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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240060i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240060i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2037-4686</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Dutra</surname><given-names>Lucas Velloso</given-names></name>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Gonçalves</surname><given-names>Arthur Cortez</given-names></name>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0384-348X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Assunção</surname><given-names>Bruna Morhy Borges Leal</given-names></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6275-3601</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pinheiro</surname><given-names>Jairo Alves</given-names><suffix>Junior</suffix></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Sírio-Libanês</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Edmundo Vasconcelos</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Edmundo Vasconcelos, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Coração</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, 0SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Lucas Velloso Dutra</bold> • Hospital Sírio-Libanês. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 91. Postal Code: <postal-code>01308-050</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>lucasvdutra@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label><p>Lucas Velloso Dutra: Philips Healthcare (speaker); Boston Scientific Corporation (speaker); Edwards Lifescience (speaker/ proctor); Boynton (Lifetech): (proctor); Abbot Laboratórios do Brasil LTDA (proctor). Jairo Alves Pinheiro Junior: Boston Scientific Corporation (proctor) Abbot Laboratórios do Brasil LTDA (proctor) Micro Life Sciences Private Limited.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label><p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240060</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>18</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>04</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>04</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Percutaneous occlusion of the left atrial appendage (LAA) is an alternative to oral anticoagulation for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) or flutter who have high risk of cardioembolic events, but with a history or high risk of bleeding. In recent years, new generations of occluder devices have been developed, which, combined with greater experience of operators, have made it a safe procedure when properly indicated. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) plays a central role in assessing the morphology of the LAA, selecting device size, and image monitoring during the structural cardiovascular procedure.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Left Atrial Appendage Closure</kwd>
<kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
<kwd>Coronary Occluaion</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="18"/>
<table-count count="4"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="25"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<fig id="f9">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf09.tif"/>
<attrib>Morphology of the LAA assessed by live multiplanar reconstruction from a 3D block obtained by focused zoom mode. Note, in the green frame, the reference of the circumflex artery, where the smallest diameter of the anchoring zone can be measured; in the red box, the largest diameter, with green and red intersecting lines displayed in the cross section (blue frame), and the 3D volume rendering image (large image on the right).</attrib>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. In 2010, the estimated worldwide number of men and women with AF was 20.9 million and 12.6 million, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> More recent studies have estimated that the prevalence in the general population is between 0.4% and 3%; it is higher in males, with increasing age, and in developed countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Systemic thromboembolism is the main complication of valvular and non-valvular AF. The left atrial appendage (LAA) is the main location of thrombi, and it is affected in 91% of thrombi formed in the left atrium in patients with non-rheumatic AF and 57% in those with rheumatic AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>The use of oral anticoagulation, with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) or new oral anticoagulants (NOAC), is currently the standard therapy for preventing thromboembolism, and it is superior to antiplatelet therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> When oral anticoagulation is chosen, NOAC (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban or edoxaban) should be preferred to VKA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>However, the use of any anticoagulant increases risk of bleeding and may be contraindicated in some patients. The risk of major bleeding with the use of VKA or NOAC is estimated at 1.4% to &gt; 3% per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>In this context, LAA occlusion has emerged as an important therapeutic alternative that can be performed through surgical or percutaneous techniques.</p>
<p>Surgical techniques include ligation, stapling, and amputation of the LAA. Their main limitation is the fact that they are indicated when combined with other cardiac procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>There are two ways to approach the LAA through the percutaneous route. The first strategy uses devices that are inserted into the LAA to occlude it on its endocardial surface. The other uses a percutaneous epicardial ligation technique to externally exclude the LAA (for example, Lariat, which is unavailable in Brazil). Over the past few years, different LAA occlusion devices have been developed. This article will discuss the role of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) as a guide in LAA occlusion procedures, covering the main occluder devices used in Brazil (Watchman/Watchman FLX, Amulet and LAmbre).</p>
<sec>
<title>LAA anatomy</title>
<p>Knowledge of LAA anatomy is fundamental to guide the occlusion procedure. The LAA is a complex &quot;finger-shaped&quot; projection from the anterolateral portion of the left atrium. Internally, it begins with a typically ovoid orifice, with a major and minor diameter. The orifice continues to the neck region, then the body, ending at its apex.</p>
<p>The definition of the anatomic LAA orifice differs from the definition of the landing zone for occluder devices. This will be discussed in detail for each occlusion device addressed below.</p>
<p>The LAA orifice is separated from the left pulmonary veins by the left lateral ridge (ligament of Marshall or Coumadin ridge). The LAA may contain one or more lobes, which are projections from its body.</p>
<p>Anatomic variants of the LAA have been described,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> including the classic forms known as &quot;chicken wing,&quot; &quot;windsock,&quot; &quot;cauliflower or broccoli,&quot; and &quot;cactus.&quot; Other morphologies can be found, for example, &quot;seahorse,&quot; &quot;whale tail,&quot; and &quot;swan.&quot; Currently, new technologies in 3D echocardiography assist in defining the number of lobes with greater accuracy, for example, photorealistic rendering or TrueVue<sup>®</sup>. They also assist in defining morphology, especially when transparency is added to this technology (TrueVue<sup>®</sup> with Glass<sup>®</sup>). Of these variants, the &quot;chicken wing&quot; morphology is the most common. However, it is related to greater difficulty in LAA occlusion, due to its broad width and shallow depth.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Review of percutaneous LAA occlusion procedures</title>
<p>It is important to develop a common language between interventionalists, who are more familiar with fluoroscopy, and the echocardiographers who guide the procedure by means of TEE.</p>
<p>The right anterior oblique caudal view corresponds to approximately 135° on TEE and generally reveals the major axis of the LAA orifice. The right anterior oblique cranial view corresponds to approximately 45° on TEE and generally reveals the minor axis of the LAA orifice.</p>
<p>There are common steps to all LAA occlusion procedures, regardless of the type of occlusion device used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Each procedure begins will peripheral venous puncture, generally through the right femoral vein. The second step is atrial septal puncture with the objective of gaining access to the left atrium. Subsequently, specific steps are taken according to the type of occluder device used.</p>
<p>Atrial septal puncture should be performed in the posterior-inferior position of the fossa ovalis to facilitate the catheter&apos;s path to the LAA, located in the anterolateral position. It is important to underscore that, in case of other procedures, such as percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral repair (MitraClip and Pascal), the puncture of the atrial septum should be in the posterior-superior position of the fossa ovalis to ensure adequate height above the mitral valve plane to facilitate the procedure.</p>
