiarrítmicos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t10">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption><title>Sintomas relatados pelos pacientes antes da ASRF</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Sintomas</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Total de pacientes (n = 22)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Dispneia</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22 (100%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">CF I</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">CF II</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (9%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">CF III</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 (68%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">CF IV</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (23%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Angina</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12 (55%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Palpitação</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (27%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Síncope</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7 (32%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Lipotimia</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (23%)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN9"><p>CF: Classe funcional.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t11">
<label>Tabela 3</label>
<caption><title>Medicamentos de uso regular prévios ao procedimento de ASRF</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Medicamentos</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Total de pacientes (n = 22)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Beta bloqueador</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22 (100%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Propranolol</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (27,3%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Atenolol</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11 (50%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Metoprolol</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (22,7%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Amiodarona</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1 (4,6%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Disopiramida</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1 (4,6%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Bloqueador de canal de cálcio</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7 (31,8%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Anlodipino</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1 (4,6%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Verapamil</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3 (13,6%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Diltiazem</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3 (13,6%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">BRA</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (19,2%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Losartana</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (19,2%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Diuréticos</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 (68,2%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Furosemida</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (9,1%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Hidroclorotiazida</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (18,2%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Clortalidona</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8 (36,4%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Espironolactona</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 (59,1%)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN10"><p>BRA: bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>A frequência cardíaca média foi de 62,45 bpm ± 6,99. No eletrocardiograma realizado antes do procedimento, verificou-se a presença de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda em 100% dos pacientes, e em oito deles (36,4%) havia bloqueio de ramo esquerdo.</p>
<p>A espessura septal média no pré-procedimento foi de 18,59 mm (± 4,63), variando de 13 mm a 32mm (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 4</xref>). Destaca-se a presença de disfunção diastólica, variando de graus I a III, e de insuficiência mitral, relacionada ao movimento anterior sistólico do aparato da valva mitral. A totalidade dos pacientes apresentava função sistólica preservada, com média da fração de ejeção estimada por Simpson de 68% ± 4,3. Como esperado, a massa ventricular encontrava-se aumentada, com valor médio de 341,86 g (± 113,85). Os valores de média, mediana e desvio padrão dos parâmetros ecocardiográficos estão disponíveis na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t12">
<label>Tabela 4</label>
<caption><title>Características ecocardiográficas individuais prévias ao procedimento de ASRF</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="center" valign="middle">Paciente</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Gênero</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Idade</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Raiz da Aorta (mm)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">AE (mm)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">AEi (mm/m²)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">DDVE (mm)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Espessura Septal Pré-Ablação (mm)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">PP (mm)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Relação Septo/PP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Massa do VE (g)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Massa do VE indexada (g/m²)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">FE (%)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">55</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">60,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">44</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2,09</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">408</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">178,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">69</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">57</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">81,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">47</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">24</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">345</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">156</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">78</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">51</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">73,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">201</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">99</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">74</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">64</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">41</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">37,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">41</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">229</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">165</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">68</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">71</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">47</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,38</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">341</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">165</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">70</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">62</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">30</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">46,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">427</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">207</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">74</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">52</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">108,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">214</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">143</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">70</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">51</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">44</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">335</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">163</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">66</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">39</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2,13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">189</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">114</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