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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240091i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240091i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>My Approach to Diagnose Fabry Disease</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3152-298X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Sandra Marques e</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Sandra Marques e Silva</bold> • Área especial. Quadra 101 / 301. Postal code: <postal-code>70719-040</postal-code>. Brasília, DF – Brazil E-mail: <email>smarquesmd@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240091</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>27</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>05</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>05</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Fabry disease (FD) is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (α-Gal A). This enzymatic defect leads to the cytoplasmic lysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramides (GB3 and LysoGB3), resulting in multisystemic clinical manifestations. Cardiovascular involvement, often mimicking hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is the main determinant of morbidity and mortality, due to the development of arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, and heart failure. Although FD is a rare condition in the general population, the availability of specific enzyme replacement therapy, which can alter the natural course of the disease, underscores the importance of including FD as a key differential diagnosis among storage cardiomyopathies. Diagnostic evaluation should encompass a thorough clinical assessment, with particular attention to patient history and physical examination, complemented by laboratory testing and imaging studies, such as electrocardiography and echocardiography. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, including late gadolinium enhancement and T1 and T2 parametric mapping, provides additional diagnostic and prognostic information and should ideally be performed at the time of initial diagnosis. Definitive diagnosis is established by genetic sequencing of the GLA gene, located on the long arm of the X chromosome, enabling the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic strategy for each patient.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Fabry Disease</kwd>
<kwd>Glycosphingolipids</kwd>
<kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="20"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<fig id="f2">
<caption>
<title>Diagnostic sequence of FD: ancillary tests. ECG: electrocardiogram; GLA: gene associated with FD (X chromosome); FD: Fabry</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240091-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Fabry disease (FD; OMIM 301500) is a rare, X-linked lysosomal storage disorder. Pathogenic variants in the GLA gene, located on the long arm of the X chromosome, lead to a deficiency of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (α-Gal A), which is responsible for the catabolism of glycosphingolipids, such as globotriaosylceramide (GB3) and its deacetylated form, Lyso-GB3, within lysosomes. The accumulation of these substrates begins in the intrauterine period and triggers an intense tissue inflammatory response, coupled with local oxidative stress. This cascade promotes cellular injury, apoptosis, and, progressively, organ dysfunction and failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Cardiovascular involvement, which can mimic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (phenocopy), is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among Brazilian patients, primarily due to the development of arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Despite its low prevalence in the general population, the availability of disease-specific enzyme replacement therapy, capable of modifying the disease course, highlights FD as a key differential diagnosis among storage cardiomyopathies.</p>
<p>The diagnostic approach to FD-associated cardiomyopathy should include a comprehensive clinical evaluation, encompassing a detailed medical history and physical examination, as well as accessible laboratory and imaging studies, such as electrocardiography and echocardiography. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides additional diagnostic and prognostic insights and should preferably be performed during the initial diagnostic workup. Definitive diagnosis is established through genetic sequencing of the GLA gene, which also guides the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic strategy for each patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>My approach to</title>
<p>Diagnosing a rare cardiomyopathy poses a significant challenge for cardiologists, particularly when dealing with phenocopies. The estimated prevalence of FD in the general population is approximately 1 in 117,000 cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, this figure may reach as high as 1 in 3,100 when considering neonatal screening, a strategy that has been progressively incorporated into the Brazilian public health care system, as already implemented in certain regions, such as the Distrito Federal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>The low prevalence of FD in the general population highlights two key considerations. First, it emphasizes the importance of including FD in the differential diagnosis of cardiomyopathies, given the availability of specific treatment through enzyme replacement therapy, which has been recently incorporated into Brazil&apos;s Unified Health System (<italic>Sistema Único de Saúde</italic>, SUS). This therapy has the potential to positively alter the natural history of the disease and improve patients’ symptom-free survival. Second, it reinforces the need to thoroughly identify and manage more prevalent conditions — such as systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease, and, in the Brazilian context, rheumatic heart disease — before considering FD as the underlying cause of the presenting symptoms.</p>
