<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="review-article" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240061i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240061i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>My Approach to PISA EROA in Mitral Regurgitation: A Critical Review</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7007-9744</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Merke</surname><given-names>Nicolas</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">German Heart Institute Berlin</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Heart Center of Charité</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Berlin</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="DE">Germany</country>
<institution content-type="original">Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Medical Heart Center of Charité and German Heart Institute Berlin, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Berlin – Germany</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Nicolas Merke</bold> • DHZC, Cardiac surgery. Augustenburger Platz, 1. Postal code: <postal-code>13353</postal-code>. Berlin – Germany. E-mail: <email>nicolas.merke@dhzc-charite.de</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>13</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240061</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>21</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>11</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>11</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Mitral valve regurgitation is the most common valvular heart disease. In order to guide proper therapy, it is paramount to follow and use the guideline-recommended echocardiographic tools. The flow convergent method, which calculates the effective regurgitant orifice area and the regurgitant volume, plays an important role in the diagnostic workup and is widely used by echocardiographers and sonographers. Only by knowing the correct application and avoiding its pitfalls can we guarantee comprehensive and plausible values. This critical review will show in a step-by-step manner all critical moments by applying the Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA) and Effective Regurgitant Opening Area (EROA) method.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
<kwd>Risk</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Valve Diseases</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="12"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="10"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<fig id="f6">
<caption>
<title>VC: vena contracta; FCR: flow convergent region; VTI: velocity time integral</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240061-gf06.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Important to stay humble in echocardiography,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> but confident. The measurement of the effective regurgitant orifice is recommended by the 2021 published ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease due to the evidence that routinely measured Effective Regurgitant Opening Area by Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (EROA by PISA) is associated with all-cause mortality for EROA ≥ 20 cm<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In clinical practice we encounter different shapes of flow convergence zones based on different underlying mitral valve pathology. Often, the flow convergent region (FCR) is not hemispherical; therefore, the PISA EROA method tends to underestimate the EROA. Furthermore, we need to know several pitfalls when using the flow convergent method.</p>
<p>The PISA EROA method can calculate regurgitant volume according to the continuity principle. The regurgitant flow rate can be calculated by multiplying the hemispheric surface area of the FCR by the velocity that characterizes the hemispheric surface; it was first described by G. Bargiggia et al. in 1991 in a cohort of 52 patients with secondary but also primary mitral regurgitation (MR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>The flow through this isovelocity surface can then be calculated as the area of the surface (2x ° r<sup>2</sup>) times the aliasing velocity.</p>
<p>This implies that the PISA EROA or flow convergence method can only be used with hemispherical surfaces. Therefore, it cannot be applied to elliptical, flat or most eccentric jets without a clear hemispherical flow convergence zone.</p>
<p>2x π r<sup>2</sup> refers to a circular structure and only circular.</p>
<p>The velocity to identify the concentric hemispheric isovelocity surface area was obtained by zero shifting to 38 cm/s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<sec>
<title>1<sup>st</sup> important message here is:</title>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Use only hemispherical FCR only (PISA shell = FCR)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Use zero shifting to 36 cm/s (30-40 cm/s), not below Lancelotti et al. recommended Nyquist limit to ~ 15–40 cm/s,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> although all images in the recommendation have been done with Nyquist around 30 cm/s</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>At which time frame does the radius have to be measured? The radius must be measured at the moment of v max of the MR velocity time integral (VTI), not at its maximum extension (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>)!</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Timing of measurement of FCR radius. PISA: Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240061-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A careful interpretation of measured values of regurgitant volume by the PISA method is pivotal. The amount of systolic back flowing volume in the left atrium cannot exceed the left ventricular total stroke volume (left ventricular end-diastolic volume [LVEDV] – left ventricular end-systolic volume [LVESV] = left ventricular total stroke volume [LVSV]) as there is needed to be left enough forward stroke volume (fSV) leaving the left ventricle via the Left Ventricular outflow tract (forward LVOT SV) to maintain adequate cardiac output above cardiac shock parameter in chronic MR.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>2<sup>nd</sup> important message here is:</title>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Measurement of radius at MR VTI Vmax (timing)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Reg. volume by PISA is always in context to LV volumetry</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>The correct interpretation of the measured regurgitant volume values by the flow convergent method (PISA EROA) is strictly linked to the volumetric plausibility check using the LV volumes obtained by 2D or 3D Simpson and the fSV obtained with Doppler echocardiography via LVOT.</p>
