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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240044i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240044i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>My Approach to Cardiovascular Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Cardiac Pseudotumors: A Brief Review</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5547-6821</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Torres</surname><given-names>Roberto Vitor Almeida</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4923-5876</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Fuzissima</surname><given-names>Bruno Maeda</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0233-0041</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Fonseca</surname><given-names>Eduardo Kaiser Ururahy Nunes</given-names></name>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5195-9818</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Farias</surname><given-names>Lucas de Pádua Gomes de</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5909-5126</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ishikawa</surname><given-names>Walther Yoshiharu</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8627-3661</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Araújo</surname><given-names>José de Arimatéia Batista</given-names><suffix>Filho</suffix></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Coração</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Sírio-Libanês</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Alliança Saúde</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Alliança Saúde, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address: Roberto Vitor Almeida Torres</label> • Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração. Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code: <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>. Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>roberto.vitor@hc.fm.usp.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>29</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240044</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>05</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>07</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>08</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Cardiac pseudotumoral lesions are non-neoplastic conditions that are often overlooked in the differential diagnosis of cardiac masses. They present a variable clinical picture, ranging from asymptomatic to causing complications such as ventricular filling restriction and outflow tract obstruction. Echocardiography is the first-line imaging method but has limitations, such as dependence on the acoustic window and operator variability. However, a multimodality approach, including CT and MRI, is essential for seeking an accurate diagnosis. CT, with its excellent spatial resolution, allows for anatomical detailing, assessment of intralesional calcifications and fat, and contributes to therapeutic planning. MRI is preferred for tissue characterization and differentiation between benign and malignant lesions. Normal anatomical structures, such as the Eustachian valve and Chiari network, can be confused with thrombi or tumors, requiring correct identification. Thrombi are common in patients with atrial fibrillation or mitral valve disease, with MRI being important for differentiating them from neoplasms. Other pseudotumoral conditions include vegetation, gossypibomas, caseous calcification of the mitral valve annulus, and lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum. The integration of advanced cardiovascular imaging modalities is fundamental for the diagnosis and management of these lesions, optimizing patient care.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Emission-Computed Tomography</kwd>
<kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Neoplasms</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="22"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="5"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<fig id="f11">
<caption>
<title>Male patient, 69 years old, undergoing investigation for a cardiac mass detected on echocardiography. Delayed-enhancement cardiac MRI in the 4-chamber plane (left) demonstrated an exophytic infiltrative lesion involving the apical portion of the left ventricle, extending to the papillary muscles. PET-CT fusion imaging (right) showed glycolytic hypermetabolism in the cardiac mass under investigation. After surgical resection of the lesion, histopathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease. CT: computed tomography; PET: positron emission tomography.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf11.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec>
<title>My Approach To</title>
<p>Cardiac pseudotumoral lesions are non-neoplastic conditions that are often overlooked or not considered in the differential diagnosis of cardiac masses. These lesions present a variable clinical picture according to etiology. They may be asymptomatic or cause complications such as restricted ventricular filling, outflow tract obstruction, and embolic phenomena.</p>
<p>Echocardiography is still the first-line exam in the evaluation of these lesions, and it has known limitations related to acoustic window, patient biotype, or interoperator variability. Therefore, a multimodality approach that includes non-invasive tests such as cardiovascular computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or, possibly, nuclear medicine adds great diagnostic value.</p>
