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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240039i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240039i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>My Approach to Targeted Echocardiography in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit – Is It Fundamental?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0840-0300</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lianza</surname><given-names>Alessandro Cavalcanti</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Obtaining financing</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1321-9752</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Morhy</surname><given-names>Samira Saady</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Obtaining financing</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto da Criança</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto da Criança, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Coração</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Samira Saady Morhy</bold> • Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Av. Albert Einstein, 627. Postal Code: <postal-code>05651-901</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>samira.morhy@einstein.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>13</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240039</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>31</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>03</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>03</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>With technological advancement, physical examination is no longer sufficient for a more accurate assessment of critically ill patients, especially in premature newborns where clinical signs may not be interpreted objectively. Therefore, there is great interest in training neonatologists in its practice, with major global centers already incorporating it permanently into their residency and continuing medical education programs. This review article discusses our experience in teaching institutionally focused echocardiography.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywods</title>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Neonatal Intensive Care Units</kwd>
<kwd>Newborn Infant</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="10"/>
<table-count count="4"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="14"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<fig id="f5">
<caption>
<title>ICU: intensive care unit.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240039-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec>
<title>The clinic is sovereign!</title>
<p>As medical students in Brazil, we often hear the phrase &quot;The clinic is sovereign,&quot; which, to a certain extent, is true; the clinic is essential for indicating and interpreting test results, as well as therapeutic management of our patients. However, in a scenario where the number of premature and critically ill newborns is increasing, physical examination is no longer sufficient to manage them assertively, especially in hemodynamic assessment, for example, repercussions of ductus arteriosus or even pulmonary hypertension. Accordingly, echocardiography has become an essential tool in the clinical management of newborns.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Targeted neonatal echocardiography (TnECHO) can lead to changes in clinical management in up to 80% of critical cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Therefore, it is important to train neonatologists to perform TnECHO, given that they are at the frontline in the management of newborns; it is also important to acquire portable echocardiography devices for neonatal intensive care units, since pediatric cardiologists are not often present in most services on a daily basis.</p>
<p>Training in TnECHO is already available in several neonatology residencies in Brazil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> although there is no standardization regarding the curriculum and course duration; nor is it possible to assess the training and retention of these doctors in performing TnECHO.</p>
<p>The term TnECHO encompasses a wide range of procedures, ranging from isolated qualitative assessment of cardiac function to more advanced forms of quantitative assessment of cardiac function and Doppler flow.</p>
<p>With respect to basic assessment, the latest TnECHO consensus published suggests that at least 25 assessments of cardiac function are necessary to enable neonatologist to perform TnECHO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> To perform advanced assessment, a recommendation has not yet been defined, ranging from 50 exams, as suggested by the Australasian Society for Ultrasound in Medicine,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> to approximately 200 exams performed between 12 and 18 months of training by the European Society of Pediatrics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In the United States, there is still no definition on the topic.</p>
<p>It is our understanding that TnECHO in neonatal intensive care units should be performed by neonatologists, and not by other pediatric specialties, since only a specialized professional can combine the interpretation of the data obtained with the clinical management of premature newborns, who are completely different from other pediatric age groups. However, it is important for neonatologists to be aware of the limitations of each form of training, always requesting echocardiography performed by pediatric echocardiographers during the patient&apos;s first examination, as soon as possible, or whenever there are doubts in relation to the presence of congenital heart defects.</p>
<p>Below, we describe our vision regarding the training of neonatologists.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Training neonatologists</title>