<p>Both measurements are error-prone.</p>
<p>Correct LV volumetry depends on the exact tracing of the inner endocardial border, excluding the trabecula, with attention to the trace between compacted and compacted myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Correct measurement of LVOT diameter (LVOTd) is pivotal to obtaining LVOT SV. Another important point is correct VTI tracing with attention to modal velocity. It is helpful to reduce the gain setting and see the aortic valve closing artifact to ensure the correct positioning of the sample volume in LVOT.</p>
<p>It might be helpful to position the pulse wave Doppler sample volume at the level of the aortic valve and withdraw carefully until the first drop of velocity with a clear closing valve artifact without any valve opening click visible.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>3<sup>rd</sup> important message here is:</title>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>LV endocardial border tracing between compacted and noncompacted myocardium</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>LVOT VTI tracing with reduced gain (better visualization of modal velocity)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>LVOT VTI tracing without aortic valve opening click</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>There are two main known methods for putting the PIAS EROA regurgitant volume in context with the LV volumetry. First, the Doppler volumetric method uses the 2D measurement of the mitral valve annulus and the LVOTd with consecutive measurements of the respective inflow VTI using the pulse wave Doppler; the only use of Doppler volumetric method is not recommended as is time-consuming,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> therefore we recommend the second method, the volumetric method combined with the Doppler echocardiography to calculate LVOT SV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>The evaluation of LV EF via the Simpson rule or 3D is an integrative part of every standardized comprehensive echocardiography. This combination is recommended as part of standardized comprehensive echocardiography, as the measurement of LV function using either the 2D Simpson method or 3D is requested information of echocardiographic exam. Together with the LV function, we also obtain the end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and, therefore, the total LV stroke volume (LVEDV – LVESV = total SV). This parameter is important in guideline-directed decision-making in many pathologies as the cut-off value for intervention.</p>
<p>The calculation of the LVOT SV is also an important part of the echocardiographic exam, as information about the effective fSV is required to determine the flow status and is part of the calculation of the aortic valve area.</p>
<p>As we rely on these parameters mentioned above in certain pathologies, we should also be able to use and rely on them in the context of regurgitant lesions to countercheck the PISA EROA regurgitant volume.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>How to use the PISA method</title>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Apply only if all three components of MR are visible (PISA shell, VC, Jet)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>No variance (GE)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Zoomed mode best in simultan mode (2D and color Doppler)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Color Doppler FPS 31 (sector: small &amp; high)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Best Nyquist 30-40 cm/s (not below); Nyquist limit to ~ 15–40 cm/s (4) seems too low!</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Vena contracta at Nyquist 50-60 cm/s</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Not the biggest radius, but at the moment of v max of MR VTI</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Radius from first color chance to beginning of VC (usually at the level of the valve tips or shortly below) (5)</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>VTI tracing only of a visible part does not extrapolate (systolic timing) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>)</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Measurement of radius and its influence on EROA and regurgitant volume. PISA: proximal isovelocity surface area; EROA: effective area of regurgitant opening</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240061-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Correct tracing of MR VTI. PISA: Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area; EROA: Effective Regurgitant Opening Area.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240061-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>VTI tracing with aliasing above baseline cannot be used (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>)</p>
<p>Always double-cross-check calculated reg. volume from PISA EROA</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Always look at LV and LVOT stroke volume (mathematics is not an opinion) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>)</p></list-item>
</list>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Value plausibility. MR: mitral regurgitation; VTI: Velocity Time Integral; MPG: mean pressure gradient; ERO: effective regurgitant orififice; PG: pressure gradient.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240061-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>PISA Reg. Vol. + LVOT SV = LV stroke volume</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>4<sup>th</sup> important message here is:</title>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Always without variance (GE)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Radius measurement not below Vena contracta</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Never the biggest radius to measure, but at the correct timing</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Due to different phenotypes in MR, it is difficult to determine the correct depiction of the beginning of the isovelocity flow convergence for the correct radius.</p>
<p>In atrial secondary MR (aSMR), the leaflets are distanced due to mitral ring enlargement; in ventricular secondary MR (vSMR), due to asymmetrical or symmetrical tethering, the leaflets are configured as a funnel.</p>
