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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250010i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20250010i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Short Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>The Role of Objective Assessment of the Mitral Annulus</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2526-0656</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Romano</surname>
						<given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Minna Moreira Dias Romano</bold> • Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. R. Carlos Rateb Cury, 697. Postal code: <postal-code>14110-000</postal-code>. Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>minna@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250010</elocation-id>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
				<kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="9"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>The mitral annulus is a complex and dynamic structure responsive to both structural and functional changes involving the mitral valve, as well as those affecting the geometry of the left ventricle (LV) and left atrium (LA). Its bean-shaped or &quot;D&quot;-shaped three-dimensional structure is similar to a horse's saddle, in which the nadir (height) varies throughout the cardiac cycle. The malleability of the mitral annulus is important for valve competence. The posterior portion of the annulus, which is less fibrotic, moves during left ventricular systole, increasing the height of the saddle and reducing its circumferential area. In situations of left atrial dilation and dysfunction, mainly accompanied by atrial fibrillation (AF) and commonly associated with various causes of LV diastolic dysfunction, mitral annulus’ dynamics are often compromised. This results in reduced mobility of the posterior leaflet, annulus stiffness, and diminished oscillation of the saddle height, in addition to valve retraction (tethering), which contribute to mitral coaptation failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The mitral annulus can be studied using echocardiography, both two-dimensional and three-dimensional, with transesophageal imaging being the preferred approach. Three-dimensional imaging allows for various quantitative measurements facilitated by computational reconstruction software. These measurements can also be dynamic, capturing structural modifications throughout the cardiac cycle in both systole and diastole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Key measurements include annular circumference and area, anteroposterior and inter-commissural diameters, and saddle height. The three-dimensional approach offers significant advantages, particularly when segmentation of valve anatomy is required, such as in cases of mitral valve prolapse that necessitate detailed anatomical analysis of valve bulges.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Different etiologies of mitral regurgitation (MR) are accompanied by different degrees of mitral annulus deformation, with the most subtle ones observed in ischemic MR and the most significant in the most advanced spectra of mitral degenerative diseases, such as Barlow's disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> For example, in rheumatic disease—still largely common in Brazil despite its low prevalence in more developed countries—mitral annulus changes are characterized by a &quot;flattening of the saddle shape&quot; and an increased area without a significant change in the perimeter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		<fig id="f1">
			<label>Figure 1</label>
			<caption>
				<title>Anatomical characteristics of the mitral annulus. Panels A and B demonstrate the mitral annulus anatomy related to other cardiac structures, such as the aortic valve. Panel C highlights the objective measurements that can be performed on the mitral annulus. Figures adapted from Grewal et al. Circulation 2010 and Levine et al. Circulation 1989. PM: posterior-medial; AL: anterior-lateral.</title>
			</caption>
			<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-01-e20250010-gf01.tif"/>
		</fig>
		<p>The etiological diagnosis of MR, whether functional or primary, can often be challenging. When functional (secondary), regurgitation is commonly related to the enlargement of the left chambers, as well as to the isolated enlargement of the LA in some cases, as occurs in various cardiomyopathies or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Regurgitation itself can cause mild secondary valve thickening due to jet lesions, making the etiological diagnosis even more difficult. Distinguishing between MR as a cause or consequence of cardiac chamber dilation remains challenging and often relies on subjective assessments. Addressing this issue is crucial, particularly in the context of primary MR treatments and the evolving role of percutaneous devices for secondary MR. In cases of MR associated with AF but without left ventricular dilation or dysfunction, the possibility of functional or secondary MR (the so-called atrial MR) should be considered, whose etiopathogenesis is not yet well understood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> One theory suggests that LA dilation is responsible for the displacement of the posterior mitral annulus towards the LV crest, thus reducing the posterior leaflet's coaptation surface.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Other mechanisms of functional MR are also proposed for situations where LV dilation and dysfunction are also present, such as in dilated cardiomyopathies, due to the lack of adequate remodeling/stretching of mitral valve leaflets.</p>
