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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240073i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240073i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>The Many Faces of Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse: Case Series</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0042-4180</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Barbosa</surname><given-names>Yasmim Evelyn Lisboa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-3069-8155</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Evangelista</surname><given-names>Isadora Wanderley Queiroga de Freitas</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-2184-534X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Sousa</surname><given-names>Julyana Maria Ramalho de</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-3914-6908</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Jales</surname><given-names>Lorena Carvalho Leite</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7429-6129</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Viegas</surname><given-names>Elisabete Louise de Medeiros</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2687-3240</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Nóbrega</surname><given-names>Patrícia Vidal de Negreiros</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2950-7505</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Moura</surname><given-names>Daniel Moreira Costa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7872-213X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Targueta</surname><given-names>Gabriel Pelegrineti</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-0835-1390</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Resende</surname><given-names>Lilian Amador</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9480-4963</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>Renner Augusto Raposo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4112-3600</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Athayde</surname><given-names>Guilherme Augusto Teodoro</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitário de João Pessoa</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário de João Pessoa, João Pessoa, PB – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Nossa Senhora das Neves</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora das Neves, João Pessoa, PB – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Coração</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Yasmim Evelyn Lisboa Barbosa • Centro Universitário de João Pessoa. BR 230, Água Fria. Postal Code: <postal-code>58053-000</postal-code>. João Pessoa, PB – Brazil E-mail: <email>yasmimlisboafac@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label><p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label><p>José de Arimatéia Batista Araújo Filho</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>22</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240073</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>07</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>Although it is frequently a benign condition, mitral valve prolapse (MVP) may be associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias (VA), a condition known as arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse (AMVP).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objectives:</title>
<p>To present diverse manifestations of AMVP by means of clinical cases that illustrate these patients’ symptoms and electrocardiogram (ECG), 24-hour Holter, transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) findings and to discuss the decisions made in relation to different clinical outcomes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>This retrospective, descriptive, and observational study analyzed 5 patients with AMVP treated between 2019 and 2024, investigating markers of elevated risk for severe clinical outcomes, especially sudden cardiac death (SCD).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>Among the 5 patients evaluated, the most common clinical presentation was palpitations (100% of cases), followed by syncope (40%). Three patients (60%) had severe or very severe arrhythmia on 24-hour Holter monitoring, while 4 (80%) had mitral annular disjunction (MAD). Positive delayed enhancement was observed in 2 (40%) patients. In 2 cases (40%), implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) was indicated. In 1 case, mitral valve replacement was chosen, but the arrhythmias were not resolved; consequently, radiofrequency ablation was indicated. Although SCD has been described in the literature, no cases were observed in our sample.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>AMVP may present distinct clinical manifestations, including severe outcomes. It is essential to identify risk markers for early diagnosis and treatment of this condition, with the goal of reducing SCD-related mortality in these patients.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Mitral Valve Prolapse</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmias</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiac Sudden Death</kwd>
<kwd>Ventricular Tachycardia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="12"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="15"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) affects approximately 2% to 3% of the general population and is considered the most common valvular heart disease, especially in Western countries, with a slight predominance in the female sex.¹ Although the outcomes of MVP are mostly benign, there is growing evidence of a direct relationship with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD).²<sup>,3</sup> This condition is known as arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse (AMPV), and it is defined by the combination of MVP with frequent or complex ventricular arrhythmias (VA), in the absence of any other arrhythmic substrate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>The fact that AMPV is known to be a heterogeneous condition makes it increasingly relevant to discuss, especially in the search for more robust data on its pathophysiology, risk stratification, and appropriate management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In this scenario, studies have focused on determining the high-risk characteristics for the outcome of SCD, using clinical history and abnormalities on routine exams, for example, electrocardiogram (ECG), 24-hour Holter monitoring, transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>We present a series of 5 cases that illustrate the diverse clinical presentation of AMVP, discussing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and reinforcing the importance of individualized management of these patients.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methodology</title>