">67</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">73</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">34</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">49,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">48</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,23</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">362</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">189</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">62</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">64</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">46</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">52,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">252</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">155</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">65</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">55</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">35</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">41</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">37,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">51</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,82</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">438</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">223</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">69</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">79</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">34</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">56</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">64,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">38</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">21</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">367</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">209</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">69</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">292</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">200</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">68</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">31</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">38</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">53,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">237</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">145</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">66</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">38</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">49</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,69</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">497</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">225</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">51</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">46</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">46,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">51</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">397</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">193</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">67</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">62</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">37</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">48</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,31</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">381</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">214</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">62</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">19</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">M</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">55</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">34</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">80,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">686</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">394</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">76</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">71</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">49</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">82,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">45</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">346</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">215</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">68</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">21</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">64</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">37</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">45</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">55,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">52</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,08</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">331</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">186</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">67</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">22</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">F</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">48</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">31</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">246</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">129</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">67</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN11"><p>AE: átrio esquerdo; AEi: átrio esquerdo indexado; DDVE: diâmetro diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo; PP: parede posterior; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; FE: fração de ejeção.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t13">
<label>Tabela 5</label>
<caption><title>Parâmetros ecocardiográficos antes da ASRF</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="17%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Parâmetros</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Média</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mediana</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Desvio padrão</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mínimo</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Máximo</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">AO (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32,77</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32,50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2,67</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">37</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">AE (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">44,59</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">44,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7,46</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">AEi (mm/m²)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">56,36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">49,50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18,76</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">108</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">DDVE (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43,64</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">43,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4,87</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">52</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">SI (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18,59</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4,63</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">PP (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12,64</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2,63</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">SI/PP</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2,12</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Massa do VE (g)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">341,86</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">343,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">113,85</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">189</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">686</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Massa do VE indexada (g/m²)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">184,88</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">182,15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58,49</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">99</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">394</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">VDF do VE (ml)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">88,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">85,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23,10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">130</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">FE (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">68,32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">68,00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4,29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">78</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN12"><p>AO: raiz da aorta; AE: átrio esquerdo; AEi: volume de átrio esquerdo indexado; DDVE: diâmetro diastólico final de ventrículo esquerdo; SI: septo interventricular; PP: parede posterior; SI/PP: relação septo interventricular/parede posterior; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; VDF: volume diastólico final; FE: fração de ejeção.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>A média dos gradientes máximos iniciais estimados durante o procedimento foi de 78,18 mmHg (± 33,05). Ao seu término, a média reduziu para 34,09 mmHg (± 28,48).</p>