		<p>A recent systematic review by Kagiyama et al. provides a comprehensive discussion on functional MR related to AF and the mitral annulus alterations that may accompany left atrial remodeling, even in patients with preserved ventricular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Based on the published articles, they estimate a 3 to 15% prevalence of atrial MR. The study also revealed that patients with AF presenting atrial MR have more adverse events throughout the clinical evolution. A few studies and publications of isolated cases suggest the role of annuloplasty as a treatment for cases of atrial MR. Furthermore, there is growing clinical interest in the potential role of percutaneous treatments, with some devices under development alongside mitral &quot;clipping,&quot; though scientific evidence remains limited. Percutaneous treatments may offer advantages over open surgery, particularly for older patients with AF and multiple comorbidities. This reinforces the relevance of a more detailed assessment of the mitral annulus.</p>
		<p>The study by Souza et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> published in this issue of <italic>ABC Imagem</italic>, analyzed a cohort of 109 patients with significant MR from various etiologies, including 28 cases of atrial MR. Patients were evaluated by two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. The linear commissural measurement of the mitral annulus, indexed by CS, obtained from a two-chamber transesophageal image. Patients classified as having &quot;atrial etiology&quot; had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The commissural measurement power was tested to identify the 28 cases of MR of atrial etiology. The authors demonstrated good accuracy of the indexed variable (AUC = 0.77) in identifying patients with MR of atrial etiology, which was slightly superior to the non-indexed linear measurement of the inter-commissural diameter. Despite the small sample size and the use of a single measurement parameter, the results suggest the importance of quantitative mitral annulus assessment, even in patients with preserved LVEF. This approach may aid in differentiating mitral disease etiologies associated with MR.</p>
		<p>In conclusion, echocardiography remains a valuable tool for evaluating the mitral annulus, that can be assessed using various parameters, including two-dimensional imaging, and providing even more detail with three-dimensional echocardiography aided by 3D reconstruction software. Studying mitral annulus characteristics in MR cases can assist in distinguishing functional or secondary MR, identifying its etiology, and recognizing a subset of patients with atrial MR related to AF, even in the absence of left ventricular alterations.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
				<p><italic>Mitral Annulus Diameter's Relevance in the Diagnosis of Atrial Etiology in Mitral Regurgitation: A Comparative Analysis</italic></p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250010</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Minieditorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>A Importância da Avaliação Objetiva do Anel Mitral</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2526-0656</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Romano</surname>
						<given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Minna Moreira Dias Romano</bold> • Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. R. Carlos Rateb Cury, 697. CEP: <postal-code>14110-000</postal-code>. Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>minna@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência da Valva Mitral</kwd>
				<kwd>Fibrilação Atrial</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>O anel mitral é uma estrutura complexa e dinâmica, responsivo tanto a alterações estruturais e funcionais que envolvem a valva mitral quanto àquelas que acometem a geometria do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e do átrio esquerdo (AE). Sua estrutura não é circular, apresentando a forma de um feijão ou em &quot;D&quot;, com uma estrutura tridimensional semelhante à sela de um cavalo, na qual o nadir (altura) varia ao longo do ciclo cardíaco. A maleabilidade do anel mitral desempenha um papel importante na competência valvar. A porção posterior do anel, menos fibrótica, desloca-se durante a sístole ventricular esquerda, aumentando a altura da sela e reduzindo sua área circunferencial. Em situações de dilatação e disfunção do AE, principalmente quando acompanhadas de fibrilação atrial (FA) e comumente associadas a diversas causas de disfunção diastólica do VE, a dinâmica do anel mitral encontra-se frequentemente comprometida. Nesses casos, observa-se a redução da mobilidade do folheto posterior, rigidez do anel e menor oscilação da altura da sela, além de repuxamento valvar (tethering), fatores que contribuem para a falha de coaptação mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O estudo do anel mitral pode ser realizado por ecocardiografia, tanto bidimensional quanto tridimensional, preferencialmente por meio do exame transesofágico. A imagem tridimensional permite diversas mensurações quantitativas, facilitadas por softwares computacionais de reconstrução. Essas mensurações podem ser dinâmicas, demonstrando as estruturas e modificações ao longo do ciclo cardíaco, tanto na sístole quanto na diástole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Entre as principais medidas estão a circunferência e a área do anel, os diâmetros ântero-posterior e intercomissural, e a altura da sela. A imagem tridimensional oferece vantagens para a análise, principalmente quando é necessária a segmentação da anatomia valvar, como na análise anatômica de boceladuras valvares em casos de prolapso valvar mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Etiologias distintas de regurgitação mitral (RM) são acompanhadas por diferentes graus de deformações do anel mitral, sendo as mais sutis observadas em RM isquêmicas e as mais significativas, nos espectros mais avançados de doenças degenerativas mitrais, como na Doença de Barlow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Por exemplo, na doença reumática — pouco prevalente em países desenvolvidos, mas ainda bastante presente no Brasil —, o aspecto de mudança do anel mitral é caracterizado por um &quot;achatamento do formato em sela&quot;, com aumento de sua área, mas sem mudança significativa do perímetro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figura 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Características anatômicas do anel mitral. Painéis A e B demonstram a anatomia de anel mitral relacionada às outras estruturas cardíacas, como a valva aórtica. O Painel C destaca as medidas objetivas possíveis de serem realizadas em anel mitral. Figuras adaptadas de Grewal et al.8 e Levine et al.9PM: póstero-medial; AL: ântero-lateral.