<p>The use of TEE is fundamental to guide puncture in the posterior-inferior portion of the fossa ovalis, in addition to evaluating the thickness and mobility of the septum or the presence of an atrial septal defect. Some situations may represent anatomical challenges to successful transseptal puncture. In lipomatous hypertrophy, puncture should be preferred in the thinnest portion of the fossa ovalis rather than in the hypertrophied edges. In the presence of a large atrial septal aneurysm, the interventionist should be alerted that excessive advancement of the transeptal puncture catheter may lead to perforation of the left atrial free wall.</p>
<p>The catheter is positioned against the atrial septum, forming a tent which, once in the correct position, must be continued with the puncture. The short-axis planes of the aortic valve and bicaval valve are used to guide the anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior positions in the atrial septum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), preferably using multiplanar imaging, with xPlane (Philips) or MultiD (GE) (inferior and superior in one plane; anterior and posterior in the other) or, more recently, puncture guided by live multiplanar reconstruction with MultiVue (Philips) or FlexSlice (GE).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Transseptal puncture site using multiplanar mode (xPlane) to guide the procedure. In the image on the left (short axis of the aorta), it is possible to observe the formation of a &quot;tent&quot; in a posterior position of the septum. In the image on the right (caval axis, manually adapted in the orthogonal view), the needle is positioned inferiorly in the septum, close to the inferior cava. Subsequently, &quot;posterior-inferior&quot; puncture was performed.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>3D TEE, using 3D zoom of the atrial septum, can help confirm that transseptal puncture has occurred in a favorable location. A step-by-step approach for high-quality 3D imaging of the atrial septum has been described using the TUPLE maneuver (image obtained by the 3D zoom-focused mode, of the interatrial septum at 0° by TEE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Watchman/Watchman FLX device</title>
<p>Watchman/Watchman FLX device is implanted in the LAA after puncture of the atrial septum. It has a polyester membrane that covers a self-expandable nitinol frame with barbs at its distal end to anchor the device adequately in the LAA. Its insertion is guided by means of fluoroscopy and TEE. It is available in 5 different diameter sizes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>), with 3-mm increments (diameter at the end of the atrial side of the device).</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Watchman and Watchman FLX</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="7"><bold>FDA indications</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">➢ Non-valvular FA and increased risk of stroke and systemic embolism based on CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">➢ Eligible for anticoagulation with warfarin</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">➢ Appropriate justification for the use of non-pharmacological therapy</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="7"><bold>Device sizes</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="7"><bold>Watchman</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Device diameter (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">27</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">30</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">33</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LAA orifice variation (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17-19</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20-22</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23-25</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">26-28</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">29-31</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Compression diameter (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16.8-19.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">19.2-22.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">21.6-24.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24-27.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">26.4-30.4</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="7"><bold>Watchman FLX</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Device diameter (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">27</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">31</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LAA orifice variation (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14-18</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16.8-21.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18.9-24.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">21.7-27.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24.5-31.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="7" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"><bold>Compression diameter: + 10% to 30% (observation: values obtained by TEE)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="7"><bold>Exclusion criteria</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">➢ LAA orifice diameter greater than 30.4 mm or less than 16.8 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">➢ LAA depth less than the width of the LAA orifice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">➢ Proximity of a secondary LAA lobe to the plane of the LAA orifice (&lt; 1 cm)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">➢ Presence of intracardiac thrombus</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>AF: atrial fibrillation; LAA: left atrial appendage; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Watchman FLX device with sizes that treat ostia from 14 mm to 31 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Watchman is currently the device with the largest number of studies. A meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> of long-term outcomes (5 years) of the two main randomized clinical trials (PROTECT AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and PREVAIL<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>) comparing the use of anticoagulation with warfarin against LAA occlusion with a Watchman device in patients with non-valvular AF showed similar protection against stroke for both therapies, but the LAA occlusion group showed lower rates of disability or death, mainly due to a reduction in major bleeding, particularly hemorrhagic stroke.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Preprocedural assessment</title>
<p>Assessment should focus on the presence or absence of intracardiac thrombus, presence and quantification of pericardial effusion, characteristics of the atrial septum (aneurysm, lipomatous hypertrophy), presence or absence of valvular abnormalities, complex aortic atheroma (&gt; 4 mm), intracardiac shunts, and assessment of orifice size and LAA depth.</p>
<p>The LAA should be measured in the 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° planes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), with the objective of establishing the largest diameter for orifice fixation of the occluder device (&quot;landing zone&quot;) and the depth of the LAA, because these are the measurements used to select device size. The landing zone is defined as the measurement of the circumflex artery (0° plane) or the upper edge of the mitral annulus (45°, 90°, and 135° planes) up to 2 cm below the left lateral ridge. Depth is measured by tracing a line from the &quot;landing zone&quot; plane to the apex of the LAA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). The chosen diameter of the device must be greater than 8% to 20% (15% to 30% in some references) of the measured diameter of the LAA for adequate compression of the device inside the LAA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Despite the above guidelines and due to the limitations of 2D imaging, the largest landing zone diameter is not always obtained in standard planes and is underestimated. Therefore, the use of 3D TEE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Central Illustration</xref>) to measure landing zone diameter through multiplanar reconstruction, maintaining adequate temporal resolution (&gt; 18 frames per second), helps to reduce these limitations and obtain landing zone diameter more accurately and reproducibly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This makes it possible to use automated software (3D Auto LAA, Philips) that quickly and accurately provides measurements such as area, perimeter, and major and minor diameter.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>TEE: display of planes and measurements at 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° of the LAA using the multiplanar cutting tool (xPlane) for the Watchman device.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Illustration of the Amulet device, composed of a lobe and a disc connected by a central articulating waist, in the treatment of different LAA morphologies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Another factor that must be considered in LAA measurements is the patient&apos;s volume status, mainly due to the fasting period for the exam. A prior study has shown that LAA measurements (orifice diameter and depth) varied according to patients’ volume status (on average 2 mm) and that this variation could significantly impact the choice of device size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Assessment during the procedure</title>
