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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240050i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240050i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Is Wild-type Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis Still Considered a Rare Disease?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4891-0997</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Siancas</surname><given-names>Luis Enrique Sanchez</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>obtaining financing</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital III Suarez-Angamos Essalud</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Lima</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="PE">Peru</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital III Suarez-Angamos Essalud, Lima – Peru</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Luis Enrique Sanchez Siancas</bold> • Hospital III Suarez-Angamos Essalud. Avenida Angamos Este, 261. Postal code: <postal-code>15074</postal-code>. Lima – Peru. E-mail: <email>lesanchezsiancas@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>13</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240050</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>03</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>04</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>29</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
<kwd>Prealbumin</kwd>
<kwd>Rare Diseases</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="6"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="12"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Amyloidosis is a disease characterized by extracellular deposition of insoluble proteins resulting in organ dysfunction. There are more than 30 known proteins capable of aggregating into amyloid fibrils; among these, amyloidosis due to light chain (AL) immunoglobulin and transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) represent 98% of cardiac amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric protein whose function is to transport thyroxine and retinol-binding protein. It is primarily produced in the liver, with smaller quantities found in the choroid plexus and retinal pigment epithelium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>There are two distinct forms of ATTR: hereditary, caused by pathogenic mutations that destabilize the protein, and acquired, also known as wild-type (wtATTR), which results from the accumulation of wtATTR protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Regarding clinical manifestations of ATTR, in the case of the hereditary type, they depend on the genetic variant involved and can lead to cardiac and extracardiac involvement, including sensory-motor peripheral neuropathies, autonomic neuropathies, gastrointestinal manifestations, among others. In the case of wtATTR, cardiac involvement is the predominant manifestation, characterized by heart failure, conduction disorders, and arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The gold standard for diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis is the demonstration of apple-green birefringence in polarized light microscopy of Congo red-stained tissue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, confirmatory biopsy is no longer necessary for a diagnosis when the following criteria are met: heart failure with an echocardiogram or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging consistent with amyloidosis, a grade 2 or 3 uptake on radionuclide scintigraphy with 99m-Technetium-labeled 3,3-<italic>diphosphono-1</italic>,<italic>2-propanodicarboxylic acid</italic> or pyrophosphate (PYP), and absence of a detectable monoclonal gammopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> There are currently new disease-modifying therapeutic options available for both hereditary and acquired ATTR. Among the available drugs are selective TTR stabilizers, such as tafamidis, and genetic silencers, such as inotersen or patisiran, which provide the most significant benefit in the early stages of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case report</title>
<p>A 62-year-old man without established cardiovascular disease and risk factors was referred to our hospital. He had been experiencing symptoms for the past 5 months, including dyspnea classified as New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II, paresthesia in the lower limbs, and syncopal episodes.</p>
<p>On physical examination, his blood pressure was 80/50 mmHg, heart rate was 62 beats per minute, respiratory rate was 20 breaths per minute, and oxygen saturation was 97%. There were no signs of peripheral hypoperfusion or edema in the limbs. Vesicular breath sounds were clear in both lung fields with a few crepitations. On cardiovascular examination, rhythmic heart sounds of good intensity were noted, without murmurs or jugular vein distension. The electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm, left anterior hemiblock, and first-degree atrioventricular block with a PR interval of 240 milliseconds.</p>
<p>Transthoracic echocardiography revealed diffuse left ventricular hypertrophy, with a maximum interventricular septum thickness of 18 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and right ventricular systolic function were preserved (LVEF 58%). There was biauricular dilation (indexed left atrial volume 51 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, left atrial area 19 cm<sup>2</sup>), with mild tricuspid regurgitation. Diastolic dysfunction type III was observed with increased left ventricular filling pressures and a low probability of pulmonary hypertension. Speckle tracking analysis in the left ventricle showed impairment of subendocardial fibers with global longitudinal strain (GLS) of −14%, more pronounced impairment in medial and basal segments, and relative preservation of apical segments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Relative apical sparing (RELAPS) was 1.06, the septal apical-to-base longitudinal strain ratio (SAB) was 12.5, and the ejection fraction-GLS ratio (EFSR) was 4.14.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Transthoracic echocardiogram showing severe concentric ventricular hypertrophy in apical views and apical sparing in longitudinal strain bull&apos;s eye plot.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240050-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Perugini grade 2 myocardial uptake on cardiac scintigraphy (anterior and left anterior oblique view).