<p>The objective of this observational, documentary, retrospective, and descriptive study was to portray the multiple possible presentations of AMVP. The study followed the recommendations of the Case Reports Guidelines (CARE).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240073-gf01.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: the authors (2024). AMVP: arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse; CMRI: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; MAD: mitral annular disjunction; SCD: sudden cardiac death.</attrib>
</fig>
<p>Analyses were conducted during the first half of 2024. The inclusion criteria involved adults over 18 years of age, from the state of Paraíba, Brazil, with AMVP. We evaluated 5 patients treated between September 2019 and March 2024. Data were collected by means of analysis of electronic medical records for 2 patients and the application of a questionnaire in a virtual environment for 3 patients, totaling 5 cases studied.</p>
<p>Data collection included medical history; electronic records of consultations; results of exams such as including ECG, CMRI, 24-hour Holter, coronary tomography angiography, TTE, and electrophysiological study; and patient management. All ethical aspects were strictly followed. A free and informed consent form was obtained, in accordance with the norms established by the Research Ethics Council and the Brazilian National Research Ethics Commission, and the study received approval from the Unipê Ethics and Research Committee (CAAE 78186124.9.0000.5176).</p>
<p>MVP was defined as a systolic displacement of the mitral leaflet into the left atrium (LA) of at least 2 mm from the mitral annular plane, on echocardiographic examination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> AMVP was defined by the presence of MVP (with or without mitral annular disjunction [MAD]), combined with frequent and/or complex VA in the absence of any other well-defined arrhythmic substrate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Complex VA were defined as the presence of multifocal ventricular extrasystoles, paired ventricular extrasystoles, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), or R wave over T wave.¹ MAD was defined as a systolic separation between the ventricular myocardium and the mitral annulus supporting the posterior mitral leaflet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> For this study, a minimum cutoff value of 1 mm was considered to define the presence of MAD on CMRI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> CMRI was conducted in all 5 study participants, and it is the exam with the greatest accuracy in diagnosing this finding.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<sec>
<title>Case 1:</title>
<p>A 42-year-old female patient complained of daily palpitations, without associated symptoms. She denied comorbidities or medication use. An ECG was performed, which showed sinus rhythm and inverted T waves in the inferior leads (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). A 24-hour Holter monitor identified 28% polymorphic VA, 58 of which were NSVT. At that time, her TTE showed MVP with 16-mm MAD, preserved ejection fraction, and slight enlargement of the LA. After initiating use of beta blockers, there was a reduction in VA density to 5% on a subsequent 24-hour Holter monitor. An exercise test was requested, which showed increased VA at peak exertion; coronary tomography angiography showed no significant lesions. CMRI confirmed important 15-mm MAD, but with an ejection fraction of 47% and delayed post-contrast enhancement in the lower portion of the mitral annulus, indicating fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 2</xref>). Since the patient had multiple high-risk characteristics for SCD, electrophysiological study was requested for risk stratification; ventricular fibrillation was induced after the second cycle of extra-stimuli (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 3</xref>),and the decision was made to implant an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). After 1 year of follow-up, the patient continued without shocks from the device, taking beta blockers and amiodarone.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>ECG showing sinus rhythm, T wave inversion in D1 and AVL, and monomorphic ventricular extrasystole with right bundle branch block morphology and possible location in the anterior mitral annulus. Source: the authors (2024). FC: Heart rate.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240073-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>CMRI showing 15-mm MAD and fibrosis in the inferior portion of the mitral annulus. Source: the authors (2024). LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MAD: mitral annular disjunction.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240073-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Induced ventricular fibrillation on electrophysiological study.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240073-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Case 2:</title>