<p>Cardiovascular CT is a widely available method, with excellent isotropic spatial resolution, allowing multiplanar and 3-dimensional reconstructions, and it is particularly useful in anatomical detailing of findings, in the search for intralesional calcification or fat, in evaluating the vascular supply of these lesions, and in planning possible therapeutic interventions. In turn, cardiovascular MRI presents high temporal, spatial, and contrast resolution, including dynamic tissue characterization sequences that have made it the exam of choice in the evaluation of cardiac masses, especially for precise location of these masses and differentiation between benign or malignant lesions. Steady-state gradient-echo cine-MRI assesses the relationships of lesions with intra- and extracardiac structures, as well as the mobility of intracavitary lesions or lesions adhered to valves. T1 black-blood static sequences with double inversion-recovery and T2 triple inversion-recovery and fat saturation, in addition to first-pass perfusion and delayed enhancement sequences, are also central to this differentiation. Additionally, MRI offers assessment of cavity volumes and ventricular function, allowing a quantitative evaluation of the impact that these lesions can have on cardiac function.</p>
<p>Thrombi (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) represent a frequent cause of cardiac masses in clinical practice, and they are the most frequent pseudotumor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> They are most commonly found in the left atrium and auricle, typically in patients with atrial fibrillation or mitral valve disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> They can also be found in the left ventricle in patients with infarct sequelae and severe systolic dysfunction, or in the right atrium associated with catheters. MRI is the main exam for differentiating between hematic thrombi and neoplasms, when considering the absence of vascularization and enhancement in dynamic perfusion and delayed enhancement sequences (with long inversion time, approximately 600 ms).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In rare cases, older thrombi may appear organized, with a component of fibrosis and positive delayed enhancement; however, other morphological characteristics may assist in this differentiation. Normal cardiac anatomical structures or embryonic remnants such as the Eustachian valve, crista terminalis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>), moderator band, or Coumadin ridge can also generate diagnostic doubts regarding thrombi or tumors, making it essential to identify them correctly.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Male patient, 33 years old, with endomyocardial fibrosis with biventricular involvement and important dilation of the right atrium. Delayed-enhancement MRI showed diffuse biventricular subendocardial involvement, corresponding to fibrosis. Note images with hyposignal compatible with small cavitary thrombi, in both ventricles, the largest at the apex of the left ventricle measuring 9 × 11 mm.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>A 58-year-old woman undergoing coronary tomography angiography for evaluation of chest pain. In this patient, the presence of a prominent crista terminalis (red arrow) is evident, a normal variant, which could be confused with a pathological change.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Other pseudotumor conditions include the following: gossypibomas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), which are made up of post-surgical textile material; caseous calcification of the mitral valve annulus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>) with T1/T2 hyposignal and absence of gadolinium enhancement;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>), a non-encapsulated nodular lesion with fat content, sparing the fossa ovalis, with a dumbbell-shaped appearance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> CT can be used to characterize fat in any lesion with excellent accuracy. Cardiac MRI is also useful in demonstrating hyperintense T1 and T2 signal and signal drop with fat saturation. Among vascular conditions, coronary aneurysms are defined as coronary dilations that exceed 50% of the diameter of the adjacent normal segment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In rare cases, they can be giant and thrombosed, simulating tumors.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>A 65-year-old man in follow-up after myocardial revascularization. Chest tomography without venous contrast shows a paracardiac mass on the left (white arrow), showing density with soft parts and a linear hyperattenuating component inside, of undetermined nature. After performing a CT-guided transthoracic biopsy, the diagnosis of a foreign body (gossipiboma) was confirmed.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>An 80-year-old patient in follow-up for moderate aortic stenosis. Cine-resonance (figure on the left) in the 2-chamber view shows a mass with low signal intensity in the posterior aspect of the mitral valve annulus. Axial plane tomography (figure on the right) shows the high calcium content in the mass. The imaging findings are compatible with caseous calcification of the mitral valve annulus.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption>
<title>A 70-year-old female patient undergoing coronary tomography angiography for evaluation of chest pain. Axial reformatted CT images demonstrate an incidental finding of lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum. Note that the infiltrative adipose tissue spares the topography of the fossa ovalis, a typical feature of this finding.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Erdheim-Chester disease is a rare infiltrative disease, a variant of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis, with idiopathic etiology and systemic involvement, which can affect the heart and pericardium in some cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Pericardial involvement can occur through pericardial thickening and/or effusion and cardiac involvement may reveal thickening (often with tumor-like appearance) of the atrial or ventricular walls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>), with a predilection for the posterior wall of the right atrium; it may even involve the interatrial septum or coronary sulci.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Another rare histiocytic proliferative disorder that can affect cardiac tissues is Rosai-Dorfman disease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Central Illustration</xref>), also known as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 6</label>