<p>Dois pacientes desenvolveram complicações no sítio de punção, sendo um pseudoaneurisma e dois hematomas, que foram resolvidos de modo conservador. Sete pacientes desenvolveram bloqueio de ramo esquerdo imediatamente após o procedimento, e dois apresentaram hipotensão arterial. Não houve óbitos nem complicações que exigissem intervenção cirúrgica durante a internação. Também não foram registrados casos de derrame pericárdico ou eventos embólicos cerebrais clínicos.</p>
<p>O tempo médio de internação hospitalar foi de 4,14 dias, variando de dois a 10 dias.</p>
<p>Antes do procedimento de radioablação, 68% dos pacientes apresentavam classe funcional de NYHA III, e 23% reportavam classe funcional IV. Ao final de um ano pós-procedimento, 77% dos pacientes estavam em classe funcional I, e 9% em classe funcional II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Distribuição percentual dos pacientes com classe funcional I, II, III e IV antes e após 6 meses do procedimento de ASRF. CF: classe funcional.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240097-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>As mensurações do gradiente na VSVE foram realizadas imediatamente antes e após a radioablação, sempre considerando a mesma situação hemodinâmica (paciente sedado, em ventilação mecânica com PEEP de 5, com o mesmo nível pressórico e mesmo diâmetro de veia cava inferior) para uma análise acurada da variação desse gradiente relacionado ao procedimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>). Houve diferença estatística na magnitude da queda do gradiente da VSVE, com uma mediana de gradiente pré-procedimento estimada em 68 mmHg e uma mediana de gradiente pós-procedimento imediato de 27 mmHg (p &lt; 0,001). Os gradientes obstrutivos registrados ambulatorialmente pré-procedimento (média = 110,5 mmHg) foram maiores do que os registrados dentro da sala de procedimento, vide <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>, assim como os gradientes registrados ambulatorialmente após seis meses do procedimento (45,7 mmHg) em comparação com o gradiente mensurado após o procedimento imediato. Provavelmente, tal diferença se deve à resposta hemodinâmica sob o efeito da sedação durante o procedimento de radioablação. De qualquer forma, observamos uma redução significativa do gradiente em ambas as avaliações, tanto no pós-procedimento imediato (com uma redução relativa média de 58,9%) quanto na avaliação ambulatorial de seis meses (com uma redução relativa média de 52%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Avaliação dos gradientes imediatamente antes e após a ASRF.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240097-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Avaliação dos gradientes antes e após 6 meses do procedimento de ASRF.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240097-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="t14">
<label>Tabela 6</label>
<caption><title>Gradiente nos momentos pré e pós-intraprocedimento e em 6 meses</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="17%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Momentos</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Pré</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Pós</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Dif. Absoluta [IC de 95%]</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Redução Relativa % [IC de 95%]</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Valor-p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Intraprocedimento</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">78,2 ± 33,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">34,1 ± 28,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">-44,1 [-53,3; −34,9]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58,9 [51,1; 66,7]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">Ambulatorial</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">110,5 ± 41,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">45,7 ± 24,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">-60,9 [-80,7; −41,1]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">52,0 [38,2; 65,8]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Não há na literatura uma definição de sucesso no procedimento de ASRF. Para o nosso estudo, definimos como sucesso a redução imediata do gradiente inicial em 50% ou mais, e a manutenção do gradiente pós-procedimento em seis meses. Gradientes pós-procedimento imediato menores que 50 mmHg e menores que 30 mmHg também foram considerados como parâmetros de sucesso. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">tabela 7</xref>, apresentamos a proporção de pacientes que apresentaram redução do gradiente (no pós-imediato da ASRF e em seis meses) de acordo com os parâmetros definidos para sucesso. O teste não paramétrico U de Mann-Whitney foi adotado para verificar a associação entre o diâmetro do septo ventricular e o sucesso da ASRF. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">tabela 8</xref>, temos a distribuição das medidas do septo de acordo com o desfecho considerado sucesso. Se considerarmos a redução do gradiente em ≥ 50%, observamos que septos com mediana de 18 mm apresentaram desfecho favorável, em comparação com septos de 15 mm (p &lt; 0,05). Se considerarmos como sucesso a redução do gradiente em ≥ 50% e ao mesmo tempo abaixo de 50 mmHg, observamos que septos com mediana de 18 mm apresentaram desfecho favorável, em comparação com septos de 15 mm (p &lt; 0,05). Não houve associações significativas nas demais categorias de sucesso (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
<table-wrap id="t15">
<label>Tabela 7</label>
<caption><title>Proporção de pacientes que reduziram gradientes comparando pré e pós-imediato, e comparando pré-ambulatorial e pós-ambulatorial de 6 meses</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Desfechos</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Total</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>Pré e pós-Imediato intraoperatório</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Redução do gradiente imediato ≥ 50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16/22 (72,7%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gradiente pós-imediato ≤ 50 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19/22 (86,4%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gradiente pós-imediato ≤ 30 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12/22 (54,5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Redução do gradiente ≥ 50% e Gradiente pós-imediato ≤ 50 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16/22 (72,7%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Redução do gradiente ≥ 50% de Gradiente pós-imediato ≤ 30 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12/22 (54,5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="3"><bold>Pré-ambulatorial e pós-ambulatorial de 6 meses</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Redução do gradiente em 6 meses ≥ 50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12/20 (60,0%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gradiente após 6 meses ≤ 50 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12/20 (60,0%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gradiente após 5 meses ≤ 30 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7/20 (35,0%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Redução do gradiente em 6 meses ≥ 50% e Gradiente após 6 meses ≤ 50 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9/20 (45,0%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Redução do gradiente em 6 meses ≥ 50% e Gradiente após 6 meses ≤ 30 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6/20 (30,0%)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t16">
<label>Tabela 8</label>
<caption><title>Distribuição das medidas do septo de acordo com grupo de sucesso</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="13%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" />