<p>A 63-year-old female patient complained of fatigue upon minimal effort, palpitations, and sporadic syncope without prodromes. The patient was hypertensive and was on losartan 50 mg, bisoprolol 5 mg, rosuvastatin 20 mg, escitalopram 10 mg, and clonazepam 0.5 mg. Her resting ECG was within normal limits, and the exercise test showed no abnormalities. Her TTE showed important LA dilation, moderate left ventricular dilation, and mitral valve with 8-mm MAD associated with myxomatous degeneration and leaflet prolapse. Based on these findings, a CMRI was requested, which revealed MAD and mitral annular fibrosis, demonstrated by the presence of delayed contrast enhancement in the mitral annular region near the P1 and P2 segments, in addition to mild mitral reflux and moderate LA enlargement. Her 24-hour Holter showed 1% polymorphic VA. In view of the condition with unexplained syncope, AMVP, delayed enhancement, and LA enlargement, the decision was made to implant an ICD.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Case 3:</title>
<p>A 39-year-old female patient complained of palpitations and syncope episodes, dyspnea upon mild exertion, drowsiness, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and orthopnea. On physical examination, she had a holosystolic murmur in the mitral focus, grade 3+/6+. Her ECG showed sinus rhythm with ventricular bigeminy and extrasystole with left bundle branch block morphology, transition in V4 and inferior axis. TTE showed important mitral insufficiency, in addition to posterior mitral cusp prolapse. CMRI showed biatrial enlargement with ejection fraction of 68% and absence of delayed enhancement. The 24-hour Holter revealed 31% polymorphic VA, with a predominance of one of the morphologies, 70 being NSVT. Therefore, drug treatment with beta blockers and amiodarone was initiated, and a transesophageal echocardiogram was requested, which reclassified the mitral insufficiency as severe. Notwithstanding the reduction in VA density to 14% on subsequent 24-hour Holter monitoring, the patient developed an episode of syncope without prodromes, and surgical mitral valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis was indicated. In spite of this, the patient persisted with high VA burden, and radiofrequency ablation was performed in the arrhythmogenic focus, located in the anteroseptal portion of the right ventricular outflow tract. After 1 year and 7 months of follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Case 4:</title>
<p>A 70-year-old female patient presented with complaints of palpitations and fatigue upon moderate exertion, which had begun approximately 10 years prior. She denied syncope and other associated symptoms. She had been diagnosed with systemic arterial hypertension, glaucoma, prediabetes, and takotsubo syndrome; she was taking acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg/day, rosuvastatin 5 mg/day, olmesartan 20 mg/day, metoprolol 25 mg twice a day, and metformin 500 mg 3 times daily. Her 24-hour Holter revealed 21% polymorphic VA, but without NSVT; her TTE identified the presence of mild mitral reflux. A CMRI was requested, which revealed myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve, anterior leaflet prolapse, and mild MAD (&lt; 5 mm) in the inferior and inferolateral portion, with minimal regurgitation, in addition to tricuspid valve with myxomatous degeneration, septal leaflet prolapse, and mild reflux. Radiofrequency ablation of the arrhythmogenic focus was indicated, but no arrhythmias were present during the procedure; thus, the decision was made to begin optimized drug treatment with amiodarone 100 mg/day and metoprolol 50 mg twice a day. After 7 months of follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Case 5:</title>
<p>A 65-year-old male patient presented symptoms of palpitations and dyspnea for 3 months. He denied syncope. He had been diagnosed with systemic arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia and was taking tamsulosin 0.4 mg/day and rosuvastatin 20 mg/day. His ECG revealed sinus rhythm with end conduction delay. His 24-hour Holter showed 3% polymorphic VA, without NSVT. TTE showed a mitral valve with mildly thickened cusps and posterior leaflet prolapse. CMRI, in turn, demonstrated mild mitral insufficiency, with a 5-mm MAD. Bisoprolol 5 mg/day was prescribed, resulting in a significant reduction in arrhythmic density and control of symptoms.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>This study is one of the first case series published in Brazil to portray the vast myriad presentations of AMVP, highlighting different risks of SCD and the difficulty in adopting scientifically-based conducts due to the low prevalence and scarce literature on the condition. It is worth noting that all participants in this study were treated in the private health system, which to a certain extent facilitated management of these patients, given that it was necessary to perform high-cost exams and procedures.</p>
<p>History of fainting or syncope, abnormalities on Holter monitoring (polymorphic VA), ECG (T wave inversion and prolonged QT interval), TTE (bileaflet prolapse, myxomatous degeneration, and MAD), and CMRI (delayed gadolinium enhancement in the annular region and papillary muscles, indicating fibrosis) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 4</xref>), are considered high-risk markers for SCD in patients with AMVP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><title>Markers of high risk for SCD. Source: the authors (2024). AMVP: arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse; CMRI: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; MAD: mitral annular disjunction.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240073-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The patient described in case 1 did not have significant clinical symptoms; however, she exhibited abnormalities on ECG, TTE, and CMRI suggestive of a high risk for the development of SCD. Given these findings, electrophysiological study was indicated, which culminated in the implantation of an ICD.</p>
<p>Performing electrophysiological study to stratify the risk of SCD in cases of AMVP is still controversial. A meta-analysis carried out in patients with AMVP observed that this exam can be useful in mapping VA in patients with some risk markers, such as female sex, T wave inversion on ECG, polymorphic ventricular extrasystoles, MAD and double leaflet MVP on TTE, and delayed enhancement in the inferior left ventricular wall and papillary muscle on CMRI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> which were present in this patient.</p>