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-01-e20250010-pt-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>O diagnóstico etiológico da RM, seja funcional ou primária, pode ser desafiador. Quando funcional (secundária), a regurgitação está comumente relacionada ao aumento das câmaras esquerdas, como também ao aumento isolado do AE em alguns casos, como ocorre em cardiomiopatias diversas ou na insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp). A própria regurgitação pode causar um leve espessamento valvar secundário devido à lesão de jato, dificultando ainda mais o diagnóstico etiológico. O raciocínio da RM frente à dilatação de câmaras cardíacas, como &quot;causa ou efeito&quot;, pode ser desafiador e, muitas vezes, baseado em aspectos subjetivos. Esse desafio precisa ser enfrentado, principalmente considerando o impacto de tratamentos para a RM primária e, mais recentemente, o potencial de dispositivos percutâneos de tratamento da RM secundária. Em casos de RM associada à FA, mas ainda sem sinais de dilatação ou disfunção do VE, considera-se a possibilidade de RM funcional ou secundária, denominada &quot;RM atrial&quot;, cuja etiopatogenia ainda é pouco conhecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Uma das teorias sugere que a dilatação do AE seja responsável por um deslocamento do anel mitral posterior em direção à crista do VE, reduzindo a superfície de coaptação do folheto posterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Outros mecanismos de RM funcional são propostos para situações onde há também dilatação e disfunção do VE, como nas cardiomiopatias dilatadas, responsabilizando a falta de remodelamento/ alongamento adequado de folhetos valvares mitral.</p>
			<p>Uma recente revisão sistemática de Kagiyama et al. aborda, de maneira muito didática, os aspectos da RM funcional relacionada à FA e as alterações do anel mitral que podem acompanhar o remodelamento do AE nessa condição, mesmo em pacientes com função ventricular preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Com base na revisão dos artigos publicados, os autores estimaram uma prevalência de 3 a 15% da RM atrial. Também puderam detectar que os pacientes com FA e RM atrial apresentam mais eventos adversos ao longo da evolução clínica. Alguns estudos e publicações de casos isolados sugerem o papel da anuloplastia como tratamento dos casos de RM atrial. Há também um entusiasmo clínico quanto ao possível papel de tratamentos percutâneos, com alguns dispositivos em desenvolvimento em paralelo à &quot;clipagem&quot; mitral, embora ainda sem evidências científicas. Tratamentos percutâneos podem ser vantajosos frente à cirurgia aberta, considerando que a população (que apresenta FA) geralmente apresenta idade mais avançada e mais comorbidades. Essas possibilidades reforçam a importância de uma avaliação mais detalhada do anel mitral.</p>
			<p>O estudo de Souza et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> publicado nesta edição da revista ABC Imagem Cardiovascular, avaliou uma coorte de 109 pacientes com RM significativa de etiologias diversas, incluindo 28 casos considerados como de etiologia atrial. Os pacientes foram avaliados por ecocardiografia transesofágica bidimensional. A medida comissural linear do anel mitral foi o único parâmetro avaliado (absoluta e indexada pela SC), a qual foi obtida a partir da imagem bidimensional transesofágica de duas câmaras. Os pacientes classificados como de &quot;etiologia atrial&quot; apresentavam fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada. O poder da medida comissural foi testado na identificação dos 28 casos de RM de etiologia atrial. Os autores demonstraram boa acurácia da variável indexada (AUC = 0,77) para identificar pacientes com RM de etiologia atrial, a qual foi ligeiramente superior à medida linear não indexada do diâmetro intercomussiral. Os resultados, embora tenham sido testados em uma amostra pequena e com apenas um índice de medida de anel mitral, sugerem a importância de uma avaliação quantitativa de característica do anel mitral, mesmo em pacientes com FEVE preservada, para auxiliar na diferenciação dos diagnósticos etiológicos de doenças mitrais com RM.</p>
			<p>Em conclusão, a ecocardiografia é uma ferramenta importante na avaliação do anel mitral, podendo ser realizada por meio de diversos parâmetros, mesmo em imagens bidimensionais, e de forma ainda mais detalhada com ecocardiografia tridimensional com o apoio de softwares de reconstrução 3D. Estudar as características do anel mitral em casos de RM pode ajudar na distinção entre RM funcional ou secundária, na identificação etiológica e, até mesmo, na identificação de uma parcela específica de pacientes com RM atrial relacionada à FA, mesmo na ausência de alterações ventriculares esquerdas.</p>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
					<p><italic>Desempenho do Diâmetro do Anel Mitral no Diagnóstico da Etiologia Atrial na Insuficiência Mitral: Uma Análise Comparativa</italic></p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>