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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240110i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240110i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Top Vascular Ultrasound 2024: Carotid Plaque-RADS – A Novel Stroke Risk Classification System</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3438-0526</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Simone Nascimento dos</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Simone Nascimento dos Santos</bold> • ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular. SMDB Conj 16 Lote 5 Casa A. Postal Code: <postal-code>71680-160</postal-code>. Brasília, DF – Brazil E-mail: <email>simone.eccos@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>09</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240110</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
<kwd>Atherosclerotic Plaque</kwd>
<kwd>Stroke</kwd>
<kwd>Ultrasonography</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="2"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="14"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Many vascular ultrasound articles were published in 2024, but certainly the most discussed in Brazil this year was &quot;Carotid Plaque-RADS - A Novel Stroke Risk Classification System&quot; by Saba et al. in <italic>JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The project brought together 51 specialists in different vascular imaging modalities from 10 countries. This new proposal for categorizing carotid plaque attracted the attention of physicians from various specialties, such as cardiologists, neurologists, radiologists, ultrasound specialists, and vascular surgeons. In this section, we will discuss its main aspects, comparing them with previous classification systems.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>Although clinical treatment has progressed with respect to high-potency statins and both surgical and endovascular invasive treatment, recent reports, such as that of King&apos;s College London for the European Stroke Alliance, show that more efficient actions are required. Stroke continues to be the second most frequent cause of acute cardiovascular syndrome, second only to myocardial infarction. U.S. projections show a 34% increase in strokes by 2060, with the same projected for all European countries by 2035.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>It has long been known that ischemic events due to the progression of atherosclerosis are not entirely related to the degree of stenosis in the culprit artery. In the 1990s, several studies showed that the pathophysiological mechanisms of vascular syndromes involve erosion or rupture of unstable atherosclerotic plaques, with plaque thrombosis, culminating in vessel occlusion or distal embolization of plaque fragments and/or thrombi.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>The latest European Society of Vascular Surgery guidelines on atherosclerotic carotid artery disease recommend treatment for <bold>symptomatic</bold> patients with moderate stenosis (50%-69% obstruction) when clinical or imaging findings suggest a higher risk of new stroke (ie, Class IIa, level of evidence B for endarterectomy and Class IIb, level of evidence B for endovascular treatment).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Regarding plaque morphology, Rothwell et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> demonstrated that patients with irregular or ulcerated plaque had a lower stroke risk at 5 years when treated surgically than patients with smooth plaque (17% vs. 8%; number needed to treat = 6).</p>
<p>For <bold>asymptomatic</bold> individuals with atherosclerotic carotid plaque and stenosis &gt; 60%, decision making about interventional treatment is more challenging. In fact, approximately 20% of these individuals will have a stroke within 10 years, even with optimized clinical treatment and lifestyle change. Several recent studies on plaque characteristics have defined factors associated with a high risk of stroke. The development of multimodality noninvasive vascular imaging has contributed to this paradigm shift, indicating plaque types associated with neurological event risk.</p>
<p>Previous scoring systems include the American Heart Association&apos;s classification of atherosclerotic lesions according to risk of ischemic events, a modification of this system for magnetic resonance imaging, and a plaque score based on ultrasonography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Plaque-RADS (Plaque Reporting and Data System) aims to create an intuitive, accurate, and reliable score through a standardized system that can be used with several imaging modalities (magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography angiography, and ultrasonography) that estimates the risk of first or recurrent stroke. Such an approach would facilitate communication between different institutions, systematizing information between referring physicians, imaging specialists, and researchers.</p>
<p>It is important to emphasize that carotid plaque is still defined according to a recent update of the Brazilian recommendations for evaluating carotid and vertebral arteries, which is based on the well-known Mannheim consensus criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>Plaque-RADS is based on morphological changes in carotid plaque, stratifying the risk of neurological ischemic events. In a publication from American Society of Echocardiography, Johri et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> proposed a classification system for carotid plaque that associates plaque height with the risk of cardiovascular events. Thus, we have two distinct and complementary sources of information, since atherosclerosis is a systemic manifestation with different clinical outcomes.</p>