<caption>
<title>PET-CT fusion imaging (left) demonstrated tissue with glycolytic hypermetabolism in the walls of the right atrium and the right atrioventricular sulcus, with extensive involvement of the right coronary artery. The same findings were observed in the cine-resonance on the right (white arrow pointing to thickening of the free wall of the right atrium). Taken together with systemic findings (bone, lung, abdominal, head and neck), diagnosis of Erdheim-Chester disease was made. CT: computed tomography; PET: positron emission tomography.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf06.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Infectious diseases should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of cardiac pseudotumors, with emphasis on infectious endocarditis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>). Although echocardiography is the method of choice due to the vegetations’ small dimensions and great mobility, CT and MRI can be complementary methods, especially in the evaluation of some complications, such as abscesses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Hypertrophy of nodules of Arantius is another imaging finding that affects the aortic valve and is differential for vegetation of infective endocarditis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 8</xref>). It is characterized by a hypodense nodular image in the central regions of the valve leaflets, without additional findings suggestive of an infectious or systemic condition. More rarely, there are extracardiac infectious diseases with cardiac manifestation, including abscesses and cysts, for example, hydatid cysts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 9</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figure 7</label>
<caption>
<title>Cine-resonance images in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) plane demonstrating a mobile heterogeneous mass adhered to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, directed towards the left ventricle in diastole, protruding into the left atrium in systole. Histopathological findings confirmed the hypothesis of infective endocarditis.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf07.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figure 8</label>
<caption>
<title>Male patient, 64 years old, with chest pain associated with dyspnea, with no history of fever or systemic symptoms. Coronary tomography angiography revealed central nodular images in the aortic valve leaflets (white arrow). In conjunction with clinical findings, this was suggestive of hypertrophy of nodules of Arantius.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf08.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figure 9</label>
<caption>
<title>Female patient, 70 years old, with an incidental finding of a complex cystic mass in the right ventricular free wall (histological diagnosis of hydatid cyst). This patient had a previous history of hepatic hydatidosis, but the presence of cardiac involvement was not known.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf09.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>When pronounced, causes of ventricular thickening must also be considered in the differential diagnosis of cardiac pseudotumors, as in cases of cardiomyopathies with a hypertrophic phenotype, mainly hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 10</xref>). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy presents with variable myocardial thickening, which is generally asymmetrical, and cardiac MRI is the exam of choice for diagnostic confirmation and follow-up, due to its ability to characterize tissue and evaluate myocardial delayed enhancement, frequently observed in areas with greater hypertrophy.</p>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figure 10</label>
<caption>
<title>A 10-year-old asymptomatic patient, with increased thickness of the interventricular septum. His father had been diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and was on the waiting list for a heart transplant. MRI showed ventricular hypertrophy with the appearance of a mass in the middle and apical portions of the interventricular septum. Delayed enhancement images showed predominance in areas of hypertrophy in the 3-chamber view. Together, these findings are suggestive of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with a pseudotumoral pattern.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf10.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>In view of the above, although they are uncommon, cardiac pseudotumor lesions represent significant diagnostic challenges due to their capacity to mimic neoplasms. The integration of advanced cardiovascular imaging modalities, especially CT and MRI, plays a crucial role in the accurate diagnosis and management of these lesions, contributing to optimized patient care.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
<label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<label>Study Association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<volume>5</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>308</fpage>
<lpage>312</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.euje.2004.02.003</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Anfinsen OG, Aaberge L, Geiran O, Smith HJ, Aakhus S. Coronary Artery Aneurysms Mimicking Cardiac Tumor. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2004;5(4):308-12. doi: 10.1016/j.euje.2004.02.003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>IBSDS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Abdo</surname><given-names>ANR</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bittar</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Fonseca</surname><given-names>SMR</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Moraes</surname><given-names>ASHT</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kalil</surname><given-names>R</given-names><suffix>Filho</suffix></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cardiovascular Manifestations of Erdheim-Chester&apos;s Disease: A Case Series</article-title>
