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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240042i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240042i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>My Approach to Semi-Supine Bicycle Stress Echocardiography: Is It the Best Modality for Brazil?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9971-8236</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Stangenhaus</surname><given-names>Carolina</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>Fernando Rodrigues da Camara</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Cordovil</surname><given-names>Adriana</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address: Adriana Cordovil</label> • Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Avenida Albert Eisbtein, 726. Postal Code: <postal-code>05652-900</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>adriana.cordovil@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>26</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240042</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>22</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>27</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>31</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
<kwd>Exercise</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="12"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Physical stress echocardiography is a firmly established method in the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Compared to pharmacological stress echocardiography, it is physiological, does not depend on venoclysis, and is free of side effects. Physical exercise preserves the normal electromechanical response and provides valuable prognostic information about a patient&apos;s functional status. Therefore, physical stress is the test of choice for assessment of myocardial ischemia in patients who are capable of exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The main differences between methods are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Different stress modalities and their respective characteristics</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="24%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Exercise (Bicycle/treadmill)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Inotropes/chronotropes (Dobutamine)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Vasodilator (Dipyridamole/adenosine)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Physiology</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Preserves electromechanical response</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Beta-1 adrenergic agonist with the effect of increased heart rate and/or contractility</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Effect on A2A adenosine receptors; increased coronary blood flow</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Test selection</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Test of choice for patients who can perform adequate level of exercise Bicycle is preferrable for assessing diastolic function</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Patients who are not able to perform physical exercise Preferrable for assessing myocardial viability</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Test of choice for myocardial perfusion</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Characteristics</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Increases myocardial oxygen demand</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Increases myocardial oxygen demand</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Increases coronary blood flow</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5"><bold>Hemodynamic response</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Heart rate</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Stroke volume</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↓ or no change</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">No significant change</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">SBP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑↑ (50%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↓</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Contractility</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">No change</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Myocardial blood flow</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Contraindications</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Unstable or complicated ACS<break/> Severe cardiac arrhythmias (VT, complete AVB)<break/> Resting SBP &gt; 180 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Hemodynamically significant LV outflow tract obstruction<break/> Unstable or complicated ACS<break/> Severe cardiac arrhythmias (VT, complete AVB)<break/> Resting SBP &gt; 180 mmHg</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Bronchospasm<break/> Significant hypotension <break/> Unstable or complicated ACS<break/> Severe cardiac arrhythmias (VT, complete AVB)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>AVB: atrioventricular block; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; LV: left ventricle; SBP: systolic blood pressure; VT: ventricular tachycardia. Adapted from the Guidelines for Performance, Interpretation, and Application of Stress Echocardiography in Ischemic Heart Disease: From the American Society of Echocardiography.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>The most frequently used tools for this method are treadmill and cycle ergometer (ergometric bicycle or semi-supine bicycle). Echocardiography performed during physical exertion on a bicycle offers an advantage in relation to a treadmill, because it is possible to obtain images in real time, rather than after exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Continuous monitoring of myocardial contractility makes it possible to define the exact moment, that is, at which heart rate the change occurs in patients with a positive test. If this alteration occurs at low heart rates or low double product, the presence of severe coronary stenosis or multivessel disease is inferred, thus providing valuable prognostic information.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A semi-supine bicycle offers advantages in relation to a supine bicycle due to its structure, which consists of coupling a cycle ergometer system to a hospital bed, where the patient can lie or sit to pedal while the doctor acquires the images.</p>
<p>In addition to detecting myocardial ischemia and viability, bicycle stress echocardiography is also indicated for assessment of patients who complain of dyspnea, making it possible to study diastole,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> detect and follow pulmonary hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and monitor hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>Contraindications to physical stress include unstable or complicated acute coronary syndrome, severe cardiac arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, complete atrioventricular block), and moderate to severe systemic arterial hypertension (resting systolic blood pressure above 180 mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<sec>
