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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240111i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240111i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Minieditorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Metformin in Combination with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Myocardial FDG Uptake Can Predict Prognosis?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Mesquita</surname><given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Couto</surname><given-names>Ana Beatriz</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-2401-5567</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Schmid Nunes</surname><given-names>Marina</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3725-4082</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Azevedo Silva</surname><given-names>Fernanda</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">ACAMERJ</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">ACAMERJ, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Radiologia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Radiologia, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Health, Science &amp; Education Lab</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro, Health, Science &amp; Education Lab, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailling Address:</label> <bold>Claudio Tinoco Mesquita •</bold> Universidade Federal Fluminense, Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro. Av. Marquês do Paraná, 303. Postal code: <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>. Niterói, RJ – Brazil E-mail: <email>claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>11</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240111</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors</kwd>
<kwd>Positron-Emission Tomography</kwd>
<kwd>X-Ray Computed Tomography</kwd>
<kwd>Metformin</kwd>
<kwd>Cardio-Oncology</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="17"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>In Brazil, the estimate for 2023-2025 indicates that there will be 704,000 new cancer cases in the country, 221,000 of which will be non-melanoma skin cancers, cited as the most common type. After this type of cancer, breast cancer has the highest incidence, with 74,000 cases, followed by prostate cancer, with 72,000 cases, colorectum cancer, with 46,000 cases, and lung cancer, with 32,000 new cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The cancer epidemiological profile in Brazil is like countries with a high income; however, it differs when analyzed by region, indicating significant regional inequalities. While in the country&apos;s more developed regions (South and Southeast), the age-adjusted incidence rates range between 180 and 190 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, in less developed regions (North and Northeast), these rates vary from 157 to 164 cases per 100,000 inhabitants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The highest cancer mortality in Brazil is due to lung cancer (13.7% of cancer deaths), followed by colorectum cancer (10.4% of cancer deaths), and then breast cancer (8% of cancer deaths).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Immune checkpoints, like PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, regulate the immune system and help to equilibrate immune activation and suppression. They act by avoiding a strong immune response that could attack normal cells. Tumor cells can use these mechanisms to elude the immune system, decreasing its response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The mechanisms used for immune system evasion in lung cancer are linked to PD-1 inhibition, which reduces the activity of tumor immunity cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Additionally, there is a decrease in T-lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production (IL-2 and IFN-γ), allowing neoplastic cells to proliferate.</p>
<p>Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) are drugs that block checkpoint proteins and increase immunological defenses against cancer, by permitting a larger response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This block permits T-cells to recognize and destroy neoplastic cells effectively. A few examples of ICI are nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and ipilimumab, which inhibit PD-1 and CTLA-4, respectively. These drugs have been used to treat non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and other types of cancer with success, even in metastatic and chemotherapy-resistant cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>One of the most typical Adverse Effects (AE) of the ICIs are the Immune-related Adverse Events (irAEs), that occur due to the suppression of immune inhibitory functions. It is uncommon but there is the potential for a higher grade of severity in 10–15% of cases and clinical manifestations usually start within the first few weeks to months after the onset of treatment. ICI myocarditis is reported at an incidence rate of 0.06% to 1.14%. The cardiovascular system can be affected by irAEs also as takotsubo syndrome, pericardial disease, acute coronary syndromes, thromboembolic events, and arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Metformin has become a research target in oncology due to its properties in improving prognosis and promoting tumor growth regression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In addition to its use in the treatment of type II diabetes, studies have reported evidence of metformin&apos;s action in tumors by reducing neoplastic cell proliferation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> One of the treatment strategies for cancer cells with mutations in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) involves the use of an EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI). The combination of metformin with TKI shows a synergistic effect, delaying tumor resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The transmembrane tyrosine-protein kinase receptor (IGF-1R) is expressed in various cells with mitogenic potential.