<p>With respect to ICD, it has been shown to be the indicated therapy for patients with AMVP at high risk of SCD, as was the case of patients 1 and 2. In the case of the latter, there was a clinical history of unexplained syncope, suggestive of cardiogenic etiology, which, in conjunction with the high-risk markers (syncope, bileaflet prolapse, MAD, myxomatous degeneration, and delayed enhancement in the mitral annular region), led us to decide not to request electrophysiological study, but rather to promptly indicate ICD implantation. The use of ICD as primary prevention should be considered in patients with AMVP if it is associated with high-risk phenotypes for ventricular tachycardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>In case 3, the patient presented MVP with important mitral insufficiency, in addition to complex VA, with frequent NSVT and syncope of cardiogenic etiology. Although beta blockers and amiodarone reduced the frequency of VA, the symptoms initially persisted. The patient underwent mitral valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis in an attempt to correct the mitral insufficiency and reduce the arrhythmic burden; however, the patient persisted with high VA density, requiring radiofrequency ablation. Regarding this therapeutic choice, studies have provided evidence of its ability to reduce the burden of ventricular ectopy, prevent ICD shocks, and improve systolic function, and it is routinely indicated for cases of frequent symptomatic ventricular ectopy, sustained ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia, and/or cases refractory to antiarrhythmic drug therapy, provided that the arrhythmogenic focus has been correctly delineated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>In case 4, the patient complained of palpitation, and examination showed MVP associated with MAD; in this case, drug treatment was initially chosen. Data are relatively limited regarding the efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs for VA specifically related to MVP. Nonetheless, due to their relative safety, the use of these medications continues to be the first line of treatment for cases of AMVP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In the absence of expected control, new possible forms of management have been considered, such as radiofrequency ablation. As described in case 3, the patient was indicated for the procedure, but the absence of VA induction during electrophysiological study meant that radiofrequency ablation was not effective, and we decided to optimize drug treatment to control the condition.</p>
<p>The patient reported in case 5 did not present significant clinical findings; however, he reported the presence of palpitation, the most common presentation of the arrhythmic syndrome of MAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Regarding the control of VA, the patient in question showed a significant reduction in arrhythmic density and symptom control with the use of bisoprolol, although the suppression of ventricular extrasystoles by means of therapy with antiarrhythmic drugs in a small study was not effective.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>This study was able to identify various faces of AMVP, for example, the presence of patients between 39 and 70 years old, especially women, who had varied clinical findings such as dyspnea, syncope, and palpitations. Radiological findings were also diverse among patients, but some were repeated more frequently, such as structural changes in the mitral area, including MAD, myxomatous degeneration, and fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 5</xref>). It is worth underscoring that the importance and, at the same time, the challenge of risk stratification in MVP is in identifying high-risk patients within a large population of low-risk patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><title>Various faces of AMVP in the present study. Source: the authors (2024). CMRI: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; ECG: electrocardiogram; LA: left atrium; LBBB: left bundle branch block; MA: mitral annulus; MAD: mitral annular disjunction; MI: mitral insufficiency; MV: mitral valve; MVP: mitral valve prolapse; TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram; TV: tricuspid valve; TVP: tricuspid valve prolapse; VA: ventricular arrhythmia.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240073-gf06.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>In relation to MAD, echocardiography studies indicate a minimum limit of 5 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> However, on CMRI, the length of MAD can vary from 1 mm to over 15 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This variability in length makes diagnosis challenging, since the lack of a clear diagnostic criterion can lead to overdiagnosis, posing challenges to clinical assessment and appropriate patient management. Nonetheless, although the exact required length remains unclear, research has shown that disjunctions smaller than 5 mm are generally considered incidental findings, while disjunctions greater than 8.5 mm have been associated with more unfavorable prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>Our study has some limitations. The variability of clinical manifestations and responses to proposed treatments in a small sample makes it difficult to find patterns that could serve as recommendations for other patients with AMVP. The small number of patients included may also favor biases that limit the extrapolation of some of the findings, requiring future studies with larger samples. Data collection performed in medical records makes the study vulnerable to recording errors and omission of information, while collection performed by applying a questionnaire may introduce recall bias. Moreover, the study may not reflect disease progression and the long-term effects of treatments, since the analyses were performed in the first half of 2024, and patient follow-up is still ongoing.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>AMVP can manifest with diverse clinical presentations, including unfavorable outcomes such as SCD. In clinical practice, this diagnosis can often be challenging, requiring extensive clinical assessment and high-cost diagnostic tests. Furthermore, the management and treatment of this condition have yet to be well established in the literature, requiring further, more comprehensive studies. In this context, the identification of risk markers, such as MAD and the presence of VA, is essential for the early diagnosis and treatment of these patients.