<p>Neonatologist training can be divided into basic and advanced, based on the duration and content of the course.</p>
<sec>
<title>Basic course</title>
<p>The main objective of this course is to carry out a quick examination, at the bedside, to answer specific clinical questions, in critical situations such as shock, for example. In our experience, the content is taught by means of theoretical and practical classes. Theoretical classes cover the following topics: how to adjust and use the echocardiography device; basic concepts of Doppler analysis; acquisition of echocardiographic plans with identification of the corresponding cardiac structures; assessment of cardiac function, either qualitatively or using left ventricular shortening fraction; identification and interpretation of intra- and extracardiac shunts; cardiac blood volume through assessment of size and respiratory variation of the inferior vena cava; identification of signs of pulmonary hypertension and calculation of pulmonary pressure through tricuspid insufficiency; and assessment of the pericardium, identifying whether there is pericardial effusion with eventual signs of cardiac tamponade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Theoretical syllabus of the basic functional echocardiogram course</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="100%">
<col/>
</colgroup>
<tbody style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Class 1:</bold> Principles of ultrasound</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Class 2:</bold> Basic cardiac anatomy</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Class 3:</bold> Left ventricular and right ventricular systolic function</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Class 4:</bold> Assessment of fluid responsiveness</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Class 5:</bold> Doppler assessment: valve flows and pulmonary hypertension</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Class 6:</bold> Assessment of the pericardium</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Class 7:</bold> Transitional neonatal circulation and cardiac shunts</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>In practical classes, lasting 8 hours in total, students practice the acquisition of echocardiographic plans on real patients, for instance, adjusting the device to obtain the best images in order to recognize the normal anatomical structures of each plane, thus enabling them to recognize abnormal patterns, such as those occurring in congenital heart disease, cardiac dysfunction, or pericardial effusion.</p>
<p>Each student must perform at least eight complete exams under supervision (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Schematic drawing illustrating the practical program of the basic course.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240039-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>At the end of the course, students undergo theoretical and practical assessment, where they perform 2 echocardiograms without supervision and answer a questionnaire for each exam, with general questions about the exams, for example: whether or not there are intra- and extracardiac shunts and, if so, which; whether heart function is normal or not; whether or not there is pericardial effusion; whether or not there is valve insufficiency and whether it is possible to estimate pulmonary pressure; whether they found any other additional information; and their final interpretation of the exam. This questionnaire, along with the images, are evaluated by the course instructor who assigns a grade indicating whether or not the student is qualified.</p>
<p>Six months later, the student must carry out two additional complete exams without supervision and send the images to the instructor, along with the answers to the previously sent questionnaire.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Advanced course</title>
<p>In order to take the advanced course, students must have basic prior knowledge of echocardiography and the unique characteristics of transitional neonatal circulation, including persistence of fetal pattern or pulmonary hypertension, repercussions of intra- or extracardiac shunts, and the suspicion of severe heart diseases, such as total anomalous drainage of the pulmonary veins, critical obstruction of the right or left ventricular outflow tract, or critical aortic coarctation. During this phase, students are able to indicate or contraindicate the initiation of prostaglandin E1 to maintain ductal patency.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Left ventricular assessment</title>
<p>Students learn to quantify systolic function by estimating left ventricular shortening fraction or ejection fraction, which can be obtained in M mode (in the parasternal short-axis plane at the level of the papillary muscles) or 2-dimensional mode (in the parasternal longitudinal plane at the level of the mitral valve chordae). We believe that the ejection fraction estimated by the biplanar Simpson method should only be performed in specific cases, as it requires more time and experience to perform. In the absence of significant shunts, we can still calculate cardiac output.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Normal values are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. At every assessment, students are encouraged to critically interpret the values found according to their subjective assessment, in order to minimize underestimation of cardiac function.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Parameters for Evaluating Cardiac Function Taught with Reference Values</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Tool</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Technique</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Reference Values</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Fractional Shortening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">M-Mode: Position cursors between the papillary muscles in the parasternal short-axis view.