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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240083i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Giant Left Atrium in Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-3160-7547</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Darzé</surname>
						<given-names>Alice Cunha</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2535-4342</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Paladino</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Tito</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9929-9430</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rassi</surname>
						<given-names>Amanda Marsiaj</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5148-447X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Prazeres</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0886-0844</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pinto</surname>
						<given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-3603-2511</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Caneschi</surname>
						<given-names>João Marcelo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-5224-3417</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ponte</surname>
						<given-names>Jose Roberto Tuma da</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5490-5396</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Morales</surname>
						<given-names>Paul Salvador</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-7885-3357</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hendges</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael Castro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6728-3565</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Senra</surname>
						<given-names>Tiago</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Alice Cunha Darzé</bold> • Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal code: <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>. Vila Mariana, São Paulo, SP – Brazil. E-mail: <email>alicecdarze@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>05</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>37</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20240083</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The Giant Left Atrium (GLA) is a rare condition, more commonly related to rheumatic mitral valve disease; it can be mistaken with a few possible differential diagnoses when less accurate methods are implemented, potentially leading to particularly dangerous and unnecessary procedures in this setting. Cardiovascular imaging methods, such as Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR), can be valuable for this differentiation and provide high spatial resolution, supporting accurate diagnosis and surgical planning when indicated. Selecting the most precise diagnostic method, however, requires deep knowledge of the GLA condition and clinical data, leading to a correct suspicion. Furthermore, opting for using volumetry rather than the biplanar method in cases of significant deformity ensures greater accuracy in the values obtained.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
				<kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Valve Diseases</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="7"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case Report</title>
			<p>Female patient, 58 years old, with a history of rheumatic mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation (AF) underwent mitral valve replacement surgery with bioprosthesis implantation in 1992.</p>
			<p>Remained asymptomatic until 2021, when she began experiencing progressive symptoms of heart failure, including moderate exertional dyspnea (NYHA Functional Class II), orthopnea, and lower limb edema. A Transthoracic Echocardiogram (TTE) at that time revealed severe insufficiency of the mitral bioprosthesis, significant tricuspid insufficiency, and biatrial enlargement. The Left Atrium (LA) showed an indexed volume of 178 m³ and an anteroposterior diameter of 64 mm.</p>
			<p>She was placed on the surgical waiting list for mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valve repair but remained on the list until 2024 due to delays from the COVID-19 pandemic. The patient was then subjected to Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMRI) for preoperative planning. CMRI showed a notable increase in LA measurements compared to the 2021 TTE, with an anteroposterior diameter of 75 mm and volumes of 263 m³ by the biplane method and 333 m³ by volumetry. No thrombus was visualized inside the LA.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Giant Left Atrium (GLA) is a rare condition, most commonly related to rheumatic mitral valve disease. The most widely accepted definition for Giant Left Atrium (GLA) is an LA anteroposterior measurement of 65 mm or greater in the longitudinal parasternal view of the echocardiogram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This view corresponds to the 3-chamber cine in CMRI, which provides greater spatial resolution.</p>
			<p>GLA may be mistaken for other conditions, such as tumors or pericardial effusion when using less precise diagnostic methods; misdiagnosis can lead to unnecessary procedures, like biopsies and pericardiocentesis, which may be particularly dangerous in this setting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The primary etiology for GLA reported in the literature is rheumatic disease. An epidemiological study in a Qatari hospital found that 92% of GLA cases were due to rheumatic mitral valve disease, with 8% also involving the tricuspid valve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> It has been suggested that atrial enlargement in rheumatic heart disease results from rheumatic carditis. However, studies have not yet demonstrated Aschoff nodules in LA tissue, supporting the concept of dilation secondary to chronic pressure and volume overload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>GLA is associated with numerous complications, including extrinsic compression of extracardiac structures, formation of refractory thrombi in the LA, and development of AF, which can further contribute to atrial dilation. The main surgical indication for atrial volume reduction is the presence of these complications; in their absence, mitral valve replacement alone has been shown to reduce LA size in some cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Giant Left Atrium through Cardiac Resonance in 2-chamber cine</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240083-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Biatrial dilation and Giant Left Atrium through Cardiac Resonance in 4-chamber cine</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240083-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>In cases of extensive LA deformation, biplane volume estimation is less accurate. CMRI allows direct measurement through volumetry, enabling precise quantification.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240083</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Átrio Esquerdo Gigante em Doença Valvar Mitral Reumática</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-3160-7547</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Darzé</surname>