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="7">SEPTO</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">SUCESSO</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Categoria</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Variação</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mediana</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Média (DP)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Valor-p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Gradiente imediato caiu MAIS do que 50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Não</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(1,3)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0,050</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">Sim</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5,0)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Gradiente imediato caiu ABAIXO de 50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Não</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(1,7)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0,300</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">Sim</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(4,8)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Gradiente imediato caiu ABAIXO de 30%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Não</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(4,2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0,421</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">Sim</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5,0)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Gradiente imediato caiu mais do que 50% e ABAIXO de 50 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Não</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(1,3)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0,050</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">Sim</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5,0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Gradiente imediato caiu mais do que 50% e ABAIXO de 30 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Não</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(4,2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0,421</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">Sim</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5,0)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Sucesso Gradiente 6 meses CAIU mais do que 50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Não</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5,2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0,137</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">Sim</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(4,2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Sucesso Gradiente 6 meses ABAIXO de 50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Não</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 23</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(3,1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0,506</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">Sim</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 - 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5,4)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Sucesso Gradiente 6 meses caiu e ABAIXO de 30 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Não</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5,1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0,984</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">Sim</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(4,1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Sucesso Gradiente 6 meses caiu &gt;50% e abaixo de 50 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Não</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5,1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0,751</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="top">Sim</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(4,4)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Sucesso Gradiente 6 meses Caiu &gt;50% e abaixo de 30 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Não</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 – 32</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(5,0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">0,889</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="top">Sim</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 – 27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">19,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">(4,4)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN13"><p>DP: Desvio Padrão. Valor-p obtido pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>A medida da espessura do septo nos momentos pré-procedimento, três meses e seis meses está demonstrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>. A linha vermelha representa os valores médios. Utilizou-se um modelo linear misto para avaliar o efeito do tempo na espessura septal, considerando a dependência entre os participantes. Não foram identificadas evidências de que as medidas se alteraram ao longo do tempo.</p>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption><title>Gráfico de perfis da evolução da espessura septal (média e desvio padrão) no tempo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240097-gf05-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>Esse estudo, até o momento, mostrou que a ASRF apresenta resultados favoráveis na redução do gradiente ventricular, sem complicações fatais.</p>
<p>Com o objetivo de minimizar influências hemodinâmicas, fizemos a comparação dos gradientes mensurados imediatamente pré e pós-procedimento (momento em que o paciente estava na sala de hemodinâmica, sedado e sob ventilação mecânica). Da mesma forma, comparamos os gradientes mensurados no paciente ambulatorial no pré-procedimento e após seis meses.</p>
<p>O resultado imediato do procedimento foi majoritariamente de sucesso, seja pela redução do gradiente imediato acima de 50%, redução abaixo de 50 mmHg, redução abaixo de 30 mmHg, ou pela análise combinada desses parâmetros. A redução imediata do gradiente acima de 50% ocorreu em 72,7% dos pacientes.</p>
<p>O resultado em seis meses também demonstrou redução do gradiente ≥ 50% em 60% dos pacientes. Em seis meses, os pacientes avaliados se beneficiaram do procedimento, conforme demonstrado pela melhora da classe funcional em 100% dos pacientes, sem necessidade de reintervenção.</p>
<p>A análise dos resultados demonstrou que septos com mediana de 18 mm tenderam a ter maior sucesso no procedimento em comparação com septos com mediana de 15 mm. Isso pode ser justificado pelo fato de que maiores espessuras septais estão relacionadas a maiores gradientes, e a redução torna-se mais evidente em pacientes que já apresentam gradientes maiores.</p>
<p>Ao longo de seis meses, a análise da evolução do diâmetro septal sofreu influência pela perda de dados, mas foi possível perceber que não houve mudança significativa durante esse período. Tais achados sugerem que a redução do gradiente provavelmente ocorra por redução da motilidade do segmento septal tratado por radioablação, e não pela redução da sua espessura.</p>
<sec>
<title>Limitações do estudo</title>
<p>Este foi um estudo retrospectivo com tempo de seguimento curto. Como retrospectivo, entendemos que a aplicação de questionários de qualidade de vida já validados, antes e após seis meses do procedimento, poderia proporcionar um conhecimento mais amplo sobre a melhora clínica, não se limitando apenas à avaliação da classe funcional pela NYHA. Da mesma forma, o teste de caminhada de seis minutos e o teste cardiopulmonar seriam parâmetros quantitativos que, seguramente, acrescentariam informações valiosas.</p>
<p>O número amostral foi pequeno, o que limita a correlação estatística. A amostra reduzida e o fato de se tratar de um estudo retrospectivo também impossibilitaram a realização de análises comparativas com outros métodos já consolidados, como a ablação septal alcoólica e a miectomia cirúrgica.</p>
<p>Como os dados foram embasados na revisão de prontuários, houve perda de número amostral devido a dados incompletos nos registros analisados.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>A ASRF é uma técnica eficaz e segura no manejo invasivo da CMHO. Ela permite redução significativa do gradiente intraventricular com melhora da classe funcional, com resultados mantidos no curto prazo de seguimento.</p>
<p>Estudos multicêntricos, comparando a ASRF às técnicas invasivas clássicas, e com seguimento a longo prazo, são necessários para que essa nova modalidade passe a compor uma das alternativas de manejo invasivo na CMHO, conforme descrito nas diretrizes.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5"><label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Este artigo é parte de tese de Doutorado de Mariane Higa Shinzato pela Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia/Universidade de São Paulo.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia sob o número de protocolo 5133. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8"><label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
<label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
</sec>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