<break/> B-Mode: <break/> Measure cavity diameters at the internal edges at the level of the mitral valve chordae in the parasternal long-axis view.</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">30-45%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Ejection Fraction (Teicholz)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">M-Mode: Position cursors between the papillary muscles in the parasternal short-axis view.<break/> B-Mode: <break/> Measure cavity diameters at the internal edges at the level of the mitral valve chordae in the parasternal long-axis view.</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">55-70%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Fractional Area Change (FAC)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Trace the right ventricle in the apical 4-chamber view or in the intermediate plane with a more pronounced anteriorization from the apical 4-chamber view, visualizing the right ventricular outflow tract, at end-diastole and systole.<break/> Formula: <break/> FAC = (end-diastolic area - end-systolic area) / end-diastolic area.</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">≥ 35%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">In the apical 4-chamber view, position the cursor encompassing the lateral tricuspid annulus and the apex of the right ventricle.</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Values vary with gestational age.<break/> Values less than 4 mm indicate a worse prognosis in neonatal pulmonary hypertension.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Left Ventricular Cardiac Output (LVCO)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Position the pulsed Doppler cursor at the aortic valve level in the apical 5-chamber view and trace the area obtained for the device to calculate the VTI.<break/> Measure the aortic annulus diameter from inner edge to inner edge in the parasternal long-axis view at its maximum diameter, with the valve open, in telesystole.<break/> Estimate heart rate according to the monitor or using the pulsed Doppler.<break/> LVCO = Heart rate (HR) × stroke volume (aortic VTI × area of the left ventricular outflow tract calculated by the device after measuring the aortic annulus).</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">150-300 ml/kg/min</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Right Ventricular Cardiac Output (RVCO)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Parasternal short-axis view of the right ventricular outflow tract:<break/> Pulmonary VTI: place the pulsed Doppler cursor at the pulmonary valve annulus level and trace the area obtained.<break/> Measure the diameter of the pulmonary valve annulus at its maximum opening (telesystole).<break/> Use the same formula as LVCO.</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">150-300 ml/kg/min</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Assessment of diastolic function is more complex, due to the high heart rates found in newborns. To put it simply, we usually find E &lt; A waves on mitral Doppler of premature newborns. In these patients, the E &gt; A wave may correspond to an increase in pulmonary venous return, as in the case of pulmonary hyperflow through a large ductus arteriosus. In mature newborns, an E &gt; A wave is observed. We can also use isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), although it is technically difficult due to the fact that tachycardia is usually present. Hemodynamically significant ductus arteriosus tends to cause E &gt; A waves in the mitral valve and shortening of the IVRT.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Right ventricular assessment</title>
<p>Function can be quantified using fractional area shortening (FAC) by tracing the right ventricular cavity in diastole and systole, which, in newborns, can be obtained in the apical 4-chamber or 3-chamber plane where the outflow tract is included,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> using the following formula: FAC = end diastolic area – end systolic area / end diastolic area. We emphasize the importance of correctly tracing the endocardial border to include the trabeculations in the cavity. Normal values can vary between 25% and 45%, depending on gestational age and timing of birth.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Another parameter we teach is tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), positioning the M-mode cursor between the lateral tricuspid annulus and the cardiac apex in the 4-chamber plane, reflecting the longitudinal contraction of the chamber. Normal TAPSE values vary according to gestational age,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and it is possible to use parameterization with the Z score available on the internet. Nonetheless, there are studies demonstrating that TAPSE values lower than 4 mm are related to the need for extracorporeal circulation and higher mortality in newborns with pulmonary hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Right ventricular cardiac output may also be calculated. The diastolic function of the right ventricle is not taught at the course, due to the limitation of lacking reference data in the literature.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Assessment of pulmonary hypertension</title>
<p>Students are encouraged to check for indirect signs of pulmonary hypertension, such as dilation of the right chambers, right ventricular systolic dysfunction, and inversion of intra- and extracardiac shunts. Additionally, in the advanced course, we recommend performing the following quantifications:</p>