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In this context, metformin acts by restoring the sensitivity of EGFR-TKI-resistant cells, inhibiting the IGF-1R pathway and the expression of IGFBP3, a gene that encodes the growth factor protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This regulation negatively impacts synergistic antitumor effects mediated by BIM, one of the apoptotic regulatory proteins involved in the control of tumorigenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>An 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) is commonly used in the assessment of cancer therapy responses. Some studies are suggesting that 18F-FDG PET/CT may also be used as a tool for detecting irAEs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>In this issue of the ABC Imaging, Torres <italic>et al.,</italic> evaluated the role of metformin as an adjuvant therapy with ICIs on the prognosis of advanced lung cancer patients and assessed the associated changes in myocardial FDG uptake rate (MGU).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Interestingly the authors found that metformin users presented a significant increase in Overall Survival (OS). Also, patients with a positive variation in myocardial SUV (a quantitative measure of tissue glucose uptake) had an increase in progression-free survival (PFS). The authors concluded that metformin has the potential to be an important adjuvant treatment option for patients undergoing ICI therapy. Also, they hypothesize that an increase in myocardial SUV could be a potential marker for ICI beneficial effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> These findings are interesting and draw attention to the complex interactions between the immune system and cancer treatment, in which activation of immune cells can bring benefits but there is also a risk that overactivation can cause significant complications. PET/CT with 18F-FDG can identify patients at higher risk of cardiac complications from cancer treatment, as demonstrated by Dourado <italic>et al</italic> in ABC Cardiol, identifying a phenotype of patients with cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Could the inflammation observed in these patients be considered a prognostic predictor of response? Could this uptake in the myocardium be an indication of systemic activation of the immune system? Could metformin protect the heart from the AEs of therapy given the absence of clinically relevant cases of myocarditis in the sample? There are limitations to the study, such as the absence of a formal control group, the absence of serial troponin measurements, or monitoring of left ventricular function with speckle-tracking echocardiography. This information would provide additional data to understand the findings. In any case, the authors should be congratulated for this hypothesis-generating study, and we suggest that studies of ICIs that include metformin as an adjuvant should perform serial monitoring of cardiac parameters, including measurement of FDG uptake in the myocardium, as a way of understanding whether these parameters can contribute to the management of cancer patients receiving immunotherapy.</p>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
<label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label> <p>Variations in Myocardial FDG Uptake and Metformin Use: Implications for Survival During Immunotherapy</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240111</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Minieditorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Metformina em Combinação Com Inibidores de Checkpoints Imunológicos: A Captação Miocárdica de FDG Pode Prever o Prognóstico?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Mesquita</surname><given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Couto</surname><given-names>Ana Beatriz</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-2401-5567</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Schmid Nunes</surname><given-names>Marina</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3725-4082</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Azevedo Silva</surname><given-names>Fernanda</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">ACAMERJ, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Radiologia, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro, Health, Science &amp; Education Lab, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Claudio Tinoco Mesquita •</bold> Universidade Federal Fluminense, Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro. Av. Marquês do Paraná, 303. CEP: <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>. Niterói, RJ – Brasil E-mail: <email>claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico</kwd>
<kwd>Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons</kwd>
<kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X</kwd>
<kwd>Metformina</kwd>
<kwd>Cardio-oncologia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>No Brasil, estima-se que 704.000 novos casos de câncer surgiram entre 2023-2025, dos quais 221.000 serão cânceres de pele não melanoma, citados como o tipo mais comum. Depois desse tipo de câncer, o câncer de mama tem a maior incidência, com 74 mil casos, seguido pelo câncer de próstata, com 72 mil casos, o câncer colorretal, com 46 mil casos, e o câncer de pulmão, com 32 mil novos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O perfil epidemiológico do câncer no Brasil é semelhante ao de países de alta renda; no entanto, difere quando analisado por região, indicando desigualdades regionais significativas. Enquanto nas regiões mais desenvolvidas do país (sul e sudeste), as taxas de incidência ajustadas por idade variam entre 180 e 190 casos por 100 mil habitantes, nas regiões menos desenvolvidas (norte e nordeste), essas taxas variam de 157 a 164 casos por 100 mil habitantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A maior taxa de mortalidade por câncer no Brasil se deve ao câncer de pulmão (13,7% das mortes por câncer), seguido pelo câncer colorretal (10,4% das mortes por câncer) e pelo câncer de mama (8% das mortes por câncer).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Checkpoints imunológicos, como PD-1, PD-L1 e CTLA-4, regulam o sistema imunológico e ajudam a equilibrar a ativação e a supressão imunológicas. Eles agem evitando uma forte resposta imunológica que poderia atacar células normais. As células tumorais podem usar esses mecanismos para iludir o sistema imunológico, diminuindo sua resposta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os mecanismos usados para a evasão do sistema imunológico no câncer de pulmão estão ligados à inibição de PD-1, que reduz a atividade das células de imunidade tumoral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Além disso, ocorre uma diminuição na proliferação de linfócitos T e na produção de citocinas (IL-2 e IFN-γ), permitindo que as células neoplásicas proliferem.</p>