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of Funding</label><p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study Association</label><p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label><p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Centro Universitário de João Pessoa (UNIPÊ) under the protocol number 78186124.9.0000.5176. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7429-6129</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Viegas</surname><given-names>Elisabete Louise de Medeiros</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2687-3240</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Nóbrega</surname><given-names>Patrícia Vidal de Negreiros</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2950-7505</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Moura</surname><given-names>Daniel Moreira Costa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7872-213X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Targueta</surname><given-names>Gabriel Pelegrineti</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-0835-1390</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Resende</surname><given-names>Lilian Amador</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9480-4963</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>Renner Augusto Raposo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4112-3600</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Athayde</surname><given-names>Guilherme Augusto Teodoro</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário de João Pessoa, João Pessoa, PB – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora das Neves, João Pessoa, PB – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> Yasmim Evelyn Lisboa Barbosa • Centro Universitário de João Pessoa. BR 230, Água Fria. CEP: <postal-code>58053-000</postal-code>. João Pessoa, PB – Brasil E-mail: <email>yasmimlisboafac@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label><p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label><p>José de Arimatéia Batista Araújo Filho</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento:</title>
<p>Embora seja uma condição comumente benigna, o prolapso de valva mitral (PVM) pode estar associado a risco aumentado de arritmias ventriculares (AV), condição conhecida como prolapso de valva mitral arrítmico (PVMA).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivos:</title>
<p>Apresentar as diversas manifestações do PVMA por meio de casos clínicos que ilustrem os sintomas, os achados no eletrocardiograma (ECG), no Holter de 24h, no ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) e na ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) desses pacientes, além de discutir as condutas tomadas diante de desfechos clínicos distintos.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Métodos:</title>
<p>Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e observacional que analisou 5 pacientes com PVMA atendidos entre os anos de 2019 e 2024, sendo investigados, nessa amostra, marcadores de risco elevado para desfechos clínicos graves, sobretudo morte súbita cardíaca (MSC).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>Dos 5 pacientes avaliados, a apresentação clínica mais comum foi de palpitações (100% dos casos), seguida por síncopes (40%). Três pacientes (60%) apresentaram arritmia severa ou muito severa no Holter de 24 horas, enquanto 4 (80%) apresentaram disjunção do anel mitral (DAM). Realce tardio positivo foi observado em 2 (40%) pacientes. Em 2 casos (40%), foi indicado implante de cardiodesfibrilador implantável (CDI). Em 1 dos casos, foi optado pela troca valvar mitral, porém sem resolução das arritmias e, por conseguinte, indicada ablação por radiofrequência. Embora descrito na literatura, nenhum caso de MSC foi observado na amostra.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusão:</title>
<p>O PVMA pode apresentar distintas manifestações clínicas, inclusive com desfechos graves. Identificar os marcadores de risco é essencial para o diagnóstico e tratamento precoces dessa condição, objetivando-se reduzir a mortalidade relacionada à MSC nesses pacientes.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd>Prolapso da Valva Mitral</kwd>
<kwd>Arritmias Cardíacas</kwd>
<kwd>Morte Súbita Cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f7">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240073-pt-gf01.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Própria (2024). DAM: disjunção do anel mitral; MSC: morte súbita cardíaca; PVMA: prolapso da valva mitral arrítmico; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca.</attrib>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>O prolapso de valva mitral (PVM) afeta cerca de 2% a 3% da população geral, sendo considerada a doença cardíaca valvar mais comum, sobretudo nos países ocidentais, e com leve predominância pelo sexo feminino.¹ Embora os desfechos da PVM sejam majoritariamente benignos, há evidências em ascensão de uma relação direta com risco aumentado de morte súbita cardíaca (MSC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Tal condição é denominada prolapso de valva mitral arrítmico (PVMA), definida pela combinação de PVM com arritmias ventriculares (AV) frequentes ou complexas, na ausência de qualquer outro substrato arrítmico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>O fato de o PVMA ser uma condição sabidamente heterogênea torna sua discussão cada vez mais relevante, sobretudo na busca de dados mais robustos acerca de sua fisiopatologia, estratificação de risco e manejo adequado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nesse cenário, estudos têm focado em determinar as características de alto risco para o desfecho de MSC, utilizando história clínica e alterações em exames rotineiros, como o eletrocardiograma (ECG), Holter de 24 horas, ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) e ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Apresentamos uma série de 5 casos que ilustram a diversidade da apresentação clínica do PVMA, discutindo seus desafios diagnósticos e terapêuticos, e reforçando a importância do manejo individualizado desses pacientes.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Metodologia</title>