<p>The diagnostic workup for FD should begin with a thorough clinical history. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> outlines the key elements that may raise clinical suspicion of FD. Patient age and sex should also be considered, as the clinical expression of the disease varies depending on the type of pathogenic variant identified in the GLA gene.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Multisystemic manifestations of FD.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240091-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>In the classic form of FD, cardiovascular manifestations — such as palpitations and exercise intolerance — may appear as early as childhood. These symptoms are often accompanied by other early manifestations, including characteristic neuropathic pain (Fabry crises) triggered by exposure to extreme temperatures, hypohidrosis or anhidrosis with impaired thermoregulation, gastrointestinal disturbances with alternating constipation and diarrhea, tinnitus or hearing loss, as well as cornea verticillata and angiokeratomas typically located in the pelvic region and/or mucosal surfaces.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>In contrast, in the nonclassic form of FD, also referred to as late-onset FD, these early systemic manifestations are often absent, with clinical presentation predominantly characterized by cardiac or renal involvement. These may occasionally be associated with central nervous system ischemic events, such as strokes occurring at relatively young ages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>A careful assessment of the patient&apos;s personal history of symptoms and prior disorders is also essential, as is gathering information on first-degree relatives. Commonly reported symptoms include exertional chest pain, palpitations, exercise intolerance, orthostatic hypotension, and/or syncope, which may be associated with renal dysfunction, ischemic neurological events, or polyneuropathy. Family history should include targeted questions regarding known cases of FD, cardiomyopathies, strokes, sudden cardiac death, and/or renal failure requiring dialysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Based on these data, it is advisable to construct a family pedigree, ideally encompassing at least three generations, in order to identify the familial inheritance pattern, which in the case of FD is X-linked.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Once the clinical data have been collected, electrocardiography is the first ancillary tool available in the evaluation of FD-associated cardiomyopathy. The most frequent electrocardiographic findings are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Although PR interval shortening combined with signs of left ventricular overload is not specific to FD, its presence may suggest glycosphingolipid deposition in cardiac tissues. These findings can aid in differential diagnosis with other cardiomyopathies presenting with a hypertrophic phenotype, such as sarcomeric cardiomyopathy or cardiac amyloidosis.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Findings of FD-associated cardiomyopathy on ancillary tests</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Method</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Findings</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Clinical evaluation</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Clinical complaints from the index case and family members</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Detailed physical examination</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="5">Electrocardiogram</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Short PR interval</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Arrhythmias of undefined origin (tachyarrhythmia/bradyarrhythmia)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Left ventricular overload pattern</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Repolarization abnormalities suggestive of myocardial ischemia</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Corrected QT interval &lt;440 ms</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="5">Echocardiogram</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Increased left ventricular wall thickness &gt;12 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Papillary muscle hypertrophy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic dysfunction (early) and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (late)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Regional wall motion abnormalities (basal inferolateral wall)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Reduced longitudinal and radial strain (basal inferolateral wall)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mid-myocardial late gadolinium enhancement in the basal inferolateral wall</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Low native T1 mapping values</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Valores elevados no mapa T2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Early conduction abnormalities may be detected as early as childhood; however, they typically become clinically apparent during adolescence, manifesting as palpitations or exercise intolerance. Additional findings include corrected QT interval abnormalities, electrocardiographic signs suggestive of myocardial ischemia secondary to microvascular dysfunction (MINOCA), as well as ventricular or supraventricular arrhythmias, the latter carrying a potential risk of adverse outcomes, such as embolic events or sudden cardiac death at a young age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>More advanced diagnostic tools are required for phenotypic characterization of the disease, contributing to the definition of the therapeutic strategy and the planning of long-term follow-up. In this context, echocardiography stands out as a widely accessible, low-cost, easy-to-perform imaging modality. The most common echocardiographic findings are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