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240050-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The measurement of free AL in blood was performed, with a Kappa/Lambda ratio of 0.34, which is within the normal range (0.26-1.65). Cardiac scintigraphy with technetium-99m PYP showed moderate myocardial uptake (Perugini grade 2) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). Cardiac magnetic resonance revealed myocardial edema assessed by T2 STIR and T2 mapping sequences, diffuse interstitial fibrosis with an increased extracellular volume of 59%, and diffuse subendocardial fibrosis assessed by late gadolinium enhancement and native T1 mapping (Figure 4). The genetic study yielded negative results for pathogenic variants in the TTR gene.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. A) Four chamber view with diffuse subendocardial late gadolinium enhancement; B) elevated T1 mapping.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240050-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>We reported the case of an older patient who sought cardiology outpatient care due to symptoms of heart failure, autonomic dysfunction, and peripheral neuropathic involvement.</p>
<p>Echocardiography is an important tool for diagnosing the disease. There are echocardiographic parameters that can be helpful in differentiating cardiac amyloidosis from other conditions that cause ventricular hypertrophy, such as RELAPS &gt; 1, SAB &gt; 2.1, and EFSR &gt; 4.1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In our patient, the SAB value was 12.5, with a RELAPS of 1.06 and an EFSR of 4.8, which are suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis. Additionally, cardiac magnetic resonance was performed, which revealed diffuse subendocardial fibrosis associated with increased native T1 mapping values and extracellular volume, which are considered characteristic parameters for cardiac amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>Cardiac scintigraphy is crucial for defining the presence of ATTR without the need for endomyocardial biopsy. In our patient, PYP scintigraphy showed myocardial uptake at Perugini grade II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Additionally free AL measurement in the blood yielded a normal Kappa/Lambda ratio of 0.34.</p>
<p>Finally, genetic testing was negative for pathogenic variants in the TTR gene, confirming the diagnosis of wtATTR.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>wtATTR was previously considered a rare disease. However, this perception has been changing in recent years due to the new diagnostic methods available and an increased understanding of the disease. The case described in this report emphasizes the importance of encouraging cardiologists to identify patients who are still underdiagnosed.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<label>Study Association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240050</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Amiloidose Cardíaca Transtirretina do Tipo Selvagem Ainda e Considerada uma Doença Rara?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4891-0997</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Siancas</surname><given-names>Luis Enrique Sanchez</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<role>obtenção de financiamento</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Lima</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="PE">Peru</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital III Suarez-Angamos Essalud, Lima – Peru</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Luis Enrique Sanchez Siancas</bold> • Hospital III Suarez-Angamos Essalud. Avenida Angamos Este, 261. CEP: <postal-code>15074</postal-code>. Lima – Peru. E-mail: <email>lesanchezsiancas@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>A amiloidose cardíaca por transtirretina (TTR) era considerada uma doença rara, com prognóstico ruim devido à falta de tratamento efetivo e à detecção desafiadora. Isso mudou nos últimos anos, com um aumento na prevalência e incidência da doença devido a um melhor reconhecimento da doença, à disponibilidade de novos métodos diagnósticos e aos tratamentos modificadores da doença. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino de 62 anos, com sinais e sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca associada a envolvimento do sistema nervoso periférico e disfunção autonômica. O uso de ecocardiograma transtorácico, ressonância magnética cardíaca, cintilografia cardíaca, análise de cadeias leves no sangue e teste genético possibilitou o diagnóstico de amiloidose por TTR (ATTR) do tipo selvagem (ATTRs).</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
<kwd>Pré-Albumina</kwd>
<kwd>Doenças Raras</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A amiloidose é uma doença caracterizada pelo depósito extracelular de proteínas insolúveis, resultando em disfunção orgânica. Existem mais de 30 proteínas conhecidas capazes de se agregarem a fibrilas amiloides; entre essas, a amiloidose causada por imunoglobulina de cadeia leve (AL) e a amiloidose por transtirretina (ATTR) representam 98% das amiloidoses cardíacas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A transtirretina (TTR) é uma proteína tetramérica cuja função é transportar tiroxina e proteínas de ligação ao retinol. Ela é produzida principalmente no fígado, com menores quantidades encontradas no plexo coroide e no epitélio pigmentar da retina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Existem duas formas distintas de ATTR: a hereditária, causada por mutações patogênicas que desestabilizam a proteína, e a adquirida, também conhecida como tipo selvagem (ATTRs), que resulta do acúmulo da proteína ATTRs. Em relação às manifestações clínicas da ATTR, no tipo hereditário, elas dependem da variante genética envolvida e podem causar comprometimento cardíaco e extracardíaco, incluindo neuropatias periféricas sensitivas e motoras, neuropatias autonômicas, manifestações gastrointestinais, entre outras. No caso de ATTRs, o envolvimento cardíaco é a manifestação predominante, caracterizado por insuficiência cardíaca, distúrbios de condução e arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico de amiloidose cardíaca é a demonstração de birrefringência verde-maçã sob microscopia de luz polarizada após coloração do tecido com vermelho-Congo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, atualmente, é possível realizar o diagnóstico sem a necessidade de biópsia confirmatória quando os seguintes critérios são atendidos: insuficiência cardíaca com achados ecocardiográficos ou de ressonância magnética cardíaca consistentes com amiloidose, uma captação de grau 2 ou 3 na cintilografia com radionuclídeo com 99m-Tecnécio marcado com ácido 3,3-difosfono-1,2-propanodicarboxílico ou pirofosfato (PYP) e ausência de gamopatia monoclonal detectável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Atualmente, existem novas opções terapêuticas modificadoras da doença disponíveis tanto para a ATTR hereditária quanto para a adquirida. Entre os medicamentos disponíveis, estão os estabilizadores seletivos da TTR, como tafamidis, e silenciadores genéticos, como inotersena ou patisirana, que proporcionam maior benefício nos estágios iniciais da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato de caso</title>