<p>In aSMR, it seems to be easier to detect the correct beginning of the isovelocity flow convergence. In contrast, in vSMR, it is more difficult to detect the correct beginning of the vena contracta as a starting point for the radius.</p>
<p>Uretzky et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> found that only 52% of patients with definitely severe MR following the ASE algorithm by echocardiography had severe MR by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR).</p>
<p>The notion that &quot;Echocardiography overestimates MR&quot; supports the rationale for using CMR for exact quantification.</p>
<p>It is widely accepted that CMR will almost always downgrade MR severity.</p>
<p>However, it should be noted that echocardiography as a method does not overestimate MR; the issue lies with the echo tool used. The flow convergence method has many pitfalls and needs to be integrated with the LV volumes and the LVOT fSV to demonstrate adequate cardiac output.</p>
<p>In chronic MR, we often calculate values of cardiac output and cardiac index below 2.2 liter/min/m<sup>2</sup>, which defines cardiogenic shock. A possible explanation could be the consecutive adaptive optimized oxygen extraction to maintain adequate oxygen supply in chronic reduced fSV due to chronic MR.</p>
<p>PISA EROA should never be used as a standalone method to grade the severity of chronic MR despite the focus on the PISA EROA method in the current guidelines and its adaption in clinical use when it comes to quantifying the severity of chronic MR in decision making.</p>
<p>We need to cross check the obtained measurements with the volumetric method.</p>
<p>Furthermore, we need to evaluate all consecutive changes due to chronic regurgitation.</p>
<p>Chronic MR results in remodeling of the left ventricle and the left atrium and hemodynamic changes. These changes are well described in the 2021 ESC/EACTS guidelines, which define the severity and moment of valve intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Therefore, these parameters must be integrated within the comprehensive echo report to underline the severity grade of chronic MR.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<table frame="void" rules="none">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LV Dilatation</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LVEDS ≥ 40 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LV EF</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">≤ 60%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LA Dilatation</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Left atrial volume index ≥ 60 ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">E- Wave inflow</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">E wave &gt; 1,2 m/s</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dimensionless velocity index</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">MV VTI/LVOT VTI &gt; 1,4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic pulmonary artery pressure</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">&gt; 50 mmHg at rest</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Vena contracta</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">≥7 (≥8 mm for biplane)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Lung vein inflow</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">blunted or reversal</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>5<sup>th</sup> important message here is:</title>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Chronic MR needs a multiparametric approach</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Remodeling is seen and must be reported</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Make your exam plausible</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Note reduced CI in chronic MR</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Clinical decision-making in chronic MR regarding intervention, surgical or interventional, must be based on standardized comprehensive multiparametric echocardiography as a first-line diagnostic tool.</p>
<p>Therefore, we advocate reporting not only PISA EROA but all parameters showing the clinical adaption of the heart in terms of structural changes.</p>
<p>All measured or calculated parameters must be as plausible as possible; in clinical echocardiography, we can accept an error of 10% in our parameters.</p>
<p>Clinical decision-making in chronic MR is based on the 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The severity grading of MR follows, therefore, the recommendations for the echocardiographic assessment of native valvular regurgitation published by European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging in 2013.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Considering the clinical symptoms of the patients and the new development of atrial fibrillation is of paramount importance in evaluating and quantifying the severity of chronic MR.</p>
<p>Recurrence of cardiac decompensation due to severe MR with or without atrial fibrillation should be evaluated carefully as well in the decision-making process for intervention if MR is only moderate at the moment of echocardiographic examination. In this context, exercise echocardiography can be helpful in unmasking severe MR. Recently published data suggest that handgrip stress during echocardiography can be helpful<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> in identifying severe MR as the driving force to symptoms.</p>
<p>It is pivotal to consider medical therapy that focuses on optimal guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) and the hemodynamic state at the moment of the echocardiographic exam (blood pressure as a maker of afterload, heart rate, and heart rhythm).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Use hemispherical convergent zone only (PISA shell = flow convergence zone)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Use zero shifting to 36 cm/s (30-40 cm/s) better not below Lancelotti et al. recommended Nyquist limit to ~15–40 cm/s,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> although all images in the recommendation have been done with Nyquist around 30 cm/s</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Measurement of radius at MR VTI v max (timing)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Reg. Volume by PISA is always in context to LV volumetry</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>LV endocardial border tracing between compacted and noncompacted myocardium</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>LVOT VTI tracing with reduced gain (better visualization of modal velocity)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>LVOT VTI tracing without aortic valve opening click</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Always without variance (GE)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Radius measurement not below Vena contracta</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Never the biggest radius to measure but at the correct timing</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Chronic MR needs a multiparametric approach</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Remodeling is seen and must be reported</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Make your exam plausible</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Note reduced CI in chronic MR</p></list-item>