<p>After peripheral venous puncture, followed by inferior-posterior puncture of the fossa ovalis of the atrial septum, as previously described, the catheter must be guided to the LAA orifice. 3D TEE has the advantage of allowing visualization of the entire length of the catheter (from where it traverses the atrial septum to the LAA orifice). After introduction into the LAA orifice, contrast injection is performed for fluoroscopic visualization of the LAA and radiopaque marks of the device that must be aligned with the LAA orifice. Once the ideal position has been confirmed, the Watchman device is slowly removed from the sheath, while remaining attached to the delivery cable.</p>
<p>Before the device is released, the 4-step mnemonic checklist known as PASS (position, anchor, size, and seal) should be met:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>➢</label><p><bold>Position:</bold> Ideally, the device &quot;shoulder&quot; (curved part of the device at the level of the LAA orifice) should not protrude excessively from the LAA. If there is device shoulder protrusion, it should be less than 40% to 50% (approximately 4 to 7 mm) of the device depth.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p><bold>Anchoring:</bold> A &quot;tug test&quot; should be performed. The device should be retracted and observed to verify that it returns to the original position, monitoring with TEE or fluoroscopy</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p><bold>Size:</bold> The device diameter should be measured after compression in the LAA, and it should be 80% to 92% of the original device diameter. Device measurement should be from &quot;shoulder to shoulder,&quot; in the 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° planes, observing the &quot;threaded insert&quot; in the center of the device, to ensure that maximum width has been measured.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p><bold>Seal:</bold> Assessment for para-device leak (PDL)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> should be carried out by measuring the vena contracta of the PDL (diameter of the narrowest cross-section of the plane between the device and the LAA wall) using 2D TEE with color Doppler in the 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° planes. A PDL vena contracta of &lt; 5 mm is acceptable. A Nyquist limit of 35 to 45 cm/s should be applied, and 3D TEE with color Doppler can be used to assess circumferential extent. PDL can be classified as mild (&lt; 3 mm), moderate (3 to 5 mm), or severe (≥ 5 mm).</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>When the PDL is ≥ 5 mm or when any criteria of the PASS checklist are not met, the Watchman device should be repositioned or exchanged for one with a larger diameter.</p>
<p>After the Watchman device has been implanted and the catheter withdrawn, it is necessary to assess the size of the atrial septal defect (ASD) related to the procedural transseptal puncture. An ASD less than 10 mm is acceptable. When the ASD is &gt; 10 mm, it may require percutaneous closure.</p>
<p>Pericardial effusion is the most important immediate complication to be assessed by TEE in LAA occlusion procedures. Generally, it reflects intraprocedural perforation of one of the cardiac cavities, such as the right atrium, left atrium, and LAA.</p>
<p>TEE monitoring of pericardial effusion in multiple planes is essential, mainly using transgastric planes and the 4-chamber plane of the middle esophagus, focusing on the right atrioventricular junction. Comparison with preprocedural images and differential diagnosis with epicardial fat are important.</p>
<p>The rate of pericardial effusion related to the Watchman procedure is 2.2% to 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> This rate has reduced over time and may be attributed to the better experience of interventionists, monitoring of the procedure with TEE, use of a curved guide wire, and use of a pigtail catheter to avoid injury to the LAA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>Other possible procedure-related complications include stroke (rate of 0.9%), device embolization (rate of 0.6%), air embolism, and thrombus formation during the procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Post-procedure assessment</title>
<p>After Watchman device implantation, endothelialization occurs in approximately 45 days. Therefore, during this period, patients must use warfarin and aspirin. After 45 days, TEE must be performed. If there are no complications (discussed in further detail below), warfarin should be suspended, and therapy with clopidogrel associated with aspirin should be continued for 6 months from the date of device implantation. After this period, clopidogrel should be suspended, continuing the use of aspirin. The main objectives of follow-up with TEE are as follows:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>Reassess device position and stability to ensure that no part of the device has embolized or shifted.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>Reassess presence of PDL. When &lt; 5 mm (approximately 32% of patients), it is not associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism; therefore, warfarin can be discontinued.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>Assessment for device-related thrombus (thrombus on the left atrial side, seeing that thrombus on the LAA side is expected). They are more common in the threaded insert area of the device (slower endothelialization) and in any LAA trabeculations uncovered by the device.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>Assessment of interatrial shunt related to transseptal puncture during the procedure. Scarring of the atrial septum is common after transseptal puncture, but when there is ASD &gt; 10 mm, percutaneous closure should be considered.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>Assessment of other cardiac structures, focusing mainly on pericardial effusion.</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Amulet device</title>
<p>Amulet is the second-generation Amplatzer LAA occlusion device. It consists of a self-expanding nitinol frame, covered by sewn polyester mesh, composed of a lobe and a disc connected by a central articulating waist (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). The lobe is implanted approximately 10 to 12 mm distal to the anatomic LAA orifice, and it functions as the main mechanism for anchoring the device in the LAA, by means of circumferentially located stabilizing wires. The proximal end of the central hinged waist, unlike the threaded insert of the Watchman device, is located internal to the device, which would theoretically have the benefit of reducing device-related thrombus formation.</p>
<p>The Amulet device is available in 8 different sizes, which correspond to the lobe diameter of the device (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The disc diameter corresponds to the size of the lobe diameter plus 6 mm (for devices size 16 to 22 mm) or plus 7 mm (for devices size 25 to 34 mm).</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption><title>Amulet device sizes</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="11%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>N° do dispositivo ou diâmetro do lobo (mm)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>16</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>18</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>20</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>22</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>25</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>28</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>31</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>34</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Largura máxima da landing zone (mm)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11-13</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">13-15</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15-17</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17-19</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">19-22</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22-25</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">25-28</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">28-31</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Profundidade mínima do AAE (mm)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;12</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Altura do lobo (mm)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Altura da cintura articulada (mm)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Diâmetro do disco (mm)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">26</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">38</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">41</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Diâmetro da bainha (Fr)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Fios estabilizadores (pares)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2"><p>LAA: left atrial appendage.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>While the Watchman device is compatible with LAA diameters ranging from 16.8 to 30.4 mm, the Amulet device can be compatible with a greater variation in LAA diameter sizes (11 to 32 mm).</p>