<title>My approach</title>
<p>To perform physical stress echocardiogram using a semi-supine bicycle accurately and safely, we follow a specific protocol. The nursing team responsible for the initial interview receives patients with the application of a questionnaire and preparation for the test. Patients are advised to consume their usual diet up to 2 hours before the exam or a light meal up to 1 hour before. During the interview, we consult the medical request and the reason for referral, personal and family cardiovascular history, presence of manifest atherosclerotic disease or its risk factors, comorbidities, and current or previous symptoms. A brief review of medical records is performed, and previous cardiovascular exams are made available to the examiner.</p>
<p>The physician responsible for the exam must fill out our institution&apos;s safety checklist, verifying absolute contraindications to the test. A free and informed consent form is applied. The patient is positioned on the semi-supine bicycle and monitored with 12-lead electrocardiogram, with appropriate skin preparation if necessary, non-invasive blood pressure, and pulse oximetry (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). We use a semi-supine bicycle made by the company Inbramed, which allows vertical inclination of up to 40 degrees and horizontal rotation of up to 30 degrees using an electronic control (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). It accommodates patients weighing up to 150 kg and allows the load to be increased by 1 watt up to a maximum level of 240 watts at 60 rotations per minute. The semi-supine bicycle has a panel so that rotations per minute can be viewed in real time. Patients are instructed to maintain 60 rotations per minute. Load control and electrocardiographic recording are done using a compatible TEB APEX ergometry system (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). A particular feature of our service is that we requested a safety belt adapted to the semi-supine bicycle in order to increase patients’ perception of stability. Movements of longitudinal and transverse rotation allow for ideal adjustment of the patient&apos;s position to optimize both physical effort in the supine or semi-sitting position and image quality by allowing the patient to lean to the left (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f5">Video 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>The patient is positioned on the semi-supine bicycle and monitored with 12-lead electrocardiogram, with appropriate skin preparation if necessary, non-invasive blood pressure, and pulse oximetry.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240042-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Semi-supine bicycle made by the company Inbramed allows vertical inclination of up to 40 degrees and horizontal rotation of up to 30 degrees using an electronic control.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240042-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Load control and electrocardiographic recording are done using a compatible TEB APEX ergometry system.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240042-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<media id="f5" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240042-m01.mp4">
<label>Video 1</label>
<caption>
<title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3703/2024-0042_AR_Video_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3703/2024-0042_AR_Video_1.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
<p>The echocardiography device should have all usual preset adjustments made, including the use of harmonics to better visualize the endocardial border. The examination then begins with a resting echocardiogram; at this moment, special attention must be paid to conditions that contraindicate physical stress or that may cancel the need to conduct the examination under stress.</p>
<p>After conducting a complete resting examination, images are captured during physical exertion using a specific protocol, which allows comparative analysis of images in different phases of exertion in quad-screen format. Physical or pharmacological stress presets can be used, depending on the examining physician&apos;s recording preference.</p>
<p>The ramp protocol is applied during the test, with a load increase every 2 minutes. In our service, we have chosen to use the formula recommended by Wasserman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> to calculate the load increase (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>), with a 50% reduction if the patient has previous heart disease. We use the Borg scale<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"
>12</xref></sup> to analyze subjective perception of effort. According to the examiner&apos;s experience, the capture of peak images begins before the patient interrupts exertion due to exhaustion. Throughout the examination, a nursing professional records vital signs and the load used in the specific protocol. The test is concluded when the patient reaches physical exhaustion, when maximum heart rate is reached, when any of the diagnostic targets are obtained, or when interruption criteria occur.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Image of the system using the formula recommended by Wasserman to calculate load increase, with a 50% reduction if the patient has previous heart disease.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240042-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Physical stress echocardiography provides physiological parameters, with the advantage of lower cost compared to pharmacological stress echocardiography. It is the exam of choice in patients who are physically capable. The semi-supine bicycle is a valuable alternative to the treadmill and conventional bicycle in the evaluation of patients with heart disease, and it is easily adapted in echocardiography laboratories and widely accepted by patients. It allows real-time image visualization with accuracy and quality. In addition to providing information about myocardial contractility, it makes it possible to assess gradients in native valves, prostheses, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, measurement of pulmonary artery pressure, and diastole. It is an excellent choice for echocardiography laboratories in Brazil.</p>
<p>Special thanks to the nursing technician Silvio Marcos Pereira da Cruz who participated in the photographs.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