</list>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Summary. PISA: Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area; EROA: Effective Regurgitant Opening Area; LV: left ventricle; VTI: Velocity Time Integral; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240061-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<label>Study Association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Timmermanns</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<source>Private Conversation During Faculty Dinner</source>
<publisher-loc>Leipzig</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Deutscher Echokardiographie-Kongress</publisher-name>
<year>2024</year>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Timmermanns F. Private Conversation During Faculty Dinner. Leipzig: Deutscher Echokardiographie-Kongress; 2024.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Antoine</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Benfari</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Michelena</surname><given-names>HI</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Maalouf</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Nkomo</surname><given-names>VT</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Thapa</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Clinical Outcome of Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation: Critical Importance of Echocardiographic Quantitative Assessment in Routine Practice</article-title>
<source>Circulation</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>138</volume>
<issue>13</issue>
<fpage>1317</fpage>
<lpage>1326</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.033173</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Antoine C, Benfari G, Michelena HI, Maalouf JF, Nkomo VT, Thapa P, et al. Clinical Outcome of Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation: Critical Importance of Echocardiographic Quantitative Assessment in Routine Practice. Circulation. 2018;138(13):1317-26. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.033173.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Bargiggia</surname><given-names>GS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Tronconi</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sahn</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Recusani</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Raisaro</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>De Servi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>A New Method for Quantitation of Mitral Regurgitation Based on Color Flow Doppler Imaging of Flow Convergence Proximal to Regurgitant Orifice</article-title>
<source>Circulation</source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>84</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>1481</fpage>
<lpage>1489</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.84.4.1481</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Bargiggia GS, Tronconi L, Sahn DJ, Recusani F, Raisaro A, De Servi S, et al. A New Method for Quantitation of Mitral Regurgitation Based on Color Flow Doppler Imaging of Flow Convergence Proximal to Regurgitant Orifice. Circulation. 1991;84(4):1481-9. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.84.4.1481.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Lancellotti</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Tribouilloy</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Hagendorff</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Popescu</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Edvardsen</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Pierard</surname><given-names>LA</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Recommendations for the Echocardiographic Assessment of Native Valvular Regurgitation: An Executive Summary from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</article-title>
<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>611</fpage>
<lpage>644</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jet105</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Lancellotti P, Tribouilloy C, Hagendorff A, Popescu BA, Edvardsen T, Pierard LA, et al. Recommendations for the Echocardiographic Assessment of Native Valvular Regurgitation: An Executive Summary from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;14(7):611-44. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jet105.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Hagendorff</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kandels</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Metze</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Tayal</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Stöbe</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Valid and Reproducible Quantitative Assessment of Cardiac Volumes by Echocardiography in Patients with Valvular Heart Diseases-Possible or Wishful Thinking?</article-title>
<source>Diagnostics</source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>16</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/diagnostics13071359</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Hagendorff A, Kandels J, Metze M, Tayal B, Stöbe S. Valid and Reproducible Quantitative Assessment of Cardiac Volumes by Echocardiography in Patients with Valvular Heart Diseases-Possible or Wishful Thinking? Diagnostics. 2023;13(7):1-16. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13071359.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4a">