<p>The earliest sign of cardiac involvement is diastolic dysfunction, which cannot be attributed to pressure or volume overload, nor to conditions such as systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease, or diabetes mellitus. Another characteristic finding is increased left ventricular wall thickness, with lower cutoff values than those established for sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: ≥11 mm in women and ≥12 mm in men. This distinction is justified by the fact that, in storage diseases, wall thickness equal to or greater than 15 mm is often associated with myocardial fibrosis, which serves as an arrhythmogenic substrate and a marker of poor prognosis.</p>
<p>Concentric hypertrophy is the most common presentation; however, eccentric or isolated apical patterns have also been described. Glycosphingolipid deposits also affect the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles, leading to significant thickening, as well as the endocardium, resulting in the so-called &quot;binary sign.&quot; Biventricular ejection fraction tends to remain preserved throughout the natural course of the disease, except in the presence of myocardial fibrosis, which increases the risk of progressive systolic dysfunction.</p>
<p>Emerging techniques, such as global longitudinal strain (GLS) analysis, provide additional valuable information for the differential diagnosis with other causes of hypertrophy and with the athlete&apos;s heart. GLS reduction, particularly due to impaired strain in the basal segment of the inferolateral wall, is strongly correlated with the presence of myocardial fibrosis detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover, mild valvular regurgitation — especially of the mitral and aortic valves — as well as proximal thoracic aortic ectasia, are additional echocardiographic findings commonly observed in FD with cardiac involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of FD-associated cardiomyopathy, given the comprehensive diagnostic and prognostic information it provides. Late gadolinium enhancement, typically located in the mid-myocardial layer of the basal inferolateral wall, has significant prognostic value due to its association with an increased risk of heart failure and arrhythmia, as well as serving as a marker of chronic cardiac involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>Native T1 parametric mapping typically shows characteristically reduced values in FD, which may be altered even before the development of ventricular hypertrophy. The only other condition that shares this pattern of reduced T1 values is cardiac-involved hemochromatosis, which can be differentiated through serum iron metabolism markers and liver ultrasound. Conversely, T2 mapping in FD reveals characteristically elevated values, contributing — together with T1 mapping — to the early diagnosis of cardiomyopathy as well as aiding in the differential diagnosis with other etiologies of cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>Cardiac biomarkers, such as high-sensitivity troponin and NT-proBNP, are elevated in the presence of FD-associated cardiomyopathy. Lyso-GB3 is considered the most specific biomarker for the disease, with markedly elevated plasma levels, particularly in the classic form. Following the initiation of enzyme replacement therapy, a reduction in Lyso-GB3 levels is observed, making it a useful marker for monitoring therapeutic effectiveness. In contrast, GB3 levels in plasma and urine are not routinely assessed in clinical practice, especially in women, as they may present altered levels even in individuals without the disease, thus limiting their diagnostic utility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>Definitive diagnosis of FD is established by identifying a pathogenic variant in the GLA gene through genetic testing. As illustrated in Central Illustration, in male individuals, genetic testing may be preceded by measurement of enzymatic activity, which typically shows markedly low levels in this population. In females, however, due to the presence of two X chromosomes, enzymatic activity may be normal or only slightly reduced, limiting its diagnostic utility. Moreover, to confirm the diagnosis, at least one of the following criteria must be present: signs or symptoms suggestive of FD (e.g., neuropathic pain, cornea verticillata, or angiokeratomas); elevated plasma Lyso-GB3 levels; or a family history of FD confirmed by the same pathogenic variant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
<p>This diagnostic pathway is crucial for the appropriate therapeutic management of patients with FD-associated cardiomyopathy, especially considering the recent approval by the Brazilian National Committee for the Incorporation of Technologies into the Unified Health System of specific therapies capable of modifying the prognosis and natural course of the disease. Enzyme replacement therapies are currently available through the SUS high-cost pharmacy network nationwide. Therefore, it is the cardiologist&apos;s responsibility to actively ensure early access to the most appropriate and available treatment for these patients.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
<label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study Association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4"><label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
<label>Availability of Research Data</label>
<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
</sec>