<label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<label>Study Association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240042</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Como Eu Faço Ecocardiograma sob Estresse em Ciclomaca: É a Melhor Modalidade para o Brasil?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9971-8236</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Stangenhaus</surname><given-names>Carolina</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>Fernando Rodrigues da Camara</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Cordovil</surname><given-names>Adriana</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência: Adriana Cordovil</label> • Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Avenida Albert Eisbtein, 726. CEP: <postal-code>05652-900</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>adriana.cordovil@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Doença da Artéria Coronariana</kwd>
<kwd>Exercício Físico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>O ecocardiograma sob estresse físico é um método consagrado no diagnóstico e prognóstico de doença arterial coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Comparado ao ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacológico, é fisiológico, não depende de venóclise e é isento de efeitos colaterais. O exercício físico preserva a resposta eletromecânica normal e fornece informações prognósticas valiosas sobre o estado funcional do paciente. Assim, o estresse físico é o teste de escolha para avaliar isquemia miocárdica em pacientes capazes de se exercitar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As principais diferenças entre os métodos estão expostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>As diferentes modalidades de estresse e suas respectivas características</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="24%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Exercício (Bicicleta/esteira)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Inotrópico/cronotrópico (Dobutamina)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Vasodilatador (dipiridamol/adenosina)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Fisiologia</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Preserva a resposta eletromecânica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Agonista Beta-1 adrenergético com efeito de aumento da FC e/ou contratilidade</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Efeito nos receptores de adenosina A2A – aumento do fluxo sanguíneo coronário</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Seleção do teste</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Teste de escolha para pacientes que podem realizar nível adequado de exercício<break/> Bicicleta é preferível para avaliar função diastólica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes incapazes de realizar exercício físico<break/> Preferível para se avaliar viablilidade miocárdica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Teste de escolha para perfusão miocárdica</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Características</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Aumenta demanda de oxigênio miocárdico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Aumenta demanda de oxigênio miocárdico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Aumenta o fluxo sanguíneo coronário</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5"><bold>Resposta hemodinâmica</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Frequência cardíaca</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Volume sistólico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↓ ou sem alteração</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Sem alteração significativa</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pressão arterial sistólica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑↑ (50%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↓</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Contratilidade</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Sem alteração</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Fluxo sanguíneo miocádico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">↑</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Contraindicações</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">SCA instável ou complicada<break/> Arritmias cardíacas graves<break/> (TV, BAV completo)<break/> PAs &gt; 180 mmHg no repouso</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Obstrução hemodinâmica significativa da via de saída do VE<break/> SCA instável ou complicada<break/> Arritmias cardíacas graves<break/> (TV, BAV completo)<break/> PAs &gt; 180 mmHg no repouso</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Bronco espasmo<break/> Hipotensão significativa<break/> SCA instável ou complicada<break/> Arritmias cardíacas graves<break/> (TV, BAV completo)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2">
<p>BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; PAS: pressão arterial sistólica; SCA: síndrome coronariana aguda; TV: taquicardia ventricular; VE: ventrículo esquerdo. Adaptação de Guidelines for Performance, Interpretation, and Application of Stress Echocardiography in Ischemic Heart Disease: From the American Society of Echocardiography.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Os meios mais utilizados no método são esteira ergométrica e cicloergômetro (bicicleta ergométrica ou ciclomaca). O ecocardiograma realizado durante esforço físico em bicicleta oferece vantagem em relação à esteira ergométrica por permitir a obtenção das imagens em tempo real, e não após o exercício.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A monitorização contínua da contratilidade miocárdica permite definir o exato momento, isto é, com qual frequência cardíaca ocorre a alteração em pacientes com teste positivo. Se tal alteração ocorre em baixas frequências cardíacas ou baixo duplo-produto, infere-se a presença de estenose coronariana severa ou doença multiarterial, informações prognósticas preciosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A ciclomaca oferece vantagens em relação à bicicleta supina devido à sua estrutura, que consiste em um acoplamento do sistema cicloergômetro à uma maca, onde o paciente pode deitar-se ou sentar-se para pedalar enquanto o médico adquire as imagens.</p>
<p>Além da detecção de isquemia e viabilidade miocárdica, a ecocardiografia sob estresse físico em bicicleta também é indicada na avaliação de pacientes com queixa de dispneia, proporcionando o estudo da diástole,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> a detecção e acompanhamento de hipertensão pulmonar<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e monitorização da miocardiopatia hipertrófica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>As contraindicações ao estresse físico incluem a síndrome coronária aguda instável ou complicada, arritmias cardíacas graves (taquicardia ventricular, bloqueio atrioventricular completo) e hipertensão arterial sistêmica moderada a severa (pressão arterial sistólica em repouso acima de 180 mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<sec>