<p>Os Inibidores de Checkpoints Imunológicos (ICIs) são medicamentos que bloqueiam proteínas de checkpoint e aumentam as defesas imunológicas contra o câncer, permitindo uma melhor resposta à doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Este bloqueio permite que as células T reconheçam e destruam células neoplásicas de forma mais eficaz. Alguns exemplos de ICI incluem nivolumabe, pembrolizumabe e ipilimumabe, que inibem PD-1 e CTLA-4, respectivamente. Esses medicamentos têm sido usados para o tratamento do câncer de pulmão de células não pequenas, melanoma, carcinoma de células renais, linfoma e outros tipos de câncer, mesmo naqueles metastáticos e resistentes à quimioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Um dos Efeitos Adversos (EA) mais típicos dos ICIs são aqueles relacionados ao sistema imunológico (irEAs), que ocorrem devido à supressão das funções imunoinibitórias. É incomum, mas há potencial para um grau mais alto de gravidade em 10–15% dos casos e as manifestações clínicas geralmente iniciam-se primeiras semanas a meses após o início do tratamento. A miocardite por ICI é relatada em uma taxa de incidência de 0,06% a 1,14%. O sistema cardiovascular pode ser afetado por irEAs, como a Síndrome de Takotsubo, doença pericárdica, síndromes coronárias agudas, eventos tromboembólicos e arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>A metformina tornou-se alvo de pesquisa em oncologia devido às suas capacidades de melhorar o prognóstico e promover a regressão do crescimento tumoral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Além do seu uso no tratamento de diabetes tipo II, estudos têm relatado evidências da ação da metformina em tumores pela redução da proliferação de células neoplásicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Uma das estratégias de tratamento para células cancerígenas com mutações no Receptor do Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico (EGFR) envolve o uso de um inibidor da tirosina quinase (TKI) do EGFR. A combinação da metformina com o TKI apresenta efeito sinérgico, retardando a resistência tumoral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O receptor transmembrana da tirosina-proteína quinase (IGF-1R) é expresso em diversas células com potencial mitogênico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, a metformina atua para restaurar a sensibilidade das células resistentes ao EGFR-TKI, inibindo a via do IGF-1R e a expressão do IGFBP3, gene que codifica a proteína do fator de crescimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Esta regulação impacta negativamente os efeitos antitumorais sinérgicos mediados pela BIM, uma das proteínas reguladoras apoptóticas envolvidas no controle da tumorigênese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>A tomografia por emissão de pósitrons/tomografia computadorizada com 18F-fluorodeoxiglicose (18F-FDG PET/CT) é comumente usada na avaliação de respostas à terapia do câncer. Alguns estudos sugerem que a 18F-FDG PET/CT também pode ser usada como uma ferramenta para detecção de irEAs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nesta edição do ABC Imaging, Torres <italic>et al</italic>. avaliaram o papel da metformina como uma terapia adjuvante com ICIs no prognóstico de pacientes com câncer de pulmão avançado e avaliaram as alterações associadas na taxa de captação de FDG miocárdica (MGU).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Curiosamente, os autores descobriram que os usuários de metformina apresentaram um aumento significativo na sobrevida global. Além disso, aqueles com uma variação positiva no SUV miocárdico (uma medida quantitativa da captação de glicose no tecido) apresentaram um aumento na Sobrevida Livre de Progressão (PFS). Os autores concluíram que a metformina tem o potencial de ser uma importante opção de tratamento adjuvante para pacientes submetidos à terapia ICI. Além disso, eles levantam a hipótese de que um aumento no SUV miocárdico pode ser um marcador potencial para efeitos benéficos dos ICIs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Essas descobertas são interessantes e chamam a atenção para as interações complexas que existem entre o sistema imunológico e o tratamento do câncer, nas quais a ativação de células imunológicas pode trazer benefícios, mas também um risco de que a superativação possa causar complicações significativas. A PET/CT com 18F-FDG é capaz de identificar pacientes com maior risco de complicações cardíacas do tratamento do câncer, conforme demonstrado por Dourado <italic>et al.,</italic> no ABC Cardiol, que identificaram um fenótipo de pacientes com cardiotoxicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A inflamação observada nesses pacientes pode ser considerada um preditor prognóstico de resposta? Essa captação no miocárdio poderia ser uma indicação de ativação sistêmica do sistema imunológico? A metformina poderia proteger o coração dos EA da terapia, dada a ausência de casos clinicamente relevantes de miocardite na amostra? O estudo apresenta algumas limitações, como a ausência de um grupo de controle formal, a ausência de medições seriais de troponina ou monitoramento da função ventricular esquerda com ecocardiografia de <italic>speckle tracking</italic>. Essas informações forneceriam dados adicionais para melhor compreensão dos achados. Em qualquer caso, os autores devem ser reconhecidos pela produção de um estudo gerador de hipóteses, e sugerimos que estudos futuros de ICIs incluindo metformina como adjuvante realizem um monitoramento serial de parâmetros cardíacos, incluindo medição da captação de FDG no miocárdio, como uma forma de entender se esses parâmetros podem contribuir para o tratamento de pacientes com câncer recebendo imunoterapia.</p>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label> <p>Variações na Captação Miocárdica de FDG e Uso de Metformina: Implicações para a Sobrevivência Durante a Imunoterapia</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