<label>4</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Lancellotti</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Pibarot</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Chambers</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>La Canna</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Pepi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Dulgheru</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Multi-modality Imaging Assessment of Native Valvular Regurgitation: An EACVI and ESC Council of Valvular Heart Disease Position Paper</article-title>
<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>171</fpage>
<lpage>232</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jeab253</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Lancellotti P, Pibarot P, Chambers J, La Canna G, Pepi M, Dulgheru R, et al. Multi-modality Imaging Assessment of Native Valvular Regurgitation: An EACVI and ESC Council of Valvular Heart Disease Position Paper. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;23(5):171-232. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jeab253.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Hagendorff</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Knebel</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Helfen</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Stöbe</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Haghi</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ruf</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Echocardiographic Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation: Discussion of Practical and Methodologic Aspects of Severity Quantification to Improve Diagnostic Conclusiveness</article-title>
<source>Clin Res Cardiol</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>110</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>1704</fpage>
<lpage>1733</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00392-021-01841-y</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Hagendorff A, Knebel F, Helfen A, Stöbe S, Haghi D, Ruf T, et al. Echocardiographic Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation: Discussion of Practical and Methodologic Aspects of Severity Quantification to Improve Diagnostic Conclusiveness. Clin Res Cardiol. 2021;110(11):1704-33. doi: 10.1007/s00392-021-01841-y.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Uretsky</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Animashaun</surname><given-names>IB</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sakul</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Aldaia</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Marcoff</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Koulogiannis</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>American Society of Echocardiography Algorithm for Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation: Comparison With CMR</article-title>
<source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>747</fpage>
<lpage>760</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.10.006</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Uretsky S, Animashaun IB, Sakul S, Aldaia L, Marcoff L, Koulogiannis K, et al. American Society of Echocardiography Algorithm for Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation: Comparison With CMR. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15(5):747-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.10.006.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Vahanian</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Beyersdorf</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Praz</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Milojevic</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Baldus</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bauersachs</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the Management of Valvular Heart Disease</article-title>
<source>Eur Heart J</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>561</fpage>
<lpage>632</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, Milojevic M, Baldus S, Bauersachs J, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the Management of Valvular Heart Disease. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(7):561-632. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Spieker</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lagarden</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sidabras</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Veulemans</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Christian</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bejinariu</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Prognostic Impact of Dynamic Mitral Regurgitation Assessed by Isometric Handgrip Exercise</article-title>
<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>240</fpage>
<lpage>248</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jead230</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Spieker M, Lagarden H, Sidabras J, Veulemans V, Christian L, Bejinariu A, et al. Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Prognostic Impact of Dynamic Mitral Regurgitation Assessed by Isometric Handgrip Exercise. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2024;25(2):240-8. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jead230.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240061</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Como Eu Faço o Método PISA EROA na Regurgitação Mitral: Uma Revisão Crítica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7007-9744</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Merke</surname><given-names>Nicolas</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Berlim</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="DE">Alemanha</country>
<institution content-type="original">Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Medical Heart Center of Charité and German Heart Institute Berlin, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Berlim – Alemanha</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Nicolas Merke</bold> • DHZC, Cardiac surgery. Augustenburger Platz, 1. CEP: <postal-code>13353</postal-code>. Berlim – Alemanha. E-mail: <email>nicolas.merke@dhzc-charite.de</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>É importante se manter humilde na ecocardiografia, mas também confiante. A regurgitação da válvula mitral (RM) é a doença cardíaca valvular mais comum. Para orientar a terapia adequada, é fundamental seguir e aplicar as ferramentas ecocardiográficas recomendadas pelas diretrizes. O método de convergência de fluxo, que calcula a área efetiva do orifício regurgitante e o volume regurgitante, desempenha um papel central na investigação diagnóstica, sendo amplamente utilizado por ecocardiografistas e ultrassonografistas. Somente mediante conhecimento da aplicação correta, e evitando seus riscos, podemos garantir valores abrangentes e plausíveis. Esta revisão crítica mostrará detalhadamente todos os momentos críticos da aplicação do método PISA EROA.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Insuficiência da Valva Mitral</kwd>