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<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240091</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
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<title-group>
<article-title>Como Eu Faço o Diagnóstico da Doença de Fabry</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3152-298X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Sandra Marques e</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
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<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Sandra Marques e Silva</bold> • Área especial. Quadra 101 / 301. CEP: <postal-code>70719-040</postal-code>. Brasília, DF – Brasil E-mail: <email>smarquesmd@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>A doença de Fabry (DAF) é um erro inato do metabolismo dos glicoesfingolipídeos, causado pela deficiência da enzima alfa-galactosidase A (alfa-Gal A). Como consequência, ocorre acúmulo lisossomal citoplasmático de globotriaosilceramidas (GB3 e LysoGB3), resultando em manifestações clínicas multissistêmicas. O envolvimento cardiovascular, que pode mimetizar uma cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, representa o principal determinante de morbimortalidade, devido ao desenvolvimento de arritmias, isquemia miocárdica e insuficiência cardíaca. Embora a prevalência da doença seja baixa na população geral, a disponibilidade de terapia de reposição enzimática específica, capaz de modificar sua evolução, destaca a DAF como diagnóstico diferencial relevante entre as cardiomiopatias por depósito. A investigação diagnóstica deve incluir uma avaliação clínica minuciosa, com ênfase na anamnese e no exame físico, além da realização de exames laboratoriais e de imagem, como eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma. A ressonância magnética cardíaca, utilizando realce tardio com gadolínio e mapas paramétricos T1 e T2, oferece informações adicionais diagnósticas e prognósticas, devendo ser preferencialmente realizada no momento do diagnóstico inicial. A confirmação definitiva é obtida por meio do sequenciamento genético do gene GLA, localizado no braço longo do cromossomo X, permitindo, assim, a definição da abordagem terapêutica mais adequada paracada paciente.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Doença de Fabry</kwd>
<kwd>Glicoesfingolipídeos</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f4">
<caption>
<title>Sequência diagnóstica da DAF: exames complementares. ECG: eletrocardiograma; GLA: gene associado à DAF (cromossomo X).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240091-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A doença de Fabry (DAF; OMIM 301500) é uma doença genética rara de depósito lisossômico. Alterações patogênicas no gene GLA, localizado no braço longo do cromossomo X, resultam na deficiência da enzima alfa-galactosidase A (alfa-Gal A), responsável pelo metabolismo de glicoesfingolipídeos, como o globotriaosilceramida (GB3) e sua forma desacetilada, Lyso-GB3, no interior dos lisossomos. O acúmulo dessas substâncias tem início ainda no período intrauterino e desencadeia uma intensa resposta inflamatória tecidual, associada ao estresse oxidativo local, promovendo dano celular, apoptose e, progressivamente, falência orgânica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>O envolvimento cardiovascular, que pode mimetizar uma cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (fenocópia), é o principal fator de morbimortalidade em pacientes brasileiros, decorrente, sobretudo, do desenvolvimento de arritmias, isquemia miocárdica e insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar de sua baixa prevalência na população geral, a disponibilidade de terapia de reposição enzimática específica, capaz de modificar o curso da doença, confere à DAF um papel de destaque no diagnóstico diferencial das cardiomiopatias por depósito.</p>
<p>A abordagem diagnóstica da cardiomiopatia associada à DAF deve contemplar avaliação clínica detalhada, incluindo anamnese e exame físico, além de exames laboratoriais e complementares de ampla acessibilidade, como o eletrocardiograma e o ecocardiograma. A ressonância magnética cardíaca, por sua vez, agrega informações diagnósticas e prognósticas adicionais e deve ser incluída, preferencialmente, na fase inicial da investigação. A confirmação diagnóstica definitiva é realizada por meio do sequenciamento genético do gene GLA, o que também possibilita a definição da estratégia terapêutica mais adequada para cada paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Como eu faço</title>
<p>O diagnóstico de uma cardiomiopatia rara representa um desafio para o cardiologista, especialmente quando se trata de uma fenocópia. A prevalência da DAF na população geral é estimada em aproximadamente 1:117.000 casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, esse número pode chegar a 1:3.100 quando considerada a triagem neonatal, realidade que vem sendo gradualmente incorporada ao sistema de saúde brasileiro, como já ocorre em algumas regiões, a exemplo do Distrito Federal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>A baixa frequência da doença na população evidencia dois aspectos relevantes. O primeiro destaca a importância de incluir a DAF no espectro de diagnósticos diferenciais em cardiologia, uma vez que dispõe de tratamento específico por meio da terapia de reposição enzimática, recentemente incorporada ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), com potencial impacto positivo na modificação da história natural da doença e na expectativa de vida livre de sintomas clínicos. O segundo aspecto reforça a necessidade de que doenças mais prevalentes, como hipertensão arterial, valvopatias e, no contexto brasileiro, a doença reumática, sejam devidamente identificadas e tratadas antes de se considerar a DAF como a causa dos sintomas apresentados.</p>