<p>Este é um estudo observacional, documental, retrospectivo e descritivo, com o objetivo de retratar as múltiplas possíveis apresentações do PVMA. A pesquisa seguiu as recomendações do Case Reports Guidelines (CARE).</p>
<p>As análises foram realizadas no primeiro semestre de 2024. Os critérios de inclusão envolveram adultos maiores de 18 anos, procedentes do estado da Paraíba e portadores de PVMA. Foram avaliados 5 pacientes, atendidos entre setembro de 2019 e março de 2024. Os dados foram coletados por meio da análise de prontuários eletrônicos para 2 pacientes e da aplicação de questionário em meio virtual para 3 pacientes, totalizando os 5 casos do estudo.</p>
<p>Na coleta, foi reunido o histórico médico, registros eletrônicos de consultas, resultados de exames, como ECG, RMC, Holter de 24 horas, angiotomografia de coronárias, ETT e estudo eletrofisiológico, e condutas dos pacientes. Todos os aspectos éticos foram rigorosamente seguidos, com obtenção de Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, de acordo com as normas do Conselho de Ética em Pesquisa, da Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa do Unipê (CAAE 78186124.9.0000.5176).</p>
<p>O PVM foi definido como, ao exame ecocardiográfico, um deslocamento sistólico do folheto mitral para o átrio esquerdo (AE) de pelo menos 2 mm do plano anular mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O PVMA foi definido pela presença de PVM (com ou sem disjunção do anel mitral [DAM]), combinada com AV frequente e/ou complexa na ausência de qualquer outro substrato arrítmico bem definido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> AV complexas foram definidas como presença de extrassístoles ventriculares multifocais, extrassístoles ventriculares pareadas, taquicardia ventricular não sustentada (TVNS) ou onda R sobre onda T.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> DAM foi definida como uma separação sistólica entre o miocárdio ventricular e o anel mitral que sustenta o folheto mitral posterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No presente estudo, foi considerado um valor mínimo de corte de 1 mm para definir a presença de DAM em RMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Este foi um exame presente nos 5 participantes do estudo e é o que possui maior acurácia no diagnóstico desse achado.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<sec>
<title>Caso 1:</title>
<p>Sexo feminino, 42 anos, apresentava queixa de palpitações diárias, sem sintomas associados. Negava comorbidades ou uso de medicamentos. Realizou ECG, que evidenciou ritmo sinusal e onda T invertida em derivações inferiores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 1</xref>). Em Holter de 24 horas, 28% de AV polimórficas foram identificadas, sendo 58 delas TVNS. Seu ETT naquele momento, mostrava PVM com DAM de 16 mm, fração de ejeção preservada e aumento discreto do AE. Após início do uso de betabloqueadores, houve redução da densidade de AV para 5%, em Holter de 24 horas subsequente. Foram solicitados teste ergométrico, que mostrava aumento das AV no pico do esforço; e angiotomografia de coronárias, sem lesões significativas. A RMC confirmou a DAM importante de 15 mm, porém com fração de ejeção de 47% e realce tardio pós-contraste na porção inferior do anel mitral, indicando fibrose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 2</xref>). Por se tratar de paciente com múltiplas características de alto risco para MSC, foi solicitado estudo eletrofisiológico para estratificação de risco, sendo induzida fibrilação ventricular após o segundo ciclo de extra-estímulos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 3</xref>), optando-se, então, pelo implante de cardiodesfibrilador implantável (CDI). Após 1 ano de acompanhamento, persiste sem choques do dispositivo, em uso de betabloqueadores e amiodarona.</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>ECG evidenciando ritmo sinusal, inversão de onda T em D1 e AVL e extrassístole ventricular monomórfica com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo direito e possível localização em ânulo mitral anterior. Fonte: Própria (2024). FC: Frequência cardíaca.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240073-pt-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>RMC evidenciando DAM de 15 mm e fibrose na porção inferior do ânulo mitral. Fonte: Própria (2024). DAM: disjunção do anel mitral; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240073-pt-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Fibrilação ventricular induzida em estudo eletrofisiológico. Fonte: Própria (2024).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240073-pt-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Caso 2:</title>
<p>Sexo feminino, 63 anos, apresentou queixas de cansaço aos mínimos esforços, palpitações e síncopes esporádicas sem pródromos. A paciente é hipertensa e fazia uso de losartana 50 mg, bisoprolol 5 mg, rosuvastatina 20 mg, escitalopram 10 mg e clonazepam 0,5 mg. O ECG de repouso estava dentro da normalidade e o teste de esforço não demonstrou alterações. Seu ETT mostrava uma dilatação importante do AE, uma dilatação moderada do ventrículo esquerdo e valva mitral com DAM de 8 mm associada à degeneração mixomatosa e prolapso de seus folhetos. A partir desses achados, foi solicitada uma RMC, que demonstrou DAM e fibrose de anel mitral, evidenciada por presença de realce tardio pós-contraste na região anular mitral junto ao segmento P1 e P2, além de refluxo mitral discreto e aumento moderado do AE. Seu Holter de 24 horas mostrava 1% AV polimórficas. Diante de um quadro com síncopes inexplicadas, PVMA, realce tardio e aumento do AE, optou-se pelo implante de CDI.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Caso 3:</title>