<p>Assessment of pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) through tricuspid insufficiency, when present, using the formula: PASP = 4 × maximum velocity of the tricuspid regurgitant jet<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> + right atrial pressure; considering end-diastolic pressure of approximately 5 mmHg. We emphasize the need to obtain adequate tricuspid regurgitant jet for better accuracy. It is important to consider that values below 35 mmHg are not always indicative of normal pulmonary pressure, since patients may have very low systemic systolic pressure, for instance, in conditions of cardiogenic shock, which would also reduce pulmonary systolic pressure. If there is pulmonary insufficiency, mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) can also be measured using the following formula: MPAP = 4 × peak diastolic pulmonary regurgitation velocity<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> + right atrial pressure. However, the presence of hemodynamically significant ductus arteriosus may complicate assessment.</p>
<p>In the absence of significant tricuspid and/or pulmonary insufficiency, we can use the ratio of ejection time divided by pulmonary flow acceleration time, considering normal values &lt; 4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Nevertheless, it is important to underscore the technical limitations related to Doppler assessment in conditions of high heart rate and even in high-frequency mechanical ventilation or elevated pressures. We recommend performing time interval measurements at maximum spectral Doppler velocity to minimize these errors. We also consider the presence of the midsystolic notch in pulmonary flow on Doppler as a marker of a significant increase in pulmonary pressure.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Spectral Doppler of pulmonary flow in a newborn with pulmonary hypertension. Note the presence of the mid-systolic notch (yellow arrow). The ratio between the ejection time (ET; red arrow) of 200 ms and the acceleration time (AT; blue arrow) of 15.3 ms was 13.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240039-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>In the event that direct objective measurements are not possible, students can evaluate other common findings in pulmonary hypertension in newborns, for example, rectification of the interventricular septum during systole and the eccentricity index, which is calculated on the ventricular short axis, at the level of the papillary muscle of the mitral valve, dividing the diameter of the horizontal axis by the vertical axis of the ventricle, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>. Values below 1.3 are considered altered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Two-dimensional image demonstrating the calculation of the eccentricity index: in the parasternal short-axis plane, dividing diameter 1 (D1) by diameter 2 (D2); values less than 1.3 are indicative of significant pulmonary hypertension. LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240039-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Note: In patients with significant pulmonary hypertension and in those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, we recommend assessment of pulmonary vein flow velocities to rule out possible stenoses. Premature newborns under 29 weeks of gestational age should undergo a complete assessment of pulmonary flow hemodynamics at 8 postnatal weeks or 36 weeks corrected gestational age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Assessing the repercussions of ductus arteriosus</title>
<p>Patent ductus arteriosus is a common finding in newborns, with a high incidence in premature patients, and it is one of the topics that neonatologists most frequently ask about in courses.</p>
<p>The starting point that must be emphasized is the exact location of the measurement of the diameter of the ductus arteriosus, because, depending on the angle used to acquire the 2-dimensional image, the size may be overestimated. The measurement must be taken at the narrowest point (which is the real flow limiter) in the high parasternal plane (channel view) or in the suprasternal plane with angulation to the left, and it should be classified as small (&lt; 1.5 mm), moderate (between 1.5 and 3 mm), or large (&gt; 3 mm).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>Neonatologists assess the following echocardiographic findings in hemodynamically significant ductus arteriosus:</p>
<p>Ratio of the size of the ductus arteriosus to the left pulmonary artery, preferably using the high parasternal plane.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Ratios &lt; 0.5 indicate a shunt of small magnitude, and &gt; 1 indicate large magnitude;</p>
<p>Ductus arteriosus flow patterns on Doppler (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>):</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Flow with end-diastolic velocity &lt; 2 m/s indicates no restriction and presents a pulsatile pattern. This type of flow typically has important repercussions, and the channel is usually large.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Flow with end-diastolic velocity &gt; 2 m/s (diastolic velocity close to systolic velocity or diastolic velocity at least 50% of systolic velocity) indicates restrictive flow.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>&quot;Increasing&quot; flows are the ones that have a small component of flow from the pulmonary artery to the aorta (generally less than 30% of the cardiac cycle) and are found in the transitional period of pulmonary circulation. This pattern indicates a drop in pulmonary pressure and the possibility of future hemodynamic repercussions in the event that the ductus does not decrease in size or close spontaneously.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Exclusive right-to-left flow or bidirectional pattern (right-to-left flow greater than 30% of the cardiac cycle) is the pattern found in pulmonary hypertension.</p></list-item>