<p>The exclusion criteria are the same as the Watchman device, differing in the following anatomical criteria:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>The landing zone diameter of the Amulet device cannot be larger than 32 mm or smaller than 11 mm.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>Minimum depth is 10 mm for devices from 16 to 22 mm.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>Minimum depth is 12 mm for devices from 25 to 34 mm.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>There is a prospective, multicenter, observational study that mainly evaluated safety outcomes after Amulet LAA occlusion device implantation in 1073 patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Data from this study showed a high success rate in device implantation (98.8%) and low rates of periprocedural and postprocedural complications (for example, 0.3% for stroke, 0.1% for device embolization, and 0.5% for pericardial effusion).</p>
<p>Preprocedural assessment should follow the same precautions described for the Watchman device. However, there is an important difference regarding the definition of the landing zone and depth measurements for both devices. For the Amulet device, the landing zone is defined as the diameter measured 10 to 12 mm distal to the diameter of the LAA anatomic orifice and perpendicular to the axis of the LAA neck. For the Amulet device, depth is defined as the perpendicular distance traced from the middle of the plane of the LAA anatomical orifice to the LAA wall, unlike the depth for the Watchman device, which was defined as the distance, not necessarily perpendicular, from the plane of the landing zone to the LAA apex (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Transthoracic echocardiogram: display of planes and measurements at 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° of the LAA using the multiplanar cutting tool (xPlane) for the Amulet device.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The implantation of the Amulet device is similar to that of the Watchman, with the same steps for venous and atrial septal puncture, with differences in the assessment of LAA dimensions (described above) and device release.</p>
<p>The Amulet device is released in two steps. Initially, the lobe is partially unsheathed, remaining in a &quot;ball&quot; shape during monitoring with TEE, with the aim of confirming the correct positioning for release, and then completely unsheathed. In the second step, the disc is unsheathed, completing LAA occlusion. The device should be released after a 5-step checklist, described below:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>The device lobe should be shaped like a &quot;tire&quot; to ensure adequate device compression and fixation of the stabilizing wires.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>There should be a degree of separation between the lobe and the disc to ensure a good seal.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>The side of the disc, in relation to the left atrium, should be concave to ensure a good seal.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>The lobe axis should be perpendicular to the neck of the LAA to ensure adequate stability.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>At least two thirds of the lobe should be positioned in a plane adjacent to the circumflex artery to ensure stability. To confirm stability, a gentle &quot;pull&quot; on the disc can be performed.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>Following release of the Amulet device, an assessment of possible immediate and late complications should be carried out, similar to the assessment previously described for the Watchman device.</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>LAmbre device</title>
<p>The LAmbre device (LifeTech Technology Ltd., Shenzhen, China) has the characteristics of being made of nickel-titanium alloy and constructed in two parts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>) that are released at different moments, an occlusion &quot;umbrella&quot; (auricular side) and a sealing disc (atrial side). During the procedure, the occluder is first positioned and released and, after testing its stability, the sealing disc is released. For this device, periprosthetic leak is considered significant when it is greater than 3 mm. In this device, the presence of a thrombus in the LAA would not be an absolute contraindication to the procedure due to its implantation method. There are two types of commercially available devices, a standard one and a second special type, developed for multilobed appendages with wide trabeculations and shallow spaces.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 6</label>
<caption>
<title>Photograph of the standard LAmbre device on the left with a schematic drawing of the positioning in the LAA; on the right: special device with a schematic drawing of the implant in a multilobed appendage. Note that, unlike the standard device, the special one has a smaller &quot;umbrella&quot; to adapt to one of the lobes of the LAA, with a proportionally larger sealing disc in relation to the first.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf06.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>When selecting the device to be implanted, it has been observed that tomography and 3D TEE had a good correlation and, considering the deformation of the orifice after occluder insertion, especially in atrial appendages that presented ostia with special morphology (for example, teardrop-shaped or triangular), choosing not based on diameter, but rather by ostial perimeter, assisted in optimal device selection, increasing implant success on the first attempt.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
<p>The appearance of the device on 3D echocardiography is very characteristic, resembling the number 8 in the &quot;en face&quot; view after release (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>). On fluoroscopy it is possible to see the umbrella and the sealing disc after release, very similarly to what is seen on TEE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 8</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figure 7</label>
<caption>
<title>Volume rendering obtained by 3D transthoracic echocardiography demonstrating a characteristic &quot;figure 8&quot; appearance of the LAmbre device after release. A) standard volume rendering; B) color volume rendering; C) photorealistic rendering; D) transparency rendering</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf07.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figure 8</label>
<caption>
<title>Comparison of the LAmbre device on fluoroscopy imaging (on the left) with multiplanar mode (xPlane) on 3D transthoracic echocardiography (on the right).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf08.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>TEE is an essential tool in the preparation and execution of percutaneous LAA occlusion procedures. In preparation for the procedure, it is possible to estimate the size of the device to be implanted, as well as the morphology of the anatomical structure. It can also be used to guide implantation (transseptal puncture and positioning), assess the results (compression and presence of periprosthetic leak), and monitor possible complications (pericardial effusion, embolization).</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of Funding</label><p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study Association</label><p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label><p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<source>Left Atrial Appendage Closure System [Internet]</source>
<publisher-loc>Shenzhen City</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Lifetech Scientific</publisher-name>
<year>2024</year>
<date-in-citation content-type="access-date">[cited 2024 Jun 10]</date-in-citation>
<comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.lifetechmed.com/en/product/p1/s1/left-atrial-appendage-occluder/20230525/l-ambre.aspx">https://www.lifetechmed.com/en/product/p1/s1/left-atrial-appendage-occluder/20230525/l-ambre.aspx</ext-link></comment>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Lifetech Scientific. Left Atrial Appendage Closure System [Internet]. Shenzhen City: Lifetech Scientific; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 10]. Available from: https://www.lifetechmed.com/en/product/p1/s1/left-atrial-appendage-occluder/20230525/l-ambre.aspx.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240060</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Oclusão Percutânea do Apêndice Atrial Esquerdo</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2037-4686</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Dutra</surname><given-names>Lucas Velloso</given-names></name>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Gonçalves</surname><given-names>Arthur Cortez</given-names></name>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0384-348X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Assunção</surname><given-names>Bruna Morhy Borges Leal</given-names></name>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6275-3601</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pinheiro</surname><given-names>Jairo Alves</given-names><suffix>Junior</suffix></name>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Edmundo Vasconcelos, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Lucas Velloso Dutra</bold> • Hospital Sírio-Libanês. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 91. CEP: <postal-code>01308-050</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>lucasvdutra@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label><p>Lucas Velloso Dutra: Philips Healthcare (palestrante); Boston Scientific Corporation (palestrante); Edwards Lifescience (palestrante / orientador); Boynton (Lifetech): (orientador); Abbot Laboratórios do Brasil LTDA (orientador). Jairo Alves Pinheiro Junior: Boston Scientific Corporation (orientador); Abbot Laboratórios do Brasil LTDA (orientador) Micro Life Sciences Private Limited.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label><p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>A oclusão percutânea de apêndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) é uma alternativa à anticoagulação oral para pacientes com fibrilação atrial (FA) ou <italic>flutter</italic>, com risco elevado para eventos cardioembólicos, porém com histórico ou risco elevado de sangramento. Nos últimos anos, têm sido desenvolvidas novas gerações de dispositivos oclusores, que, somadas à maior experiência dos operadores, tornaram o procedimento seguro quando bem indicado. O estudo ecocardiográfico transesofágico tem papel central na avaliação da morfologia do AAE, seleção do tamanho dos dispositivos, assim como no monitoramento com imagem durante o procedimento cardiovascular estrutural.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Oclusão do Apêndice Atrial Esquerdo</kwd>
<kwd>Fibrilação Atrial</kwd>
<kwd>Oclusão Coronária</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f18">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf09-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Morfologia do AAE avaliada pela reconstrução multiplanar ao vivo a partir de um bloco 3D obtido pelo modo zoom focado. Nota-se no quadro verde a referência da artéria circunflexa onde pode ser medido o menor diâmetro da zona de ancoragem; no quadro vermelho o maior diâmetro, com a linhas de interseção verde e vermelha exibidas no corte transversal (quadro azul) e na imagem de renderização de volume 3D (maior à direita).</attrib>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia cardíaca sustentada mais comum. Em 2010, o número estimado de homens e mulheres com FA no mundo foi de 20,9 milhões e 12,6 milhões, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A prevalência na população geral foi estimada entre 0,4% e 3% em estudos mais recentes, sendo maior no sexo masculino, com o aumento da idade e em países desenvolvidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>O tromboembolismo sistêmico é a principal complicação da FA valvular e não valvular. O apêndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) é o principal sítio de localização de trombos, sendo acometido em 91% dos trombos formados no átrio esquerdo em indivíduos com FA não reumática e 57% nos indivíduos com FA reumática.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>O uso de anticoagulação oral, com antagonista da vitamina K (AVK) ou os novos anticoagulantes orais (NACO), é a terapia padrão atual para prevenção de tromboembolismo, sendo superior à terapia antiplaquetária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Quando a anticoagulação oral for elegida, os NACO (dabigatrana, rivaroxabana, apixabana ou edoxabana) devem ser preferidos aos AVK.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>No entanto, o uso de qualquer anticoagulante aumenta o risco de sangramento e pode ser contraindicado em alguns pacientes. O risco de sangramento maior com o uso de AVK ou NACO é estimado em 1,4% a &gt; 3% por ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Dessa forma, a oclusão do AAE surgiu como uma importante alternativa terapêutica, que pode ser realizada através da técnica cirúrgica ou percutânea.</p>
<p>As técnicas cirúrgicas incluem a ligadura, grampeamento e amputação do AAE e têm como principal limitação o fato de serem indicadas quando combinadas a outros procedimentos cardíacos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Existem duas formas de abordagem do AAE através da via percutânea. A primeira estratégia utiliza dispositivos que são inseridos no AAE para ocluí-lo em sua face endocárdica. A outra utiliza uma técnica de ligadura percutânea epicárdica para excluir externamente o AAE (exemplo: Lariat, indisponível no Brasil). Nos últimos anos foram desenvolvidos diversos dispositivos de oclusão do AAE. Neste artigo, será discutido o papel do ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) bidimensional (2D) e tridimensional (3D) como guia nos procedimentos de oclusão do AAE, com abordagem dos principais dispositivos oclusores utilizados no Brasil (Watchman/Watchman FLX, Amulet e LAmbre).</p>
<sec>
<title>Anatomia do AAE</title>
<p>O conhecimento da anatomia do AAE é fundamental para guiar o procedimento de oclusão. O AAE é uma complexa projeção em &quot;forma de dedo&quot; da porção ântero-lateral do átrio esquerdo. Internamente, inicia através de um orifício tipicamente ovoide, tendo um diâmetro maior e outro menor. Este orifício continua com o colo, depois o corpo, terminando no seu ápice.</p>
<p>A definição do orifício anatômico do AAE é diferente da definição do orifício de fixação dos dispositivos oclusores. Isso será detalhado em cada dispositivo de oclusão abordado abaixo.</p>
<p>O orifício do AAE é separado das veias pulmonares esquerdas pela crista lateral esquerda (ligamento de Marshall ou crista cumarínica). O AAE pode conter um ou mais lobos, que são projeções do seu corpo.</p>
<p>Existem variantes anatômicas do AAE descritas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e incluem as clássicas formas de &quot;asa de frango&quot;, &quot;biruta&quot;, &quot;couve-flor ou brócolis&quot; e &quot;cacto&quot;, podendo ser encontrado outros formatos dentre eles &quot;cavalo marinho&quot;, &quot;cauda de baleia&quot; e &quot;cisne&quot;. Hoje novas tecnologias na ecocardiografia 3D auxiliam a definir com maior exatidão o número de lobos, como a renderização foto realística ou TrueVue<sup>®</sup>, assim como a morfologia, especialmente quando acrescentada transparência a tecnologia anterior (TrueVue<sup>®</sup> com Glass<sup>®</sup>). Destas variantes, a morfologia em &quot;asa de frango&quot; é a mais frequente. No entanto, está relacionada a uma maior dificuldade na oclusão do AAE, devido a sua ampla largura e rasa profundidade.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Revisão do procedimento de oclusão percutânea do AAE</title>
<p>É importante que uma linguagem comum seja desenvolvida entre os intervencionistas, que são mais habituados com a fluoroscopia, e os ecocardiografistas que guiarão o procedimento através do ETE.</p>
<p>A projeção oblíqua anterior direita (OAD) caudal corresponde aproximadamente a 135° do ETE e geralmente revela o maior eixo do orifício do AAE. A projeção OAD cranial corresponde aproximadamente a 45° do ETE e geralmente revela o menor eixo do orifício do AAE.</p>
<p>Existem etapas comuns a todos os procedimentos de oclusão do AAE, independentemente do tipo de dispositivo oclusor utilizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Todo procedimento inicia com uma punção venosa periférica, geralmente da veia femoral direita. A segunda etapa é a punção do septo atrial com o objetivo de ganhar acesso ao átrio esquerdo. Posteriormente, são realizadas etapas específicas conforme dispositivo oclusor utilizado.</p>
<p>A punção do septo atrial deve ser na posição póstero-inferior da fossa oval para facilitar o trajeto do cateter até o AAE, localizado na posição ântero-lateral. É importante ressaltar que em caso de outros procedimentos, como reparo mitral percutâneo borda a borda (MitraClip e Pascal), a punção do septo atrial deve ser na posição póstero-superior da fossa oval para garantir uma altura adequada acima do plano valvar mitral para facilitar o procedimento.</p>
<p>O uso do ETE é fundamental para guiar a punção na porção póstero-inferior da fossa oval, além de avaliar a espessura e mobilidade do septo ou presença de defeito do septo atrial (DAS). Algumas situações podem representar desafios anatômicos para o sucesso da punção transeptal. Na hipertrofia lipomatosa a punção deve ser preferida na porção mais fina da fossa oval do que nas bordas hipertrofiadas. Na presença de um grande aneurisma do septo atrial, o intervencionista deve ser alertado que o avanço pronunciado do cateter de punção transeptal pode levar à perfuração da parede livre do átrio esquerdo.</p>