<title>Como eu faço</title>
<p>Para a realização do ecocardiograma sob estresse físico em ciclomaca com acurácia e segurança, seguimos um protocolo específico. O paciente é recebido pela equipe de enfermagem responsável pela entrevista inicial com aplicação de questionário e preparo para o teste. Orienta-se consumo da dieta habitual até duas horas antes do exame, ou de refeição leve até uma hora antes. Na entrevista, são conferidos o pedido médico e o motivo de sua solicitação, antecedentes pessoais e familiares cardiovasculares, presença de doença aterosclerótica manifesta ou de seus fatores de risco, comorbidades e sintomas atuais ou pregressos. Uma breve revisão do prontuário é realizada e exames cardiovasculares anteriores são disponibilizados ao examinador.</p>
<p>O médico responsável pelo exame deve preencher o <italic>checklist</italic> de segurança da nossa instituição, verificando as contraindicações absolutas ao teste. Termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido é aplicado. O paciente é posicionado na ciclomaca, monitorizado com eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações, com devido preparo da pele se necessário, a pressão arterial não invasiva e oximetria de pulso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>). Utilizamos a ciclomaca da empresa Inbramed que permite a inclinação vertical de até 40 graus e rotação horizontal de até 30 graus por meio de controle eletrônico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>). Ela comporta pacientes de até 150 kg e permite o incremento de carga de um em um watt até o nível máximo de 240 watts a 60 rotações por minuto. A ciclomaca dispõe de painel para que as rotações por minuto sejam visualizadas em tempo real. O paciente é orientado a manter as rotações em 60 por minuto. O controle da carga e registro eletrocardiográfico é feito através de sistema de ergometria compatível TEB APEX (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>). Como particularidade do nosso serviço, foi solicitada a adaptação de cinto de segurança à ciclomaca, para aumento da percepção de estabilidade do paciente. Os movimentos de rotação longitudinal e transversal possibilitam o ajuste ideal da posição do paciente para otimizar tanto esforço físico na posição supina ou semissentada quanto a qualidade de imagem ao possibilitar que o paciente fique inclinado para a esquerda (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f10">Vídeo 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>O paciente é posicionado na ciclomaca, monitorizado com eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações com devido preparo da pele se necessário, pressão arterial não invasiva e oximetria de pulso.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240042-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Ciclomaca da empresa Inbramed que permite a inclinação vertical de até 40 graus e rotação horizontal de até 30 graus por meio de controle eletrônico.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240042-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>O controle da carga e registro eletrocardiográfico é feito através de sistema de ergometria compatível TEB APEX.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240042-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<media id="f10" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240042-m01.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 1</label>
<caption>
<title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3703/2024-0042_AR_Video_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3703/2024-0042_AR_Video_1.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
<p>O aparelho de ecocardiografia deve ter todos os ajustes habituais de <italic>preset</italic> realizados, incluindo o emprego da harmônica para melhor visualização da borda endocárdica. Inicia-se então o exame com a realização do ecocardiograma ao repouso, momento em que deve ser dada especial atenção às condições que contraindiquem o estresse físico ou que possam anular a necessidade de realização do exame sob estresse.</p>
<p>Após a realização de exame completo sob repouso, é iniciada a captura de imagens durante o esforço físico com a utilização de protocolo dedicado, que possibilite a análise comparativa das imagens nas diferentes fases do esforço no formato <italic>quad-screen</italic>. Podem ser utilizados <italic>presets</italic> de estresse físico ou farmacológico de acordo com a preferência de registro do médico examinador.</p>
<p>O protocolo aplicado no teste é o de rampa, com incremento da carga a cada 2 minutos. Em nosso serviço, optamos por utilizar a fórmula indicada por Wasserman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> para cálculo do incremento de carga (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>) com redução de 50% caso o paciente seja portador de alguma cardiopatia prévia. Utilizamos a escala de Borg<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> para análise da percepção subjetiva de esforço. De acordo com a experiência do examinador, inicia-se a captura das imagens de pico antes que o paciente interrompa o esforço por exaustão. Durante todo o exame um profissional de enfermagem registra os sinais vitais e carga empregada em protocolo específico. O teste é finalizado por exaustão física do paciente, frequência cardíaca máxima atingida, se algum dos alvos diagnósticos forem alcançados ou na ocorrência de critérios de interrupção.</p>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagem do sistema que utiliza a fórmula indicada por Wasserman para cálculo do incremento de carga com redução de 50% caso o paciente seja portador de alguma cardiopatia prévia.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240042-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>O ecocardiograma sob estresse físico fornece parâmetros fisiológicos e tem a vantagem do menor custo em relação ao ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacológico. É o exame de escolha em pacientes capazes fisicamente. A ciclomaca é uma alternativa valiosa à esteira ergométrica e à bicicleta convencional na avaliação de pacientes cardiopatas, sendo facilmente adaptada nos serviços de ecocardiografia e amplamente aceita pelos pacientes. Permite com acurácia e qualidade a visibilização da imagem em tempo real. Além de fornecer informações sobre contratilidade miocárdica, permite avaliação dos gradientes em valvas nativas, próteses, em miocardiopatia hipertrófica, mensuração da pressão da artéria pulmonar e avaliação da diástole. É uma excelente escolha para os laboratórios de ecocardiografia do nosso país.</p>
<p>Agradecimento especial ao nosso técnico de enfermagem Silvio Marcos Pereira da Cruz que participou das fotos.</p>
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<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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