<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>852</fpage>
<lpage>855</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180218</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Costa IBSDS, Abdo ANR, Bittar CS, Fonseca SMR, Moraes ASHT, Kalil R Filho, et al. Cardiovascular Manifestations of Erdheim-Chester&apos;s Disease: A Case Series. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(6):852-5. doi: 10.5935/abc.20180218.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240044</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Como Eu Faço Tomografia Computadorizada e Ressonância Magnética Cardiovasculares na Avaliação dos Pseudotumores Cardíacos: uma Breve Revisão</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5547-6821</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Torres</surname><given-names>Roberto Vitor Almeida</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4923-5876</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Fuzissima</surname><given-names>Bruno Maeda</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0233-0041</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Fonseca</surname><given-names>Eduardo Kaiser Ururahy Nunes</given-names></name>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5195-9818</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Farias</surname><given-names>Lucas de Pádua Gomes de</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5909-5126</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ishikawa</surname><given-names>Walther Yoshiharu</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8627-3661</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Araújo</surname><given-names>José de Arimatéia Batista</given-names><suffix>Filho</suffix></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Alliança Saúde, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência: Roberto Vitor Almeida Torres</label> • Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração. Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP: <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>. Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>roberto.vitor@hc.fm.usp.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>As lesões pseudotumorais cardíacas são condições não neoplásicas que muitas vezes são negligenciadas no diagnóstico diferencial das massas cardíacas. Apresentam quadro clínico variável, podendo ser assintomáticas ou causar complicações como restrição ao enchimento ventricular e obstrução da via de saída. O ecocardiograma é o método de imagem de primeira linha, mas possui limitações como dependência da janela acústica e variabilidade interoperadoras. No entanto, uma abordagem multimodalidade, incluindo TC e RM, é essencial para a busca de um diagnóstico preciso. A TC, com excelente resolução espacial, permite detalhamento anatômico, avaliação de calcificações e gordura intralesionais, além de contribuir para o planejamento terapêutico. A RM é preferida para a caracterização tecidual e diferenciação entre lesões benignas e malignas. Estruturas anatômicas normais, como a valva de Eustáquio e a rede de Chiari, podem ser confundidas com trombos ou tumores, exigindo sua correta identificação. Trombos são comuns em pacientes com fibrilação atrial ou doença valvar mitral, sendo a RM importante para diferenciá-los de neoplasias. Outras condições pseudotumorais incluem vegetação, gossipibomas, calcificação caseosa do anel valvar mitral, hipertrofia lipomatosa do septo interatrial. A integração de modalidades avançadas de imagem cardiovascular é fundamental para o diagnóstico e manejo dessas lesões, otimizando o cuidado dos pacientes.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão</kwd>
<kwd>Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética</kwd>
<kwd>Neoplasias Cardíacas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f22">
<caption>
<title>Paciente do sexo masculino, 69 anos, em investigação de massa cardíaca detectada no ecocardiograma. Imagens de RM cardíaca na sequência de RT no plano 4 câmaras (à esquerda) demonstram lesão infiltrativa exofítica envolvendo a porção apical do ventrículo esquerdo, com extensão para os músculos papilares. A fusão de imagens de PET-TC (à direita) evidenciam hipermetabolismo glicolítico na massa cardíaca em investigação. Após ressecção cirúrgica da lesão, os achados histopatológicos confirmaram o diagnóstico de Doença de Rosai-Dorfman. PET: tomografia por emissão de pósitrons; TC: tomografia computadorizada.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf11-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec>
<title>Como Eu Faço</title>
<p>As lesões pseudotumorais cardíacas são condições não neoplásicas muitas vezes minoradas ou não consideradas no diagnóstico diferencial das massas cardíacas. Tais lesões apresentam quadro clínico variável de acordo com a etiologia, podendo ser assintomáticas ou ocasionar complicações como restrição ao enchimento ventricular, obstrução da via de saída e fenômenos embólicos.</p>
<p>O ecocardiograma é ainda o exame de primeira linha na avaliação dessas lesões, com conhecidas limitações relacionadas à janela acústica, biotipo do paciente ou variabilidade interoperador. Dessa maneira, uma abordagem multimodalidade incluindo testes não invasivos como tomografia computadorizada (TC) e ressonância magnética (RM) cardiovasculares ou, eventualmente, medicina nuclear, apresenta grande valor propedêutico.</p>