<p>O cateter é posicionado contra o septo atrial, sendo formada uma tenda que, estando na posição correta, deve ser prosseguida com a punção. São utilizados os planos eixo curto da valva aórtica e bicaval para orientação das posições anterior, posterior, superior e inferior no septo atrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 1</xref>), podendo preferencialmente utilizar imageamento de múltiplos planos, com xPlane (Philips) ou MultiD (GE) (inferior e superior em um plano; anterior e posterior no outro), ou mais recentemente a punção guiada pela reconstrução multiplanar ao vivo, com MultiVue (Philips) ou FlexSlice (GE).</p>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Local da punção transeptal utilizando o modo de múltiplos planos (xPlane) para guiar o procedimento. Na imagem da esquerda (eixo curto da aorta) é possível observar a formação da &quot;tenda&quot; em uma posição posterior do septo. Na imagem da direita (eixo das cavas adaptado manualmente no corte ortogonal) a agulha está posicionada inferiormente no septo, próxima a cava inferior. Na sequência foi realizada a punção &quot;póstero-inferior&quot;.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>O ETE 3D, usando o 3D zoom do septo atrial pode ajudar a confirmar que a punção transeptal ocorreu em local favorável. Uma abordagem passo a passo para imageamento 3D do septo atrial com boa qualidade foi descrita utilizando a manobra TUPLE (inclinar para cima e depois para esquerda, uma imagem obtida pelo modo 3D zoom focado, do septo interatrial a 0° pelo ETE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Dispositivo Watchman/Watchman FLX</title>
<p>Dispositivo Watchman/Watchman FLX é implantado no AAE após punção do septo atrial e possui uma membrana de poliéster cobrindo uma armação auto expansível de nitinol com farpas em sua extremidade distal para ancorar adequadamente o dispositivo no AAE. A sua inserção é guiada através da fluoroscopia e do ETE. Está disponível em cinco diferentes tamanhos de diâmetro (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 2</xref>), com incremento de 3 mm (diâmetro da extremidade do lado atrial do dispositivo).</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Watchman e Watchman FLX</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="7"><bold>Indicações do FDA</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">➢ FA não valvar e risco aumentado de AVC e embolia sistêmica baseado nos escores CHADS2 ou CHA2DS2-VASc</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">➢ Elegíveis para anticoagulação com varfarina</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">➢ Justificativa apropriada para o uso de terapia não farmacológica</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="7" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000"><bold>Tamanhos do dispositivo</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="7"><bold>Watchman</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diâmetro do dispositivo (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">27</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">30</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">33</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Variação do orifício AAE (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17-19</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20-22</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23-25</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">26-28</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">29-31</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diâmetro de compressão (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16,8-19,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">19,2-22,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">21,6-24,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24-27,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">26,4-30,4</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="7"><bold>Watchman FLX</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diâmetro do dispositivo (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">27</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">31</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Variação do orifício AAE (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14-18</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16,8-21,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18,9-24,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">21,7-27,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24,5-31,5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="7"><bold>Diâmetro de compressão: + 10% a 30% (observação: valores obtidos pelo ETE)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#BE8873;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="7" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Critérios de exclusão</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">➢ Diâmetro do orifício do AAE maior que 30,4 mm ou menor que 16,8 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">➢ Profundidade do AAE menor que a largura do orifício do AAE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">➢ Proximidade de um lobo secundário do AAE ao plano do orifício do AAE (&lt; 1 cm)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">➢ Presença de trombo intracardíaco</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3"><p>AAE: apêndice atrial esquerdo; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; ETE: ecocardiograma transtorácico; FA: fibrilação atrial.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Dispositivo Watchman FLX com os tamanhos que tratam óstios de 14 mm a 31 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>O Watchman é o dispositivo atual com maior número de estudos. Uma metanálise<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> dos desfechos de longo prazo (5 anos) dos dois principais ensaios clínicos randomizados (PROTECT AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e PREVAIL<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>) que comparam o uso de anticoagulação com varfarina contra oclusão do AAE com dispositivo Watchman nos pacientes com FA não valvar mostrou proteção contra o acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) semelhante para as duas terapêuticas, mas para o grupo oclusão do AAE evidenciou menores taxas de incapacidade ou morte principalmente às custas da redução de sangramento maior, particularmente de AVC hemorrágico.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avaliação pré-procedimento</title>
<p>A avaliação deve focar na presença ou ausência de trombo intracardíaco, presença e quantificação de derrame pericárdico, característica do septo atrial (aneurisma, hipertrofia lipomatosa), presença ou ausência de anormalidades valvares, placas complexas de ateroma aórtico (&gt; 4 mm), <italic>shunts</italic> intracardíacos e a avaliação do tamanho do orifício e profundidade do AAE.</p>
<p>As medidas do AAE devem ser realizadas nos planos 0°, 45°, 90° e 135° (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 3</xref>) com o objetivo de estabelecer o maior diâmetro do orifício de fixação do dispositivo oclusor (&quot;<italic>landing zone</italic>&quot;) e a profundidade do AAE, visto que são estas medidas utilizadas para a escolha do tamanho do dispositivo. A <italic>landing zone</italic> é definida como a medida da artéria circunflexa (plano de 0°) ou da borda superior do anel mitral (planos 45°, 90° e 135°) até 2 cm abaixo da crista lateral esquerda. A profundidade é medida traçando uma linha do plano da &quot;<italic>landing zone</italic>&quot; até o ápice do AAE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 4</xref>). O diâmetro escolhido do dispositivo deve ser maior em 8% a 20% (15% a 30% em algumas referências) do diâmetro medido do AAE, para adequada compressão do dispositivo no interior do AAE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Apesar das orientações acima e devido às limitações do imageamento 2D, nem sempre o maior diâmetro da <italic>landing zone</italic> é obtida nos planos padrões, sendo subestimado. Sendo assim o uso do ETE 3D (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura Central</xref>) para realização da medida do diâmetro da <italic>landing zone</italic> através da reconstrução multiplanar, mantendo resolução temporal adequada (&gt; 18 quadros por segundo), ajuda a reduzir essas limitações e obter o diâmetro da <italic>landing zone</italic> de uma forma mais acurada e reprodutível,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> sendo possível a utilização de softwares automatizados (3D Auto LAA, Philips), que fornecem de forma rápida e acurada medidas como a área, perímetro, além do maior e menor diâmetro.</p>