<p>A jornada diagnóstica da DAF deve iniciar-se com uma anamnese clínica detalhada. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> apresenta os principais elementos que podem elevar o grau de suspeição clínica para a DAF. A idade e o sexo do paciente devem ser considerados, uma vez que a expressão clínica da doença varia de acordo com o tipo de variante patogênica identificada no gene GLA.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Manifestações multissistêmicas da DAF.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-02-e20240091-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Na forma clássica da DAF, manifestações cardiovasculares, como palpitações e intolerância aos esforços habituais, podem estar presentes já na infância. Esses sintomas, em geral, associam-se a outras manifestações precoces, incluindo dor neuropática característica (crises de Fabry) em situações de temperaturas extremas, hipohidrose ou anidrose com prejuízo na regulação térmica corporal, distúrbios gastrointestinais com alternância entre constipação e diarreia, zumbidos ou redução da acuidade auditiva por tinnitus, além de córnea verticilata e angioqueratomas localizados na região pélvica e/ou em mucosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Por outro lado, na forma não clássica da DAF, também denominada DAF de início tardio, essas manifestações sistêmicas precoces estão frequentemente ausentes, predominando sintomas relacionados a acometimento cardíaco ou renal, eventualmente associados a eventos isquêmicos no sistema nervoso central, como acidentes vasculares cerebrais em faixas etárias mais jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Cabe destacar, ainda, a importância de valorizar informações referentes a sintomas e distúrbios prévios do paciente, bem como de familiares de primeiro grau. Sintomas como dor torácica aos esforços, palpitações, intolerância ao exercício, hipotensão postural e/ou síncope são frequentemente observados e podem estar associados a disfunção renal, eventos neurológicos isquêmicos ou polineuropatia. A investigação da história familiar deve incluir questionamentos específicos sobre casos documentados da DAF, cardiopatias, acidentes vasculares encefálicos, morte súbita e/ou insuficiência renal com necessidade de terapia dialítica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A partir dessas informações, é possível a elaboração de um heredograma, o qual deve contemplar, preferencialmente, pelo menos três gerações, permitindo a identificação do padrão de herança familiar, que, no caso da DAF, é ligado ao cromossomo X.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Concluída a coleta dos dados clínicos, o eletrocardiograma representa o primeiro método complementar disponível na investigação da cardiomiopatia associada à DAF. Os achados eletrocardiográficos mais frequentes estão descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>. Embora o encurtamento do intervalo PR associado a sinais de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda não sejam específicos da DAF, sua presença pode sugerir o acúmulo de depósitos nos tecidos cardíacos, contribuindo para o diagnóstico diferencial com outras cardiomiopatias que cursam com fenótipo hipertrófico, como a cardiomiopatia de origem sarcomérica ou a amiloidose.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Achados da cardiomiopatia associada à DAF em exames complementares</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Método</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Achados</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Clínico</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Queixas clínicas do caso índice e familiares</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Exame físico detalhado</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="5">Eletrocardiograma</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Intervalo PR curto</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Arritmias de origem indefinida (taquiarritmias/bradiarritmias)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Padrão de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Alterações de repolarização sugestivas de isquemia miocárdica</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Intervalo QT corrigido &lt;440 ms</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="5">Ecocardiograma</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Aumento da espessura da parede do ventrículo esquerdo &gt;12 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertrofia de músculos papilares</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Disfunção diastólica (precoce) e sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (tardia)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Alteração de contratilidade segmentar (região basal da parede inferolateral)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Redução do strain longitudinal e radial (região basal da parede inferolateral)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">Ressonância magnética</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Realce tardio mesocárdico em porção basal da parede inferolateral</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Valores baixos no mapa T1</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Valores elevados no mapa T2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Os primeiros distúrbios de condução cardíaca podem ser detectados ainda na infância; entretanto, é na adolescência que passam a se manifestar clinicamente, sob a forma de palpitações ou intolerância ao esforço. Outros achados incluem alterações do intervalo QT corrigido, sinais sugestivos de isquemia miocárdica secundária à disfunção microvascular (MINOCA), além de arritmias ventriculares ou supraventriculares, estas com potencial para desfechos desfavoráveis, como eventos embólicos ou morte súbita em idade precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>Exames complementares mais complexos são necessários para a caracterização fenotípica da doença, auxiliando na definição da estratégia terapêutica e no planejamento do seguimento a longo prazo. Nesse contexto, o ecocardiograma destaca-se por ser um método amplamente acessível, de baixo custo e fácil execução. Os achados ecocardiográficos mais frequentes estão apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