</list>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Spectral Doppler demonstrating different flow patterns of the ductus arteriosus. A: Bidirectional pattern. B: Continuous, restrictive pattern. C: Growing pattern. D: Pulsatile, non-restrictive flow from the aorta to the pulmonary artery.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240039-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Signs of pulmonary hyperflow:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Increased left ventricular cardiac output (major repercussion with values above 300 ml/kg/min);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Dilation of the left chambers with a ratio between the aorta and the left atrium greater than 1.5 (consider the presence of interatrial communications as a limitation);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Increased end-diastolic velocity in the left pulmonary artery (&gt; 0.25 m/s);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Mitral flow with E &gt; A in premature infants and E &gt; A in full-term infants or in the presence of mitral insufficiency;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Increased velocity of venous return through the pulmonary vein (D wave &gt; 0.5 m/s).</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Signs of pulmonary hypoflow:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Absence of anterograde diastolic flow in the descending aorta on pulsed Doppler;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Presence of reverse diastolic flow in the descending aorta (indicative of important &quot;steal&quot; of systemic flow);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Absence of anterograde diastolic flow in the mesenteric artery;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Presence of reverse diastolic flow in the mesenteric artery (indicative of large &quot;steal&quot; of systemic flow).</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Accordingly, we believe that performance of TnECHO is fundamental to excellent quality in the management of critical newborns, especially premature ones. We must remain committed to training neonatologists to perform TnECHO and recognize the method&apos;s limitations. Teaching programs are needed for remote areas where few medical specialties exist (Central Illustration).</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<label>Study Association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240039</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Como eu Faço Ecocardiograma Focado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal – Fundamental?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0840-0300</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lianza</surname><given-names>Alessandro Cavalcanti</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<role>obtenção de financiamento</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1321-9752</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Morhy</surname><given-names>Samira Saady</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<role>obtenção de financiamento</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto da Criança, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Samira Saady Morhy</bold> • Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Av. Albert Einstein, 627. CEP: <postal-code>05651-901</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>samira.morhy@einstein.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>Com o avanço tecnológico, o exame físico não é mais suficiente para uma avaliação mais assertiva de pacientes criticamente enfermos, principalmente em reécm-nascidos prematuros onde os sinais clínicos podem não ser interpretados de forma objetiva. Desta forma, há um grande interesse no treinamento de médicos neonatologistas para sua realização, determinando que os grandes centros mundiais já o façam de forma permanente nos seus programas de residência e educação médica continuada. O presente artigo de revisão trata da nossa experiência no ensino do ecocardiograma focado institucional.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ecocardiograma</kwd>
<kwd>Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal</kwd>
<kwd>Recém-Nascido</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f10">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240039-gf05-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec>
<title>A clínica é soberana!</title>
<p>Desde acadêmicos de medicina escutamos esta frase que, de certa forma, é verdade: a clínica é essencial para indicar e interpretar os resultados dos exames, bem como para a condução terapêutica dos nossos pacientes. Contudo, em um cenário de aumento de recém-nascidos prematuros e criticamente doentes, o exame físico não é mais suficiente para conduzi-los de forma assertiva, principalmente na avaliação hemodinâmica, como as repercussões de canal arterial ou mesmo da hipertensão pulmonar. Desta forma, o ecocardiograma se tornou uma ferramenta essencial na condução clínica dos recém-nascidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>O ecocardiograma focado (EcoF) pode causar mudança de conduta clínica em até 80% dos casos críticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Desta forma, é importante o treinamento de neonatologistas para realização do EcoF, já que eles estão na linha de frente do manejo dos recém-nascidos, assim como a aquisição de aparelhos portáteis de ecocardiograma para as unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais, uma vez que a presença diária de cardiologistas pediátricos não é comum em grande parte dos serviços.</p>
<p>Os treinamentos de EcoF já estão disponíveis em várias residências de neonatologia no Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> apesar de não haver uma normatização em relação ao currículo e duração do curso, nem como avaliar a capacitação e retenção destes médicos na realização do EcoF.</p>
<p>O termo EcoF compreende uma vasta gama de procedimentos, que vai desde a avaliação isolada da função cardíaca, de forma qualitativa, até as formas mais avançadas de avaliação quantitativa de função cardíaca e dos fluxos ao Doppler.</p>