<fig id="f12">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>ETE: exibição dos planos e medidas a 0°, 45°, 90° e 135° do AAE utilizando a ferramenta de corte por múltiplos planos (xPlane) para o dispositivo Watchman.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f13">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Ilustração do dispositivo Amulet, composto por um lobo e um disco conectados por uma cintura articulada central, no tratamento das diversas morfologias de AAE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Outro fator que deve ser considerado nas medidas do AAE é o estado volêmico do paciente, principalmente devido ao tempo de jejum ao exame. Um estudo prévio mostrou que as medidas do AAE (diâmetro do orifício e profundidade) variam conforme estado volêmico do paciente (em média 2 mm) e que essa variação pode impactar significativamente na escolha do tamanho do dispositivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avaliação durante o procedimento</title>
<p>Após a punção venosa periférica, seguida da punção ínfero-posterior da fossa oval do septo atrial, descrito anteriormente, o cateter deve ser guiado até o orifício do AAE. O ETE 3D tem a vantagem de permitir a visualização de toda extensão do cateter (desde atravessando o septo atrial até o orifício do AAE). Após ser introduzido no orifício do AAE é realizada uma injeção de contraste para visualização fluoroscópica do AAE e de marcas radiopacas do dispositivo que deverão ser alinhadas ao orifício do AAE. Assim que confirmado a posição ideal, o dispositivo Watchman é retirado da bainha lentamente, mas permanecendo anexado ao cabo de entrega.</p>
<p>Antes do dispositivo ser liberado, dever ser realizado um checklist de 4 etapas do mnemônico PASS (<italic>position</italic>, <italic>anchor</italic>, <italic>size</italic> e <italic>seal</italic>):</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>➢</label><p><bold><italic>Position</italic> (posição):</bold> Idealmente o &quot;ombro&quot; do dispositivo (parte curva do dispositivo ao nível do orifício do AAE) não deve se protrair excessivamente do AAE. Se uma protrusão do ombro do dispositivo estiver presente, deve ser inferior a 40% a 50% (aproximadamente 4 a 7 mm) da profundidade do dispositivo.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p><bold><italic>Anchor</italic> (ancoragem):</bold> Um &quot;teste de estabilidade&quot; deve ser realizado. O dispositivo deve ser retraído e observado o seu retorno até a posição original através da monitorização com ETE ou fluoroscopia.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p><bold><italic>Size</italic> (dimensão):</bold> A medida do diâmetro do dispositivo após sua compressão no AAE deve ser realizada e deve ser 80% a 92% do diâmetro original do dispositivo. A medida deve ser realizada no dispositivo de &quot;ombro a ombro&quot;, nos planos de 0°, 45°, 90° e 135°, observando a &quot;inserção rosqueada&quot; no centro do dispositivo, para garantir que foi realizada a medida da largura máxima.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p><bold><italic>Seal</italic> (vedação):</bold> Avaliação de leak peridispositivo (LPD)17 deve ser realizada através da medida da vena contracta do LPD (diâmetro da menor secção transversal do plano entre o dispositivo e a parede do AAE) através do ETE 2D com Doppler colorido nos planos 0°, 45°, 90° e 135°. Um LPD de vena contracta &lt; 5 mm é aceitável. Deve ser usado um limite Nyquist de 35 a 45 cm/s e o ETE 3D com Doppler colorido pode ser utilizado para avaliação da extensão circunferencial. O LPD pode ser classificado em discreto (&lt; 3 mm), moderado (3 a 5 mm) ou importante (≥ 5 mm).</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Quando o LPD for ≥ 5 mm ou qualquer critério do checklist PASS não for encontrado, o dispositivo Watchman deve ser reposicionado ou trocado por outro de diâmetro maior.</p>
<p>Após o dispositivo Watchman ser implantado e o cateter retirado, deve ser avaliado o tamanho do DSA relacionado à punção transeptal do procedimento. Um DSA inferior a 10 mm é aceitável. Quando o DSA for &gt; 10 mm requer o fechamento percutâneo.</p>
<p>O derrame pericárdio é a complicação imediata mais importante a ser avaliada pelo ETE nos procedimentos de oclusão do AAE e, geralmente, reflete perfuração intraprocedimento de uma das cavidades cardíaca, como o átrio direito, átrio esquerdo e o AAE.</p>
<p>A monitorização de derrame pericárdico em múltiplos planos através do ETE é fundamental, principalmente através dos planos a nível transgástrico e do plano 4 câmaras do esôfago médio, com foco na junção atrioventricular direita. É importante a comparação com as imagens pré-procedimento e o diagnóstico diferencial com gordura epicárdica.</p>
<p>A taxa de derrame pericárdico relacionada ao procedimento de Watchman é de 2,2% a 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Essa taxa reduziu com o tempo e pode ser atribuída à melhor experiência dos intervencionistas, monitorização do procedimento com ETE, uso de fio guia curvado e ao uso de cateter <italic>pigtail</italic> para evitar lesão do AAE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>Outras possíveis complicações relacionadas ao procedimento são AVC (com taxa de 0,9%), embolização do dispositivo (com taxa de 0,6%), embolia gasosa e formação de trombo durante o procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avaliação pós-procedimento</title>
<p>Após o implante do dispositivo Watchman, a sua endotelização ocorre em aproximadamente 45 dias. Sendo assim, nesse período o paciente deverá usar varfarina e aspirina. Após os 45 dias, deve ser realizado ETE. Se não houver complicações, mais detalhadas a seguir, a varfarina deverá ser suspensa e a terapia com clopidogrel associado à aspirina deve ser continuada por 6 meses da data de implante do dispositivo. Após esse período, o clopidogrel deverá ser suspenso, mantendo contínuo o uso da aspirina. Os principais objetivos do seguimento com ETE são:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>Reavaliar a posição e a estabilidade do dispositivo, para garantir que não houve embolização ou deslocamento de parte do dispositivo.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>Reavaliar presença de LPD. Quando &lt; 5 mm (aproximadamente 32% dos pacientes), não está associado ao aumento do risco de tromboembolismo e, portanto, a varfarina pode ser descontinuada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>Avaliação de trombo relacionado ao dispositivo (trombo do lado do átrio esquerdo, visto que trombo do lado do AAE é esperado). São mais frequentes na área de inserção rosqueada do dispositivo (endotelização mais lenta) e em eventuais trabeculações do AAE, descoberta pelo dispositivo.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>Avaliação de <italic>shunt</italic> interatrial relacionado à punção transeptal do procedimento. A cicatrização do septo atrial é comum após a punção transeptal, mas quando houver DSA &gt; 10 mm deve ser considerado o seu fechamento percutâneo.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>Avaliar as demais estruturas cardíacas, com foco principalmente em derrame pericárdico.</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Dispositivo Amulet</title>
<p>O Amulet é o dispositivo Amplatzer de oclusão do AAE de segunda geração. É formado por uma armação auto expansível de nitinol, coberto por uma malha de poliéster costurada, sendo composto por um lobo e um disco conectados por uma cintura articulada central (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 4</xref>). O lobo é implantado a aproximadamente 10 a 12 mm distal ao orifício anatômico do AAE e funcionam como principal mecanismo de ancoragem do dispositivo no AAE, através de fios estabilizadores localizados circunferencialmente. A extremidade proximal da cintura articulada central, diferente da inserção rosqueada do dispositivo Watchman, localiza-se internamente ao dispositivo, o que teria um benefício teórico na redução da formação de trombo relacionado ao dispositivo.</p>
<p>O dispositivo Amulet está disponível em 8 diferentes tamanhos, que corresponde ao diâmetro do lobo do dispositivo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). O diâmetro do disco corresponde ao tamanho do diâmetro do lobo mais 6 mm (para dispositivos de tamanho 16 a 22 mm) ou mais 7 mm (para dispositivos de tamanho 25 a 34 mm).</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption><title>Dimensões do dispositivo Amulet</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="11%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>N° do dispositivo ou diâmetro do lobo (mm)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>16</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>18</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>20</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>22</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>25</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>28</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>31</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">34</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Largura máxima da landing zone (mm)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11-13</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">13-15</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15-17</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">17-19</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">19-22</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22-25</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">25-28</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">28-31</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Profundidade mínima do AAE (mm)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;12</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Altura do lobo (mm)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Altura da cintura articulada (mm)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Diâmetro do disco (mm)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">26</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">38</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">41</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E3CABE;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Diâmetro da bainha (Fr)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Fios estabilizadores (pares)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN4"><p>AAE: apêndice atrial esquerdo.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Enquanto o dispositivo de Watchman é compatível com diâmetro do AAE que varia de 16.8 a 30.4 mm, o dispositivo Amulet pode ser compatível com uma maior variação nas dimensões do diâmetro do AAE (11 a 32 mm).</p>