<kwd>Risco</kwd>
<kwd>Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f12">
<caption>
<title>VC: veia estreitada; RCF: região de convergência de fluxo; IVT: integral de velocidade e tempo</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240061-gf06-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>É importante se manter humilde na ecocardiografia,1 mas também confiante. A medição do orifício regurgitante efetivo é recomendada pelas diretrizes ESC/EACTS, publicadas em 2021, para o tratamento de doenças valvulares cardíacas devido à evidência de que a área efetiva de abertura regurgitante (EROA) medida rotineiramente, pela área de superfície de isovelocidade proximal (PISA) está associada a todas as causas de mortalidade para EROA ≥ 20 cm<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Na prática clínica, encontramos diferentes formatos de zonas de convergência de fluxo com base em diferentes patologias subjacentes da válvula mitral. Muitas vezes, a região de convergência de fluxo (RCF) não é hemisférica, portanto o método PISA EROA tende a subestimar a EROA. Além disso, precisamos conhecer os vários riscos associados ao usar o método de convergência de fluxo.</p>
<p>O método PISA EROA calcula o volume regurgitante de acordo com o princípio da continuidade. O fluxo regurgitante pode ser calculado multiplicando a área da superfície hemisférica da região de convergência do fluxo pela velocidade que caracteriza a superfície hemisférica, sendo descrito pela primeira vez por G. Bargiggia et al. em 1991 em uma coorte de 52 pacientes com regurgitação mitral (RM) secundária, mas também primária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>O fluxo através desta superfície de isovelocidade pode, então, ser calculado como a área da superfície (2x π r<sup>2</sup>) vezes a velocidade de aliasing.</p>
<p>Isto implica que o PISA EROA, ou método de convergência de fluxo, só pode ser usado com superfícies hemisféricas e, portanto, não pode ser aplicado em jatos elípticos ou planos ou na maioria dos jatos excêntricos sem uma zona de convergência de fluxo hemisférica clara.</p>
<p>2x ° r<sup>2</sup> refere-se a uma estrutura circular e apenas circular.</p>
<p>A velocidade de identificação a área superficial da isovelocidade hemisférica concêntrica foi obtida pela alteração de zero para 38 cm/s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<sec>
<title>A primeira mensagem importante aqui é:</title>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Usar apenas RCF hemisférico (PISA shell = RCF)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Usar alteração de zero para 36 cm/s (30-40 cm/s), não abaixo Lancellotti et al. recomendaram o limite de Nyquist para ~ 15–40 cm/s,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> embora todas as imagens na recomendação tenham sido feitas com Nyquist em torno de 30 cm/s</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Em que momento o raio deve ser medido? O raio deve ser medido no momento do Vmáx da integral de velocidade e tempo (IVT) da RM; não em sua extensão máxima (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>)!</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Tempo de medição do raio RCF. PISA: área de superfície de isovelocidade proximal.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240061-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>O ponto principal é a interpretação cuidadosa dos valores medidos do volume regurgitante pelo método PISA. A quantidade de volume de refluxo sistólico no átrio esquerdo não pode exceder o volume sistólico total do ventrículo esquerdo (volume diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo [VDFVE] – volume sistólico final do ventrículo esquerdo [VSFVE] = volume sistólico total do ventrículo esquerdo [VSTVE]), pois é necessário para deixar volume sistólico anterior (VSa) suficiente saindo do ventrículo esquerdo através da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE anterior) para manter o débito cardíaco adequado acima do parâmetro de choque cardíaco na RM crônica.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>A segunda mensagem importante aqui é:</title>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Medição do raio em IVT Vmáx da RM (tempo)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Volume de reg. do PISA, sempre em contexto com a volumetria do VE</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>A correta interpretação dos valores medidos do volume regurgitante pelo método de convergência de fluxo (PISA EROA) está estritamente ligada à verificação de plausibilidade volumétrica, utilizando os volumes do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) obtidos por Simpson 2D ou 3D, e o VSa obtido com ecodopplercardiografia via VSVE.</p>
<p>Ambas as medições são propensas a erros.</p>
<p>A volumetria correta do VE depende do traçado exato da borda interna do endocárdio, excluindo as trabéculas, com atenção ao traçado entre o miocárdio compactado e o miocárdio não compactado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>A medida correta do diâmetro da VSVE (VSVEd) é fundamental para a obtenção do VS da VSVE. Outro ponto importante é o correto traçado da IVT com atenção para a velocidade modal. Pode ser útil reduzir o ajuste de ganho e observar artefatos de fechamento da válvula aórtica para garantir o posicionamento correto do volume da amostra na VSVE.</p>