<p>A TC cardiovascular é um método amplamente disponível, com excelente resolução espacial isotrópica, permitindo reconstruções multiplanares e tridimensionais, sendo particularmente útil no detalhamento anatômico dos achados, na pesquisa de calcificação ou gordura intralesionais, bem como na avaliação de suprimento vascular dessas lesões e no planejamento de eventuais intervenções terapêuticas. Por sua vez, a RM cardiovascular apresenta alta resolução temporal, espacial e de contraste, incluindo sequências dinâmicas e de caracterização tecidual que a tornaram o exame de escolha na avaliação de massas cardíacas, sobretudo na localização precisa dessas massas e na diferenciação entre lesões de comportamento benigno ou maligno. As imagens de cine-ressonância com gradiente-eco em estado de equilíbrio (SSFP, sigla em inglês) avaliam as relações das lesões com estruturas intra e extracardíacas, assim como a mobilidade de lesões intracavitárias ou aderidas às válvulas. Sequências estáticas de sangue escuro T1 com dupla inversão-recuperação e T2 com tripla inversão-recuperação e saturação de gordura, além de sequências pós-contraste de perfusão de primeira passagem e realce tardio (RT), também são centrais para tal diferenciação. Adicionalmente, a RM oferece avaliação dos volumes cavitários e da função ventricular, permitindo uma avaliação quantitativa da repercussão que essas lesões podem trazer à função cardíaca.</p>
<p>Trombos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 1</xref>) representam uma frequente causa de massas cardíacas na prática clínica, sendo o pseudotumor mais frequente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> São mais comumente encontrados no átrio e aurícula esquerdos, tipicamente em pacientes com fibrilação atrial ou valvopatia mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Também podem ser vistos no ventrículo esquerdo em pacientes com sequela de infarto e disfunção sistólica grave, ou no átrio direito associados a cateteres. RM é o principal exame para diferenciação entre trombos hemáticos e neoplasias, quando a ausência de vascularização e realce nas sequências de perfusão dinâmica e RT (com tempo de inversão longo, ~ 600 ms) são considerados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em raros casos, trombos mais antigos podem se apresentar organizados, com componente de fibrose e RT positivo, porém as demais características morfológicas podem auxiliar nessa diferenciação. Estruturas anatômicas cardíacas normais ou remanescentes embrionários como valva de Eustáquio, crista terminalis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 2</xref>), banda moderadora ou crista de Coumadin podem também gerar dúvidas diagnósticas com trombos ou tumores, sendo fundamental sua correta identificação.</p>
<fig id="f12">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Paciente sexo masculino, 33 anos, com endomiocardiofibrose com acometimento biventricular e dilatação importante do átrio direito. Imagens de ressonância magnética na sequência de realce tardio com acomentimento subendocárdico difuso biventricular, correspondente a fibrose. Notam-se imagens com hipossinal compatíveis com pequenos trombos cavitários, em ambos ventrículos, o maior em ápice do ventrículo esquerdo medindo 9 x 11 mm.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f13">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Mulher de 58 anos submetida a angiotomografia de coronárias para avaliação de dor torácica. Evidencia-se nesta paciente a presença da crista terminalis proeminente (seta vermelha), uma variante da normalidade, podendo ser confundido com alteração patológica.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Outras condições pseudotumorais incluem: gossipibomas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 3</xref>), que são configurados por material têxtil pós-cirúrgico; calcificação caseosa do anel valvar mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 4</xref>) com hipossinal T1/T2 e ausência de realce pelo gadolínio;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e a hipertrofia lipomatosa do septo interatrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 5</xref>), uma lesão nodular não encapsulada com conteúdo de gordura, poupando a fossa oval e com aspecto em haltere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A TC pode ser utilizada para a caracterização de gordura em qualquer lesão com ótima acurácia. A RM cardíaca também é útil ao demonstrar sinal hiperintenso em T1 e T2 e queda de sinal com saturação da gordura. Dentre as condições vasculares, aneurismas coronarianos são definidos como dilatações coronarianas que excedem 50% do diâmetro do segmento normal adjacente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em raros casos, podem ser gigantes e trombosados, simulando tumores.</p>
<fig id="f14">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Homem com 65 anos em seguimento após revascularização miocárdica. Tomografia de tórax sem contraste venoso evidencia massa paracardíaca à esquerda (seta branca), com densidade de partes moles e componente hiperatenuante linear no seu interior, de natureza indeterminada. Após realização de biópsia transtorácica guiada por TC foi confirmado diagnóstico de corpo estranho (gossipiboma).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f15">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Homem de 80 anos acompanhado por estenose aórtica moderada. Cine-ressonância (figura à esquerda) no plano duas câmaras evidencia massa com baixo sinal no aspecto posterior do anel valvar mitral. Tomografia no plano axial (figura à direita) evidencia o alto teor de cálcio na massa. Os achados de imagem são compatíveis com calcificação caseosa do anel valvar mitral.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f16">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Paciente do sexo feminino de 70 anos, submetida à angiotomografia coronárias para avaliação de dor torácica. Imagens de TC em reformatação axial demonstram achado incidental de hipertrofia lipomatosa do septo interatrial. Notar que o tecido adiposo infiltrativo poupa a topografia da fossa oval, característica típica deste achado.