<p>Os critérios de exclusão seguem os mesmos do dispositivo Watchman com diferença nos critérios anatômicos a seguir:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>O diâmetro da <italic>landing zone</italic> do dispositivo Amulet não pode ser maior que 32 mm ou menor que 11 mm.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>A profundidade mínima é 10 mm para os dispositivos de 16 a 22 mm.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>A profundidade mínima é de 12 mm para os dispositivos de 25 a 34 mm.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Há um estudo prospectivo, multicêntrico e observacional que avaliou principalmente desfechos de segurança após o implante do dispositivo de oclusão do AAE Amulet em 1073 pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Os dados desse estudo mostraram alta taxa de sucesso no implante do dispositivo (98.8%) e baixas taxas de complicações periprocedimento e pós-procedimento (por exemplo, 0.3% para AVC, 0.1% para embolização do dispositivo e 0.5% para derrame pericárdico).</p>
<p>A avaliação pré-procedimento deve ser seguir os mesmos cuidados descritos para o dispositivo de Watchman. No entanto, há uma importante diferença em relação à definição da <italic>landing zone</italic> e das medidas de profundidade para ambos dispositivos. Para o dispositivo Amulet a <italic>landing zone</italic> é definida como o diâmetro medido a 10 a 12 mm distal ao diâmetro do orifício anatômico do AAE e perpendicular ao eixo do colo do AAE. A profundidade para o dispositivo Amulet é definida como distância perpendicular traçada do médio do plano do orifício anatômico do AAE até a parede do AAE, diferentemente da profundidade para o dispositivo Watchman que foi definida como distância, não necessariamente perpendicular, do plano da <italic>landing zone</italic> até o ápice do AAE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f14">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma transtorácico: exibição dos planos e medidas a 0°, 45°, 90° e 135° do AAE utilizando a ferramenta de corte por múltiplos planos (xPlane) para o dispositvo Amulet.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf05-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>O implante do dispositivo Amulet é similar ao Watchman, apresentando as mesmas etapas de punção venosa e do septo atrial, com diferenças na avaliação das dimensões do AAE (descritas acima) e na liberação do dispositivo.</p>
<p>A liberação do dispositivo de Amulet é realizada em duas etapas. Inicialmente o lobo é desembainhado parcialmente, ficando com uma conformação em forma de &quot;bola&quot; durante monitorização com ETE, com o objetivo de confirmar a posição correta de sua liberação, sendo após desembainhado totalmente. Na segunda etapa o disco é desembainhado, completando a oclusão do AAE. O dispositivo deverá ser liberado após um checklist de 5 etapas, descritos a seguir:</p>
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>O lobo do dispositivo deverá ter o formato de &quot;pneu&quot; para garantir uma adequada compressão do dispositivo e fixação dos fios estabilizadores.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>Deve haver um grau de separação entre o lobo e o disco para garantir uma boa vedação.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>O lado do disco em relação ao átrio esquerdo deverá estar côncavo para garantir uma boa vedação.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>O eixo do lobo deverá estar perpendicular ao colo do AAE para garantir uma adequada estabilidade.</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>➢</label><p>Pelo menos 2/3 do lobo deve ser posicionado em plano adjacente à artéria circunflexa para garantir estabilidade. Para confirma a estabilidade, uma discreta &quot;puxada&quot; no disco pode ser realizada.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Após a liberação do dispositivo Amulet, deverá ser realizada avaliação de possíveis complicações imediatas e tardias, similar à avaliação descrita anteriormente para o dispositivo de Watchman.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Dispositivo LAmbre</title>
<p>O dispositivo LAmbre (LifeTech Technology Ltd., Shenzhen, China), tem como características ser produzido em níquel-titânio sendo construído em duas partes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 6</xref>) que são liberadas em tempos distintos, um oclusor tipo &quot;<italic>umbrella</italic>&quot; (lado auricular) e um disco de vedação (lado atrial). Durante o procedimento é posicionado e liberado primeiramente o oclusor e, após testada sua estabilidade, liberado o disco de vedação. Para essa prótese, o <italic>leak</italic> periprotetico é considerado significativo quando maior que 3 mm. Neste dispositivo, a presença de trombo no AAE não seria uma contraindicação absoluta para o procedimento pela sua forma de implantação. Existem dois tipos de dispositivos disponíveis comercialmente, um padrão e um segundo tipo especial, desenvolvido para apêndices multilobulados com trabeculações largas e espaços rasos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f15">
<label>Figura 6</label>
<caption>
<title>Fotografia do dispositivo LAmbre padrão à esquerda com desenho esquemático do posicionamento no AAE; à direita: dispositivo especial com desenho esquemático agora do implante num apêndice multilobulado. Note que, diferentemente do dispositivo padrão, o especial tem a &quot;<italic>umbrella</italic>&quot; menor para se adaptar a um dos lobos do AAE, com um disco de vedação proporcionalmente maior em relação ao primeiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf06-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Para a seleção do dispositivo a ser implantado foi observado que a tomografia e o ETE 3D tem boa correlação, e que considerando a deformação do orifício após a inserção do oclusor, principalmente nos apêndices atriais que apresentam óstio com morfologia especial (por exemplo em formato de gota ou triangular), a seleção do dispositivo não pelo diâmetro, mas sim pelo perímetro ostial, ajuda a escolher de forma otimizada o dispositivo aumentando o sucesso de implante na primeira tentativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
<p>O aspecto do dispositivo na ecocardiografia 3D é bem característico, lembrando o número 8 na visão &quot;<italic>en face</italic>&quot; após a liberação (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 7</xref>). Na escopia é possível ver a <italic>umbrella</italic> e o disco de vedação após a liberação, de forma muito semelhante a que é vista pela ecocardiografia transesofágica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figura 8</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f16">
<label>Figura 7</label>
<caption>
<title>Renderização de volume obtida pela ecocardiografia transtorácica 3D demonstrando aspecto típico de &quot;8&quot; do dispositivo LAmbre após liberação. A) renderização de volume padrão; B) renderização de volume com color; C) renderização foto realística; D) renderização com transparência.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf07-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f17">
<label>Figura 8</label>
<caption>
<title>Comparação do dispositivo LAmbre na imagem da escopia (à esquerda) com o modo de múltiplos planos (xPlane) pela ecocardiografia transtorácica 3D (à direita).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240060-gf08-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>A ecocardiografia transesofágica é ferramenta essencial no preparo e execução dos procedimentos percutâneos de oclusão do AAE, sendo possível no preparo do procedimento estimar o tamanho do dispositivo a ser implantado, assim como a morfologia da estrutura anatômica, guiar o implante (punção transeptal e posicionamento), avaliar resultado (compressão e presença de <italic>leak</italic> periprotético), assim como monitorar possíveis complicações (derrame pericárdico, embolização).</p>
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<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><label>Fontes de Financiamento</label><p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label><p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label><p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
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