<p>Pode ser útil posicionar o volume da amostra do Doppler de onda de pulso no nível da válvula aórtica, retirando cuidadosamente até a primeira queda de velocidade com um artefato claro da válvula de fechamento, sem qualquer clique de abertura da válvula visível.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>A terceira mensagem importante aqui é:</title>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Traçado da borda endocárdica do VE entre miocárdio compactado e não compactado</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Traçado da IVT da VSVE com ganho reduzido (melhor visualização da velocidade modal)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Traçado da IVT da VSVE sem clique de abertura da válvula aórtica</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Há dois métodos principais conhecidos para contextualizar o volume regurgitante do PIAS EROA com a volumetria do VE. Primeiramente, o método Doppler volumétrico usando medição 2D do anel da válvula mitral e do diâmetro da VSVE, com medições consecutivas do respectivo fluxo de entrada da IVT usando o doppler de onda de pulso; o uso exclusivo do método Doppler volumétrico não é recomendado por ser demorado<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e, portanto, recomendamos o segundo método: o método volumétrico combinado com a ecocardiografia Doppler para cálculo da VSVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>A avaliação da fração de ejeção (FE) do VE por meio da regra de Simpson ou 3D é parte integrante de toda ecocardiografia abrangente padronizada. Esta combinação é recomendada como parte da ecocardiografia abrangente padronizada; como a medida da função do VE pelo método Simpson 2D ou 3D são solicitadas informações do exame ecocardiográfico. Juntamente com a função do VE, obtemos também os volumes diastólico final e sistólico final e, portanto, o volume sistólico total do VE (VDFVE – VSFVE = VS total). Este parâmetro é importante na tomada de decisão orientada por diretrizes em muitas patologias como valor de corte para intervenção.</p>
<p>O cálculo da VSVE também é uma parte importante do exame ecocardiográfico, uma vez que as informações sobre o volume sistólico direto efetivo são necessárias para determinar o status do fluxo e fazem parte do cálculo da área valvular aórtica.</p>
<p>Como nos baseamos nestes parâmetros acima mencionados em determinadas patologias, devemos ser capazes de utilizar e confiar nestes parâmetros também no contexto das lesões regurgitantes para verificar o volume regurgitante do PISA EROA.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Como aplicar o método PISA</title>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Aplicar somente se todos os três componentes da RM estiverem visíveis (PISA shell, VC, jato)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Sem variação (GE)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Modo ampliado melhor no modo simultâneo (2D e doppler colorido)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Color Doppler FPS 31 (setor: pequeno e alto)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Melhor Nyquist 30-40 cm/s (não abaixo); o limite de Nyquist para ~ 15–40 cm/s (4) parece muito baixo!</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Vena contracta em Nyquist 50-60 cm/s</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Não é o maior raio, mas no momento Vmáx da IVT da RM</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Raio da primeira alteração de cor até o início do VC (geralmente no nível das pontas das válvulas ou logo abaixo)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Traçado da IVT apenas da parte visível sem extrapolação (tempo sistólico) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>)</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Medição do raio e sua influência sobre a EROA e o volume regurgitante. PISA: área de superfície de isovelocidade proximal; EROA: área efetiva de abertura regurgitante.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240061-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Traçado correto da IVT da RM. PISA: área de superfície de isovelocidade proximal; EROA: área efetiva de abertura regurgitante.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240061-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>O traçado da IVT com aliasing acima da linha de base não pode ser usado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>)</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Sempre verifique novamente o volume de regurgitação calculado do PISA EROA</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Observe sempre o volume sistólico do VE e da VSVE (matemática não é questão de opinião) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>)</p>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Plausibilidade do valor</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240061-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Vol. Reg. PISA + VSVE = volume sistólico do VE</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>A quarta mensagem importante aqui é:</title>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Sempre sem variação (GE)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Medição do raio não abaixo da Vena contracta</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Nunca é o maior raio a ser medido, mas no momento correto</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Devido aos diferentes fenótipos da RM, determinar a representação correta do início da convergência do fluxo da isovelocidade para o raio correto é um desafio.</p>
<p>Na RM atrial secundária (RMSa), os folhetos estão distanciados devido ao alargamento do anel mitral; na RM ventricular secundária (RMSv), os folhetos são configurados como um funil devido à amarração assimétrica ou simétrica.</p>
<p>Na RMSa, parece ser mais fácil detectar o início correto da convergência do fluxo de isovelocidade, enquanto na RMSv é mais difícil detectar o início correto da vena contracta como ponto de partida para o raio.</p>
<p>Uretsky et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> verificaram que apenas 52% dos pacientes com RM definitivamente grave, seguindo o algoritmo ASE por ecocardiografia, apresentavam RM grave por ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC).</p>
<p>A percepção de que &quot;A ecocardiografia superestima a RM&quot; apoia a justificativa para usar a RMC para uma quantificação exata.</p>
<p>É amplamente aceito que a RMC quase sempre reduz a gravidade da RM.</p>
<p>No entanto, é preciso observar que a ecocardiografia, enquanto método, não superestima a RM; o problema está na ferramenta de eco utilizada. O método de convergência de fluxo apresenta diversos riscos e deve ser integrado aos volumes do VE e ao VSa da VSVE para demonstrar débito cardíaco adequado.</p>
<p>Na RM crônica, calculamos frequentemente valores de débito cardíaco e índice cardíaco abaixo de 2,2 litros/min/m<sup>2</sup>, o que define choque cardiogênico. Uma possível explicação poderia ser a consecutiva extração adaptativa otimizada de oxigênio para manter o suprimento adequado no VSa reduzido crônico, devido à RM crônica.</p>