						<given-names>Alice Cunha</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2535-4342</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Paladino</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Tito</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9929-9430</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rassi</surname>
						<given-names>Amanda Marsiaj</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5148-447X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Prazeres</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0886-0844</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pinto</surname>
						<given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-3603-2511</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Caneschi</surname>
						<given-names>João Marcelo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-5224-3417</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ponte</surname>
						<given-names>Jose Roberto Tuma da</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5490-5396</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Morales</surname>
						<given-names>Paul Salvador</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-7885-3357</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hendges</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael Castro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6728-3565</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Senra</surname>
						<given-names>Tiago</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Alice Cunha Darzé</bold> • Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP: <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>. Vila Mariana, São Paulo, SP – Brasil. E-mail: <email>alicecdarze@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O Átrio Esquerdo Gigante (AEG) é uma condição rara e mais comumente relacionada à doença valvar mitral reumática; pode ser confundido com alguns possíveis diagnósticos diferenciais quando ferramentas pouco acuradas são implementadas na sua investigação, podendo acarretar procedimentos desnecessários e particularmente perigosos neste cenário. Métodos de imagem cardíaca, tais como a Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca (RMC) podem ser úteis nesta diferenciação por sua alta resolução espacial, possibilitando tanto o diagnóstico, como a programação da intervenção cirúrgica, caso indicada. A solicitação do método diagnóstico mais acertado, entretanto, requer conhecimento sobre esta condição, levando à sua correta suspeição. Além disso, a escolha pela volumetria em lugar do método biplanar na RMC em casos de grande deformação atrial é mais uma forma de assegurar a acurácia dos valores obtidos.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Átrios do Coração</kwd>
				<kwd>Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética</kwd>
				<kwd>Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato de caso</title>
				<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 58 anos, com história de Doença Valvar Mitral Reumática e Fibrilação Atrial (FA), submetida à cirurgia de troca valvar com implante de bioprótese em posição mitral no ano de 1992.</p>
				<p>Evoluiu assintomática até o ano de 2021, quando passou a apresentar evolução progressiva de sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca, como dispneia a moderados esforços (Classe Funcional II pela NYHA), ortopneia e edema de membros inferiores. O Ecocardiograma Transtorácico (ECOTT) nesta ocasião evidenciou disfunção da bioprótese mitral do tipo insuficiência de grau importante, insuficiência tricúspide também importante, além de aumento biatrial. As dimensões do Átrio Esquerdo (AE) revelavam um volume indexado de 178 m³ e um diâmetro anteroposterior de 64 mm.</p>
				<p>Manteve-se aguardando em fila cirúrgica, com proposta de retroca valvar mitral e plastia tricúspide, até o ano de 2024 em decorrência da pandemia de COVID-19. Submetida à Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca (RMC) para programação no intraoperatório. Na RMC, um aumento importante das medidas do AE foi observado em comparação com o ECOTT de 2021, agora com um diâmetro anteroposterior de 75 mm e um volume de 263 m³ obtido pelo método biplanar e de 333 m³ obtido por volumetria. Nenhum trombo foi visualizado no interior do AE.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O Átrio Esquerdo Gigante (AEG) é uma condição rara e mais comumente relacionada à doença valvar mitral reumática. A definição mais utilizada para AEG consiste em uma medida anteroposterior do AE igual ou superior a 65 mm na Janela paraesternal longitudinal do ecocardiograma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essa janela corresponde à cine de 3 câmaras na RMC, com maior resolução espacial.</p>
				<p>O AEG pode ser confundido com alguns possíveis diagnósticos diferenciais, como tumores ou derrame pericárdico, quando métodos diagnósticos menos acurados são implementados; o diagnóstico equivocado pode acarretar intervenções desnecessárias, como biopsias e pericardiocentese, que podem ser particularmente perigosas neste cenário.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A etiologia mais descrita em literatura para o AEG é a doença reumática. Um estudo epidemiológico realizado em um hospital no Qatar descreveu que 92% dos casos de AEG eram decorrentes de valvopatia mitral reumática, e 8% também apresentavam envolvimento da válvula tricúspide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A hipótese de aumento atrial como resultado de cardite reumática tem sido sugerida, embora estudos ainda não tenham demonstrado a presença de nódulos de Aschoff no tecido do AE, o que reforça a ideia de que a dilatação ocorre devido à sobrecarga pressórica e volumétrica crônica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Muitas complicações estão relacionadas ao AEG, incluindo a compressão extrínseca de estruturas extracardíacas, formação de trombos refratários no AE e desenvolvimento de FA, que pode, por sua vez, contribuir ainda mais com a dilatação atrial. A principal indicação para submeter esses pacientes à cirurgia de redução do volume atrial está relacionada à ocorrência de tais complicações; na ausência delas, a troca valvar mitral demonstrou ser capaz de eventual redução do tamanho do AE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>AEG pela Ressonância Cardíaca em cine 2 câmaras</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240083-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Dilatação biatrial e AEG pela Ressonância Cardíaca em cine 4 câmaras</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240083-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>A estimativa do volume total do AE utilizando o método biplanar em cenários de grande deformação desta cavidade torna-se menos confiável. A RMC permite realizar a medida direta pela volumetria, possibilitando uma quantificação acurada.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>