<p>Um homem de 62 anos, sem doença cardiovascular estabelecida ou fatores de risco, foi encaminhado para o nosso hospital. Ele vinha apresentando sintomas nos últimos 5 meses, incluindo dispneia classificada como classe II da New York Heart Association (NYHA), parestesias nos membros inferiores e episódios de síncope.</p>
<p>No exame físico, sua pressão arterial era de 80/50 mmHg, a frequência cardíaca era de 62 batimentos por minuto, a frequência respiratória era de 20 respirações por minuto e a saturação de oxigênio era de 97%. Não havia sinais de hipoperfusão periférica ou edema nos membros. Os sons respiratórios vesiculares estavam claros em ambos os campos pulmonares, com algumas crepitações. No exame cardiovascular, foram notados sons cardíacos rítmicos de boa intensidade, sem murmúrios ou distensão das veias jugulares. O eletrocardiograma mostrou ritmo sinusal, hemibloqueio anterior esquerdo e bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau com um intervalo PR de 240 milissegundos.</p>
<p>A ecocardiografia transtorácica revelou hipertrofia difusa do ventrículo esquerdo, com uma espessura máxima no septo interventricular de 18 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) e a função sistólica do ventrículo direito estavam preservadas (FEVE de 58%). Havia dilatação biauricular (volume atrial esquerdo indexado de 51 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, área atrial esquerda de 19 cm<sup>2</sup>), com regurgitação tricúspide leve. Foi observada disfunção diastólica tipo III, com aumento das pressões de enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo e baixa probabilidade de hipertensão pulmonar. A análise de rastreamento por <italic>speckle</italic> no ventrículo esquerdo mostrou comprometimento das fibras subendocárdicas, com <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) de −14%, comprometimento mais pronunciado nos segmentos medial e basal e preservação relativa dos segmentos apicais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). O <italic>sparing</italic> apical relativo (RELAPS) foi 1,06, a razão entre o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal apical e basal (SAB) foi 12,5 e a razão entre a fração de ejeção e o SLG (EFSR) foi 4,14.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma transtorácico mostrando hipertrofia ventricular concêntrica severa nos planos apicais e padrão de sparing apical no gráfico de strain longitudinal em forma de alvo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240050-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Captação miocárdica de grau Perugini 2 na cintilografia cardíaca (planos anterior e oblíquo anterior esquerdo).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240050-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Foram medidas as cadeias leves livres no sangue, com uma relação Kappa/Lambda de 0,34, que está dentro da faixa normal (0,26-1,65). A cintilografia cardíaca com tecnécio-99m PYP mostrou captação miocárdica moderada (grau Perugini 2) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>). A ressonância magnética cardíaca revelou edema miocárdico avaliado por sequências T2 STIR e mapeamento T2, fibrose intersticial difusa com um volume extracelular elevado de 59% e fibrose subendocárdica difusa avaliada por realce tardio com gadolínio e mapeamento T1 nativo (Figura 4). O estudo genético apresentou resultados negativos para variantes patogênicas no gene da TTR.</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagem por ressonância magnética cardíaca. A) Plano em quatro câmaras com realce tardio difuso subendocárdico com gadolínio; B) mapeamento T1 elevado.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240050-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>Apresentamos o caso de um paciente idoso que procurou atendimento ambulatorial de cardiologia devido a sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca, disfunção autonômica e comprometimento neuropático periférico.</p>
<p>A ecocardiografia é uma ferramenta importante para o diagnóstico da doença. Existem parâmetros ecocardiográficos que podem ser úteis para diferenciar a amiloidose cardíaca de outras condições que causam hipertrofia ventricular, como RELAPS &gt; 1, SAB &gt; 2,1 e EFSR &gt; 4,1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No nosso paciente, o valor de SAB foi 12,5, com RELAPS de 1,06 e EFSR de 4,8, que são sugestivos de amiloidose cardíaca. Além disso, foi realizada ressonância magnética cardíaca, que revelou fibrose subendocárdica difusa associada a valores elevados de mapeamento T1 nativo e volume extracelular, considerados parâmetros característicos para a amiloidose cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>A cintilografia cardíaca é crucial para definir a presença de ATTR sem a necessidade de biópsia endomiocárdica. No paciente, a cintilografia PYP mostrou captação miocárdica com grau Perugini II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Além disso, a medição das cadeias leves livres no sangue mostrou uma relação Kappa/Lambda normal de 0,34.</p>
<p>Finalmente, o teste genético resultou negativo para variantes patogênicas no gene da TTR, confirmando o diagnóstico de ATTRs.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusões</title>
<p>A ATTRs era considerada uma doença rara. No entanto, essa percepção tem mudado nos últimos anos, devido a novos métodos diagnósticos disponíveis e ao aumento da compreensão da doença. O caso descrito neste relato enfatiza a importância de incentivar os cardiologistas a identificarem os pacientes que ainda estão subdiagnosticados.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>