<p>O PISA EROA nunca deve ser usado como um método independente para avaliar a gravidade da RM crônica, apesar do foco no método PISA EROA observado nas diretrizes atuais e de sua adaptação no uso clínico ao quantificar a gravidade da RM crônica na tomada de decisões.</p>
<p>Precisamos cruzar as medidas obtidas com o método volumétrico.</p>
<p>Além disso, precisamos avaliar todas as alterações consecutivas devido à regurgitação crônica.</p>
<p>A RM crônica resulta em remodelamento do ventrículo esquerdo e do átrio esquerdo, além de alterações hemodinâmicas. Essas alterações estão bem descritas nas diretrizes ESC/EACTS de 2021 para definir a gravidade e o momento da intervenção valvular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Portanto, estes parâmetros devem ser integrados ao relatório ecográfico mais abrangente, visando sublinhar o grau de gravidade da RM crônica.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<table frame="void" rules="none">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilatação do VE</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LVEDS ≥ 40 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">FE do VE</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">≤ 60%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilatação do AE</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Índice de volume atrial esquerdo ≥ 60 ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Onda E de entrada</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Onda E &gt; 1,2 m/s</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Índice de velocidade adimensional</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">IVT MV/IVT da VSVE &gt; 1,4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">&gt; 50 mmHg em repouso</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Vena contracta</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">≥7 (≥8 mm para biplano)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Influxo das veias pulmonares</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">embotado ou revertido</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>A quinta mensagem importante aqui é:</title>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>A RM crônica requer uma abordagem multiparamétrica</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>A remodelação é vista e deve ser relatada</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Torne seu exame plausível</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Observe IC reduzido na RM crônica</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>A tomada de decisão clínica na RM crônica, em relação à intervenção cirúrgica ou intervencionista, deve ser baseada na ecocardiografia multiparamétrica abrangente e padronizada como ferramenta diagnóstica de primeira linha.</p>
<p>Sendo assim, defendemos relatar não apenas o PISA EROA, mas todos os parâmetros que mostram a adaptação clínica do coração em termos de alterações estruturais.</p>
<p>Todos os parâmetros medidos ou calculados devem ser tão plausíveis quanto possível; na ecocardiografia clínica podemos aceitar um erro de 10% em nossos parâmetros.</p>
<p>A tomada de decisão clínica na RM crônica baseia-se nas Diretrizes ESC/EACTS de 2021 para o tratamento da doença valvular cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A classificação da gravidade da RM segue, portanto, as recomendações para avaliação ecocardiográfica da regurgitação valvular nativa publicadas pela European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging em 2013.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>É de extrema importância na avaliação e quantificação da gravidade da RM crônica considerar os sintomas clínicos dos pacientes, bem como o desenvolvimento recente de fibrilação atrial.</p>
<p>A recorrência de descompensação cardíaca devido à RM grave, com ou sem fibrilação atrial, deve ser cuidadosamente avaliada no processo de decisão para intervenção, especialmente se a RM for apenas moderada no momento do exame ecocardiográfico. Nesse contexto, a ecocardiografia de esforço pode ser útil para identificar RM grave. Dados recentemente publicados sugerem que a aplicação de esforço manual durante a ecocardiografia pode ser útil na identificação da RM grave como uma causa subjacente dos sintomas.</p>
<p>É fundamental considerar a terapia médica, focada nas diretrizes ideais (GDMT), assim como o estado hemodinâmico durante o exame ecocardiográfico (com atenção especial à pressão arterial como determinante da pós-carga, e à frequência e ritmo cardíaco).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Use apenas zona de convergência hemisférica (PISA shell = zona de convergência de fluxo)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Usar alteração de zero para 36 cm/s (30-40 cm/s), não abaixo Lancelotti et al. recomendaram o limite de Nyquist para ~ 15–40 cm/s (2),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> embora todas as imagens na recomendação tenham sido feitas com Nyquist em torno de 30 cm/s</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Medição do raio em IVT Vmáx da RM (tempo)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Volume de reg. do PISA, sempre em contexto com a volumetria do VE</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Traçado da borda endocárdica do VE entre miocárdio compactado e não compactado</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Traçado da IVT da VSVE com ganho reduzido (melhor visualização da velocidade modal)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Traçado da IVT da VSVE sem clique de abertura da válvula aórtica</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Sempre sem variação (GE)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Medição do raio não abaixo da Vena contracta</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Nunca é o maior raio a ser medido, mas no momento correto</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>A RM crônica requer uma abordagem multiparamétrica</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>A remodelação é vista e deve ser relatada</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Torne seu exame plausível</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>–</label> <p>Observe IC reduzido na RM crônica</p></list-item>
</list>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Resumo. PISA: área de superfície de isovelocidade proximal; EROA: área efetiva de abertura regurgitante; IVT: integral de velocidade e tempo; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; VSa: volume sistólico anterior; VSVE: via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240061-gf05-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>