<p>Since Plaque-RADS uses the height (or thickness) of the carotid plaque to differentiate between grades 1, 2 and 3, comparison with American Society of Echocardiography carotid plaque grades 0, I, II and III is feasible. The Plaque-RADS article discusses the American Heart Association system and that of the American Heart Association modified for magnetic resonance imaging. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> compares atherosclerotic plaque findings among the 4 classification systems. In Plaque-RADS, the key findings are maximum plaque thickness; ulceration; calcification; a thin, thick, or ruptured fibrous cap; a lipid-rich necrotic core; intraplaque hemorrhage; and intraluminal thrombus. Auxiliary findings include neovascularization, inflammation, positive remodeling, atherosclerotic burden, and stenosis progression.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Equivalence between classification systems for atherosclerotic carotid plaque (*Figure adapted from Saba et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>, Johri et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Stary et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and Cai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>). AHA: American Heart Association; ASE: American Society of Echocardiography; IMT: intima-media thickness; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240110-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Although Saba et al. cited intraplaque neovascularization as an auxiliary finding for atherosclerotic plaque, we know that two-dimensional ultrasound is limited regarding such evaluations. The ultrasound contrast agent available in Brazil, associated with adequate equipment adjustment, can detect intraplaque neovascularization and was included in the Brazilian recommendation as a Class I, level of evidence B recommendation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>The new classification system for carotid atherosclerotic plaque proposed in &quot;Carotid Plaque-RADS: A Novel Stroke Risk Classification System&quot;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> can standardize terminology across imaging modalities and grade the risk of neurological events. Imaging findings consistent with vulnerable plaque, detected by vascular ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, are increasingly recognized as associated with a higher risk of events, regardless of the degree of carotid stenosis.</p>
</sec>
</body>
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<name><surname>Hennerici</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Meairs</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Adams</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Amarenco</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bornstein</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>
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<article-title>Mannheim Carotid Intima-media Thickness and Plaque Consensus (2004-2006-2011). An Update on Behalf of the Advisory Board of the 3rd, 4th and 5th Watching the Risk Symposia, at the 13th, 15th and 20th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, Brussels, Belgium, 2006, and Hamburg, Germany, 2011</article-title>
<source>Cerebrovasc Dis</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>34</volume>
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<fpage>290</fpage>
<lpage>296</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000343145</pub-id>
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<article-title>Recommendations for the Assessment of Carotid Arterial Plaque by Ultrasound for the Characterization of Atherosclerosis and Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk: From the American Society of Echocardiography</article-title>
<source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>33</volume>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240110</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Top 1 da ecografia vascular em 2024: Carotid Plaque-RADS – Um novo sistema de classificação de risco de acidente vascular cerebral</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3438-0526</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Simone Nascimento dos</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Simone Nascimento dos Santos</bold> • ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular. SMDB Conj 16 Lote 5 Casa A. CEP: <postal-code>71680-160</postal-code>. Brasília, DF – Brasil E-mail: <email>simone.eccos@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
<kwd>Placa Aterosclerótica</kwd>
<kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
<kwd>Ultrassonografia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>Muitos artigos na área da ecografia vascular foram publicados em 2024, mas certamente o mais comentado no Brasil ao longo desse ano foi o artigo Carotid Plaque-RADS - A Novel Stroke Risk Classification System, publicado por Saba et al. na JACC Cardiovascular Imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Foram reunidos 51 especialistas, pertencentes a 10 países, de diferentes modalidades de imagem vascular. Essa nova proposta de categorização da placa carotídea chamou a atenção de médicos de diversas especialidades, como cardiologistas, neurologistas, radiologistas, ultrassonografistas e cirurgiões vasculares. Discutiremos nesta seção os principais aspectos dessa proposta, comparando-a com outras classificações já existentes.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>Apesar da evolução do tratamento clínico com estatinas de alta potência e dos tratamentos invasivos, tanto cirúrgicos quanto endovasculares, relatórios recentes, como o do King&apos;s College em Londres, realizado para a Aliança Europeia do Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC), mostram que nossa atuação nesse cenário precisa ser mais eficiente. O AVC continua sendo a segunda causa mais frequente de síndrome cardiovascular aguda, atrás apenas do infarto do miocárdio. Projeções para os EUA mostram um aumento de 34% nos AVCs até 2060, o mesmo percentual de aumento projetado para todos os países europeus até 2035.