<p>Sexo feminino, 39 anos, apresentava queixas de palpitações e episódios de síncope, dispneia aos pequenos esforços, sonolência, dispneia paroxística noturna e ortopneia. No exame físico, apresentava sopro holossistólico em foco mitral 3+/6+. Seu ECG demonstrava ritmo sinusal com bigeminismo ventricular, sendo a extrassístole com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, transição em V4 e eixo inferior. O ETT evidenciou insuficiência mitral importante, além de prolapso da cúspide mitral posterior. A RMC demonstrou aumento biatrial com fração de ejeção de 68% e ausência de realce tardio. O Holter de 24 horas revelava 31% de AV polimórficas, com predomínio de uma das morfologias, sendo 70 TVNS. Com isso, foi iniciado tratamento medicamentoso com betabloqueadores e amiodarona e solicitado ecocardiograma transesofágico, que reclassificou a insuficiência mitral como importante. Apesar da redução da densidade de AV para 14% em Holter de 24 horas subsequente, evoluiu com episódio de síncope sem pródromos, optando-se pela indicação de troca valvar mitral cirúrgica por prótese mecânica. Apesar disso, persistiu com alta carga de AV, sendo realizada ablação de foco arritmogênico com radiofrequência, localizado na porção ântero-septal da via de saída do ventrículo direito. Após 1 ano e 7 meses de seguimento, persiste assintomática.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Caso 4:</title>
<p>Sexo feminino, 70 anos, apresentava queixas de palpitações e cansaço aos moderados esforços que iniciaram há cerca de 10 anos. Negava síncope e outros sintomas associados. Tinha diagnósticos de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, glaucoma, pré-diabetes e síndrome de takotsubo; e fazia uso de ácido acetilsalicílico 100 mg/dia, rosuvastatina 5 mg/dia, olmesartana 20 mg/dia, metoprolol 25 mg, 2 vezes ao dia, e metformina 500 mg, 3 vezes ao dia. Seu Holter de 24 horas revelava 21% de AV polimórficas, porém sem TVNS; e seu ETT identificava a presença de refluxo mitral de grau discreto. Solicitada uma RMC, observou-se degeneração mixomatosa na valva mitral, prolapso do folheto anterior e discreta DAM (&lt; 5 mm) na porção inferior e inferolateral, com regurgitação mínima; além de valva tricúspide com degeneração mixomatosa, prolapso do folheto septal e refluxo discreto. Foi indicada ablação de foco arritmogênico por radiofrequência, porém, durante o procedimento, não houve presença de arritmias, optando-se, então, por tratamento medicamentoso otimizado com amiodarona 100 mg/dia e metoprolol 50 mg, 2 vezes ao dia. Após 7 meses de seguimento, paciente persiste assintomática.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Caso 5:</title>
<p>Sexo masculino, 65 anos, apresentava sintomas de palpitações e dispneia há 3 meses. Negava síncope. Tinha diagnósticos de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e dislipidemia, fazendo uso de tansulosina 0,4 mg/dia e rosuvastatina 20 mg/dia. O ECG revelou ritmo sinusal com atraso final de condução. Seu Holter de 24 horas mostrava 3% de AV polimórficas, sem TVNS. O ETT demonstrava valva mitral com cúspides discretamente espessadas e prolapso de folheto posterior. A RMC, por sua vez, demonstrou insuficiência mitral discreta, com DAM de 5 mm. Foi prescrito bisoprolol 5 mg/dia, com redução significativa da densidade arrítmica e controle dos sintomas.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>Este estudo é uma das primeiras séries de casos publicadas no Brasil a retratar a vasta miríade de apresentações do PVMA, ressaltando diferentes riscos de MSC e a dificuldade em adotar condutas embasadas cientificamente pela baixa prevalência e literatura escassa sobre a condição. Vale destacar que todos os participantes deste estudo foram atendidos no sistema privado de saúde, o que de certa forma facilitou o manejo destes pacientes, uma vez que foi necessário realizar exames e procedimentos de alto custo.</p>
<p>História de lipotimia ou síncope, alterações no Holter (AV polimórficas), no ECG (inversão de onda T e intervalo QT prolongado), no ETT (prolapso de folheto duplo, degeneração mixomatosa e DAM) e na RMC (realce tardio com gadolínio em região anular e músculos papilares, indicando fibrose) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4</xref>), são considerados marcadores de alto risco para MSC em pacientes com PVMA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption><title>Marcadores de alto risco para MSC. Fonte: Própria (2024). DAM: disjunção do anel mitral; PVMA: prolapso da valva mitral arrítmico; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240073-pt-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A paciente descrita no caso 1 não apresentava sintomatologia clínica significativa, contudo, exibiu alterações na ECG, ETT e RMC sugestivas de um elevado risco para o desenvolvimento de MSC. Diante dessa constatação, foi indicada a realização de um estudo eletrofisiológico, que culminou na inserção de um CDI.</p>
<p>A realização do estudo eletrofisiológico para estratificação do risco de MSC em casos de PVMA ainda é controverso. Em uma metanálise conduzida em pacientes com PVMA, foi observado que esse exame pode ser útil no mapeamento de AV em pacientes com alguns marcadores de risco como sexo feminino, inversão de onda T em ECG, extrassístoles ventriculares polimórficas, DAM e PVM de folheto duplo ao ETT e realce tardio em parede ventricular inferior esquerda e músculo papilar à RMC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> os quais estavam presentes na paciente.</p>
<p>No tocante ao CDI, este vem se apresentando como a terapia indicada para pacientes com PVMA sob elevado risco de MSC, como foi o caso das pacientes 1 e 2. No caso desta última, houve história clínica de síncope inexplicada, sugestiva de etiologia cardiogênica, que, em conjunto com os marcadores de alto risco (síncope, prolapso de folheto duplo, DAM, degeneração mixomatosa e realce tardio em região anular mitral), levaram-nos a não optar pelo estudo eletrofisiológico, mas sim indicar prontamente o implante de CDI. O uso de CDI como prevenção primária deve ser considerado em pacientes com PVMA se associado aos fenótipos de alto risco para taquicardias ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>No caso 3, a paciente apresentava PVM com insuficiência mitral importante, além de, AV complexas, com frequentes TVNS e síncopes de etiologia cardiogênica. Embora os betabloqueadores e a amiodarona tenham reduzido a frequência das AV, inicialmente, os sintomas persistiram. A paciente foi submetida à substituição da válvula mitral por uma prótese mecânica, na tentativa de correção da insuficiência mitral e redução da carga