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf05-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A doença de Erdheim-Chester é uma doença infiltrativa rara, variante da histiocitose de células não-Langerhans, com etiologia idiopática e acometimento sistêmico, podendo atingir coração e pericárdio em alguns casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O envolvimento pericárdico pode ocorrer através de espessamento pericárdico e/ou derrame e o envolvimento cardíaco pode revelar espessamento (muitas vezes de aspecto tumoral) das paredes dos átrios ou ventrículos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figura 6</xref>), com predileção pela parede posterior do átrio direito, ou ainda envolver o septo interatrial ou os sulcos coronários.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Outra rara desordem proliferativa histiocitária que pode acometer os tecidos cardíacos é a doença de Rosai-Dorfman (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f22">Figura Central</xref>), também conhecida como histiocitose sinusal com linfadenopatia maciça.</p>
<fig id="f17">
<label>Figura 6</label>
<caption>
<title>Fusão de imagens de PET-TC (à esquerda) demonstrando tecido com hipermetabolismo glicolítico nas paredes do átrio direito e no sulco atrioventricular direito, com amplo envolvimento da artéria coronária direita. Foram observados os mesmos achados nas imagens de cine-ressonância à direita (seta branca apontando espessamento da parede livre do átrio direito). Em conjunto com achados sistêmicos (ósseos, pulmonares, abdominais e de cabeça e pescoço) foi fechado diagnóstico de doença de Erdheim-Chester. PET: tomografia por emissão de pósitrons; TC: tomografia computadorizada.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf06-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Doenças infecciosas também devem ser consideradas no diagnóstico diferencial dos pseudotumores cardíacos, com destaque para endocardite infecciosa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 7</xref>). Embora a ecocardiografia seja o método de escolha devido às pequenas dimensões e grande mobilidade das vegetações, a TC e RM podem ser métodos complementares, sobretudo na avaliação de algumas complicações, como abscessos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Outro achado de imagem que acomete a valva aórtica e é diferencial para vegetação de endocardite infecciosa é a hipertrofia dos nódulos de Arantius (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figura 8</xref>), caracterizado por imagem nodular hipodensa nas regiões centrais dos folhetos valvares sem achados sugestivos adicionais para quadro infeccioso ou sistêmico. De forma mais rara, há doenças infecciosas extracardíacas com manifestação cardíaca, incluindo abscessos e cistos, como cistos hidáticos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Figura 9</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f18">
<label>Figura 7</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagens de cine-ressonância no plano via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE) demonstrando massa heterogênea móvel aderida ao folheto posterior da valva mitral, dirigida para o ventrículo esquerdo na diástole, protruindo para o átrio esquerdo na sístole. Achados anatomopatológicos confirmaram a hipótese de endocardite infecciosa.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf07-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f19">
<label>Figura 8</label>
<caption>
<title>Paciente masculino, 64 anos, com dor torácica associado a dispneia, sem histórico de febre ou sintomas sistêmicos. Exame de angiotomografia de coronária com imagens nodulares centrais nos folhetos da valva aórtica (seta branca). Em conjunto com achados clínicos, sugestivo para hipertrofia dos nódulos de Arantius.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf08-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f20">
<label>Figura 9</label>
<caption>
<title>Paciente do sexo feminino, 70 anos, com achado incidental de massa cística complexa na parede livre do ventrículo direito (diagnóstico histológico de cisto hidático). Este paciente apresentava história prévia de hidatidose hepática, porém não era conhecida a presença de envolvimento cardíaco.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf09-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Causas de espessamento ventricular quando acentuadas também devem ser consideradas no diagnóstico diferencial dos pseudotumores cardíacos, como nos casos de cardiomiopatias de fenótipo hipertrófico, sendo o principal representante a cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figura 10</xref>). A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica cursa com espessamento miocárdico variável, geralmente assimétrico, sendo a RM cardíaca o exame de escolha para confirmação diagnóstica e seguimento por sua capacidade em caracterização tecidual e avaliação do RT miocárdico, comumente visto nas áreas de maior hipertrofia.</p>
<fig id="f21">
<label>Figura 10</label>
<caption>
<title>Paciente de 10 anos, assintomático, com aumento da espessura do septo interventricular. Pai com diagnóstico de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, em fila de transplante cardíaco. Imagens de RM com hipertrofia ventricular com aspecto de massa nas porções médio e apicais do septo interventricular. Imagem de RT com predomínio nas áreas de hipertrofia no plano 3 câmaras. Conjunto de achados sugestivo para cardiomiopatia hipertrófica com padrão pseudotumoral.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240044-gf10-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Diante do exposto, embora pouco frequentes, as lesões pseudotumorais cardíacas representam desafios diagnósticos significativos devido à sua capacidade de mimetizar neoplasias. A integração de modalidades avançadas de imagem cardiovascular, particularmente a TC e a RM, desempenha um papel crucial no diagnóstico e manejo precisos dessas lesões, contribuindo para o cuidado otimizado dos pacientes.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