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Sabe-se há muito tempo que os eventos isquêmicos causados pela evolução da aterosclerose não estão, em sua totalidade, relacionados ao grau de estenose da artéria culpada. Vários estudos da década de 90 mostraram que os mecanismos fisiopatológicos nas síndromes vasculares passam pela erosão ou ruptura da placa aterosclerótica instável, com trombose sobre placa, culminando em oclusão do vaso ou embolização distal de fragmentos da placa e/ou trombos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>A última diretriz da Sociedade Europeia de Cirurgia Vascular para o tratamento da doença carotídea aterosclerótica incluiu espaço para consideração do tratamento de pacientes sintomáticos com estenoses moderadas (entre 50 e 69% de obstrução), quando existem achados clínicos ou de imagem que sugiram um maior risco de novo AVC. A recomendação é classe IIa B para endarterectomia e classe IIb B para tratamento endovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Entre os achados de imagem relacionados à morfologia da placa, Rothwell et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> demonstraram que pacientes com placas irregulares ou ulceradas apresentaram uma maior redução de risco de AVC em 5 anos quando tratados cirurgicamente, em comparação com pacientes com placas de superfície lisa (17% x 8% - número necessário para tratar [NNT] de 6).</p>
<p>Já para os indivíduos assintomáticos com placa carotídea aterosclerótica e estenoses &gt; 60%, a decisão de tratamento intervencionista é mais desafiadora. De fato, cerca de 20% desses indivíduos terão AVC em 10 anos, mesmo em tratamento clínico otimizado e mudanças no estilo de vida. Nos últimos anos, vários estudos se debruçaram sobre as características das placas e definiram fatores associados a um alto risco de AVC. A evolução da multimodalidade de imagem vascular não invasiva vem contribuindo para essa mudança de paradigma, trazendo o conhecimento da placa vulnerável associada ao risco de eventos neurológicos para a prática clínica.</p>
<p>Alguns escores foram sugeridos anteriormente, como o da American Heart Association (AHA), graduando os tipos de lesão ateroscleróticas progressivamente com maior risco de eventos isquêmicos; a proposta modificada utilizando-se a ressonância magnética (RM); e o escore de placa pela ultrassonografia (US).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A proposta da categorização <italic>Plaque–Reporting and Data System</italic> (Plaque-RADS) visa criar um escore intuitivo, acurado e confiável, padronizando um sistema que pode ser utilizado por várias modalidades de imagem (RM, angiotomografia e US), estimando o risco de primeiro AVC ou AVC recorrente. Essa abordagem facilitaria a comunicação entre diferentes instituições, sistematizando informações entre médicos solicitantes, imaginologistas e pesquisadores.</p>
<p>Torna-se importante salientar que a definição de placa carotídea continua sendo orientada como em recente atualização da recomendação brasileira para avaliação das artérias carótidas e vertebrais, utilizando-se os conhecidos critérios dos consensos de Mannhein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>A proposta da classificação Plaque-RADS é baseada nas alterações morfológicas da placa carotídea, estratificando o risco de eventos isquêmicos neurológicos. Johri et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> em publicação das recomendações da American Society of Echocardiography (ASE), propuseram uma classificação da placa carotídea, relacionando a altura da placa com risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Temos, portanto, duas informações distintas e complementares, visto que a aterosclerose é uma manifestação sistêmica com desfechos clínicos diversos.</p>
<p>Como a classificação Plaque-RADS utiliza a medida da altura (ou espessura) da placa carotídea como diferenciação entre os graus 1, 2 e 3, é factível compará-las com as placas carotídeas graus 0, I, II e III da ASE. No texto do artigo original do Plaque-RADS, já está discutida a comparação com a classificação da AHA e da AHA modificada para RM. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura</xref> abaixo foi elaborada para a comparação dos achados da placa aterosclerótica entre as quatro classificações. Como podemos observar, para a classificação Plaque-RADS, os achados-chave das placas carotídeas são espessura máxima da placa, presença de ulceração, calcificações, capa fibrosa fina, espessa ou rota, núcleo necrótico rico em gordura, hemorragia intraplaca e trombo intraluminal. Os achados auxiliares na descrição da placa seriam neovascularização, inflamação, remodelamento positivo, carga aterosclerótica e progressão da estenose.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Equivalência entre as classificações da placa carotídea aterosclerótica (*Figura adaptada de Saba et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Johri et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Stary et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e Cai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>). ASE: American Society of Echocardiography; AHA: American Heart Association; RM: ressonância magnética; EMI: espessura médio-intimal.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240110-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Embora o artigo tenha citado a neovascularização intraplaca como achado auxiliar para a descrição da placa aterosclerótica, sabemos que o US bidimensional é limitado para essa avaliação. O agente realçador de contraste ultrassonográfico disponível em nosso meio, associado ao ajuste adequado do equipamento, pode detectar a presença de neovascularização intraplaca e foi incluído na recomendação brasileira como classe de recomendação I, nível de evidência B.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>O novo sistema de classificação da placa aterosclerótica carotídea proposto no artigo Carotid Plaque-RADS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> traz uma possibilidade de padronização da terminologia entre diferentes modalidades de imagem, graduando o risco de eventos neurológicos. Os achados de imagem compatíveis com a vulnerabilidade da placa, detectados pelo US vascular, tomografia computadorizada e RM, são cada vez mais reconhecidos como associados a maior risco de eventos, independente do grau de estenose carotídea.</p>
</sec>
</body>
</sub-article>
</article>