arrítmica, no entanto, persistiu com alta densidade de AV, sendo necessária a realização de ablação por radiofrequência. Quanto a essa escolha terapêutica, estudos realizados evidenciaram a capacidade de redução da carga de ectopia ventricular, prevenção de choques do CDI e melhoria da função sistólica, sendo normalmente indicada para casos de ectopia ventricular sintomática frequente, fibrilação/taquicardia ventricular sustentada e/ou casos refratários à terapia medicamentosa antiarrítmica, desde que o foco arritmogênico seja corretamente delineado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>No caso 4, a paciente apresentava queixa de palpitação e, ao exame, PVM associado a DAM, na qual inicialmente optou-se pelo tratamento medicamentoso. Existem relativamente poucos dados sobre a eficácia de medicamentos antiarrítmicos para AV especificamente relacionados ao PVM. Entretanto, mediante a sua relativa segurança, o uso dessas medicações continuam sendo a primeira linha de tratamento para casos de PVMA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Mediante a ausência de um controle esperado, novas possibilidades de manejo foram consideradas, como a ablação por radiofrequência. Como descrito no caso 3, a paciente apresentava indicação para a realização do procedimento, mas a ausência de indução de AV durante o estudo eletrofisiológico fez com que a ablação por radiofrequência não fosse resolutiva, optando-se pela otimização medicamentosa para controle do quadro.</p>
<p>O paciente relatado no caso 5 não apresentava achados clínicos significativos, entretanto, relatou a presença de palpitação, apresentação mais comum da síndrome arrítmica da DAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No que tange ao controle das AV, o paciente em questão apresentou redução significativa da densidade arrítmica e controle dos sintomas com o uso de bisoprolol, apesar da supressão de extrassístoles ventriculares por terapia com medicamentos antiarrítmicos em um pequeno estudo não ter sido eficaz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>No presente estudo, foi possível identificar as várias faces do PVMA, como a presença de pacientes entre 39 e 70 anos, especialmente mulheres, que possuíam achados clínicos variados como dispneia, síncope e palpitações. Achados radiológicos também foram diversificados entre os pacientes, mas alguns se repetiram com maior frequência como alterações estruturais em área mitral, cabendo citar DAM, degeneração mixomatosa e fibrose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 5</xref>). Destaca-se que a importância e, ao mesmo tempo, o desafio da estratificação de risco no PVM é a identificação do paciente de alto risco inserido na grande população de pacientes de baixo risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f12">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption><title>As várias faces do PVMA do presente estudo. Fonte: Própria (2024). AE: átrio esquerdo; AM: anel mitral; AV: arritmias ventriculares; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; DAM: disjunção do anel mitral; ECG: eletrocardiograma; ETT: ecocardiograma transtorácico; IM: insuficiência mitral; PVM: prolapso de valva mitral; PVT: prolapso de valva tricúspide; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca VM: valva mitral; VT: valva tricúspide.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-04-e20240073-pt-gf06.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Em relação à DAM, estudos ecocardiográficos indicam um limite mínimo de 5 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No entanto, na RMC, o comprimento da DAM pode variar de 1 mm a mais de 15 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>Essa variabilidade no comprimento torna o diagnóstico desafiador, pois a falta de um critério diagnóstico claro pode levar a sobrediagnósticos, dificultando a avaliação clínica e o manejo adequado dos pacientes. No entanto, embora o comprimento exato necessário ainda não esteja claro, pesquisas mostram que disjunções menores que 5 mm são geralmente consideradas achados incidentais, enquanto disjunções superiores a 8,5 mm estão ligadas a um prognóstico mais desfavorável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nosso estudo tem limitações. A variabilidade das manifestações clínicas e das respostas aos tratamentos propostos diante de uma pequena amostra, dificulta o achado de padrões que possam servir como recomendação para outros pacientes com PVMA. O número pequeno de pacientes incluídos também pode favorecer vieses que limitam a extrapolação de alguns dos achados, sendo necessários para o futuro estudos com maior amostra. A coleta de dados realizada em prontuário torna o estudo vulnerável a erros de registro e omissão de informações, já a coleta realizada pela aplicação de questionário pode trazer viés de memória. Além disso, o estudo pode não refletir a progressão da doença e os efeitos a longo prazo dos tratamentos, uma vez que as análises foram realizadas no primeiro semestre de 2024 e o acompanhamento dos pacientes ainda está em andamento.</p>
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<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>O PVMA pode se manifestar com diversas apresentações clínicas, inclusive com desfechos desfavoráveis como a MSC. Na prática clínica, esse diagnóstico pode, muitas vezes, ser desafiador, exigindo uma extensa avaliação clínica e a realização de testes diagnósticos de alto custo. Além disso, o manejo e tratamento dessa condição ainda não são bem estabelecidos na literatura, necessitando de novos e mais abrangentes estudos. Nesse contexto, a identificação de marcadores de risco, como a DAM e a presença de AV, mostra-se essencial para o diagnóstico e tratamento precoces desses pacientes.</p>
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<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><label>Fontes de Financiamento</label><p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label><p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label><p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Centro Universitário de João Pessoa (UNIPÊ) sob o número de protocolo 78186124.9.0000.5176. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
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