<p>O sinal mais precoce de comprometimento cardíaco é a disfunção diastólica, não atribuível a sobrecarga pressórica ou volumétrica, tampouco a condições como hipertensão arterial sistêmica, valvopatias ou diabetes melito. Outro achado característico é o aumento da espessura da parede ventricular esquerda, com pontos de corte inferiores aos preconizados para hipertrofias de origem sarcomérica, sendo ≥11 mm para mulheres e ≥12 mm para homens. Isso se justifica pelo fato de, nas doenças de depósito, valores iguais ou superiores a 15 mm frequentemente estarem associados à presença de fibrose miocárdica, a qual constitui substrato arritmogênico e marcador de mau prognóstico.</p>
<p>A apresentação concêntrica da hipertrofia é a mais comum; entretanto, formas excêntricas ou apicais isoladas também já foram descritas. Os depósitos acometem, ainda, as cordas tendíneas e músculos papilares, promovendo espessamento significativo, além do endocárdio, configurando o denominado &quot;sinal binário&quot;. A fração de ejeção biventricular tende a permanecer preservada ao longo da evolução natural da doença, exceto na presença de fibrose miocárdica, quando há risco aumentado de sua deterioração.</p>
<p>Novas técnicas, como a análise do strain global longitudinal (SGL), oferecem informações adicionais úteis no diagnóstico diferencial com outras etiologias de hipertrofia e com o coração do atleta. A redução do SGL, sobretudo às custas da diminuição do <italic>strain</italic> na porção basal da parede inferolateral, apresenta forte correlação com a presença de fibrose detectada pela ressonância magnética cardíaca. Além disso, refluxos valvares discretos, especialmente das válvulas mitral e aórtica, assim como ectasia da porção proximal da aorta torácica, completam o espectro de achados ecocardiográficos na DAF com envolvimento cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>A ressonância magnética cardíaca é considerada o método de escolha para o diagnóstico da cardiomiopatia associada à DAF, devido à ampla gama de informações diagnósticas e prognósticas que fornece. O realce tardio por gadolínio, tipicamente localizado na região mesocárdica da porção basal da parede inferolateral, possui valor prognóstico relevante, por sua associação com maior risco de insuficiência cardíaca e arritmias, além de ser marcador de doença cardíaca crônica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os mapas paramétricos de T1 nativo apresentam valores reduzidos característicos da DAF, podendo estar alterados mesmo antes do desenvolvimento da hipertrofia ventricular. A única outra condição que compartilha esse padrão de T1 reduzido é a hemocromatose com envolvimento cardíaco, que pode ser diferenciada por meio da dosagem de marcadores séricos do metabolismo do ferro, além da ultrassonografia hepática. Já a técnica de mapeamento de T2 apresenta, na DAF, elevação característica dos valores, contribuindo, juntamente com os mapas de T1, para o diagnóstico precoce da cardiomiopatia, além de auxiliar no diagnóstico diferencial com outras etiologias de cardiomiopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>Biomarcadores cardíacos, como a troponina ultrassensível e o NT-proBNP, encontram-se elevados na presença de cardiopatia associada à DAF. O LysoGB3 é considerado o biomarcador mais específico da doença, apresentando níveis plasmáticos marcadamente elevados, especialmente nas formas clássicas. Com a instituição da terapia de reposição enzimática, observa-se redução desses níveis, o que torna o LysoGB3 um marcador útil para monitoramento da efetividade terapêutica. As dosagens de GB3 em plasma e urina não são rotineiramente realizadas na prática clínica, particularmente em mulheres, pois podem apresentar níveis alterados mesmo em indivíduos sem a doença, o que limita sua aplicabilidade diagnóstica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>O diagnóstico definitivo da DAF é estabelecido por meio da identificação de variante patogênica no gene GLA, através de estudo genético. Conforme ilustrado na Figura Central, em indivíduos do sexo masculino, a investigação genética pode ser precedida pela dosagem da atividade enzimática, que apresenta níveis caracteristicamente baixos nessa população. Já em mulheres, devido à presença de dois cromossomos X, a atividade enzimática pode estar normal ou discretamente reduzida, o que limita seu valor diagnóstico. Além disso, para confirmação diagnóstica, é necessário que pelo menos um dos seguintes critérios esteja presente: sinais ou sintomas sugestivos de DAF (p.ex., dor neuropática, córnea verticilata ou angioqueratomas); elevação dos níveis plasmáticos de LysoGB3; ou histórico familiar de DAF confirmada com a mesma variante patogênica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
<p>Essa jornada diagnóstica é fundamental para o adequado manejo terapêutico dos pacientes com cardiomiopatia associada à DAF, especialmente diante da recente aprovação, pela Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde, das terapias específicas capazes de modificar o prognóstico e a evolução da doença. As terapias de reposição enzimática encontram-se atualmente disponíveis nas farmácias de alto custo do SUS em todo o território nacional. Dessa forma, é papel do cardiologista empenhar-se ativamente para garantir o acesso precoce dos pacientes ao tratamento mais adequado e disponível.</p>
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<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8"><label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
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