<p>Em relação à avaliação básica, acredita-se ser necessário pelo menos 25 avaliações de função cardíaca para capacitar o neonatologista à sua realização, conforme sugerido no último consenso de EcoF publicado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Para realização de avaliação avançada, a recomendação ainda não foi definida, variando de 50 exames como sugerido pela Sociedade Australiana de Ultrassom<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> até cerca de 200 exames realizados entre 12 e 18 meses de treinamento pela Sociedade Europeia de Pediatria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nos EUA, ainda não há definição sobre o tema.</p>
<p>Entendemos que o EcoF nas unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais seja realizado pelo neonatologista e não por outras especialidades pediátricas, uma vez que apenas o profissional especializado consegue unir a interpretação dos dados obtidos com a conduta clínica de recém-nascidos prematuros, que é completamente diferente de outras faixas etárias pediátricas. Contudo, é importante que o neonatologista tenha conhecimento das limitações de cada treinamento, e solicite o ecocardiograma realizado por ecocardiografistas pediátricos sempre no primeiro exame do paciente, assim que possível, ou sempre que houver dúvidas em relação à presença de cardiopatias congênitas.</p>
<p>A seguir, descrevemos nossa visão sobre capacitação dos neonatologistas.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Capacitação dos neonatologistas</title>
<p>O treinamento dos neonatologistas pode ser dividido em básico e avançado, baseando-se no tempo de duração e conteúdo do curso.</p>
<sec>
<title>Curso básico</title>
<p>O objetivo principal deste curso consiste em realizar um exame rápido, à beira do leito, para responder dúvidas clínicas específicas, em situações críticas como choque, por exemplo. Na nossa experiência, o conteúdo é ensinado através de aulas teóricas e práticas. Nas aulas teóricas, são abordados os seguintes temas: como ajustar e utilizar o aparelho de ecocardiograma; conceitos básicos da análise ao Doppler; aquisição dos planos ecocardiográficos com identificação das estruturas cardíacas correspondentes; avaliação de função cardíaca de forma qualitativa ou através da fração de encurtamento do ventrículo esquerdo; identificação e interpretação dos shunts intra e extracardíacos; volemia cardíaca através da avaliação do tamanho e variação respiratória da veia cava inferior; identificação de sinais de hipertensão pulmonar e cálculo da pressão pulmonar através da insuficiência tricúspide; e avaliação do pericárdio identificando se há derrame pericárdico com eventuais sinais de tamponamento cardíaco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Programa teórico do curso básico do ecocardiograma funcional</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="100%">
<col/>
</colgroup>
<tbody style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Aula 1:</bold> Princípios do ultrassom</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Aula 2:</bold> Anatomia cardíaca básica</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Aula 3:</bold> Função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo e ventrículo direito</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Aula 4:</bold> Avaliação de fluido responsividade</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Aula 5:</bold> Avaliação Doppler: fluxos valvares e hipertensão pulmonar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Aula 6:</bold> Avaliação do pericárdio</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Aula 7:</bold> Circulação transicional do recém-nascido e shunts cardíacos</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Nas aulas práticas, com duração de 8 horas no total, os alunos exercitam a aquisição dos planos ecocardiográficos em pacientes reais, como ajustar o aparelho para obtenção das melhores imagens de forma a reconhecer as estruturas anatômicas normais de cada plano, capacitando-os a reconhecer padrões anormais como os que ocorrem em cardiopatia congênita, disfunção cardíaca ou derrame pericárdico.</p>
<p>Cada aluno deverá realizar pelo menos oito exames completos sob supervisão (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Desenho esquemático ilustrando o programa prático do curso básico.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240039-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Ao término do curso, o aluno passa por uma avaliação teórica e prática, onde os alunos realizam 2 ecocardiogramas sem supervisão, e respondem a um questionário para cada exame, com perguntas gerais sobre os exames, como: se há ou não shunts intra e extracardíacos e se houver, quais; se a função cardíaca está normal ou não; se há derrame pericárdico ou não; se há insuficiência valvar ou não e se é possível estimar pressão pulmonar; se encontrou alguma outra informação adicional e sua interpretação final do exame. Este questionário e as imagens são avaliados pelo instrutor do curso que dará uma nota para aptidão ou não do aluno.</p>
<p>Após 6 meses, o aluno deverá realizar mais 2 exames completos sem supervisão e enviar as imagens para o instrutor, junto com as repostas ao questionário previamente enviado.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Curso avançado</title>
<p>Para realização deste curso, o aluno deverá ter conhecimento prévio básico do ecocardiograma e das características próprias da fase de transição da circulação neonatal, englobando persistências de padrão fetal ou hipertensão pulmonar, repercussão de shunts intra/extracardíacos e a suspeita de cardiopatias graves como drenagens anômalas totais das veias pulmonares, obstrução crítica da via de saída do ventrículo direito ou esquerdo ou coarctação de aorta crítica. Nesta fase, os alunos são capazes de indicar ou contraindicar o início de prostaglandina E1 para manutenção da permeabilidade do canal arterial.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avaliação ventricular esquerda</title>
<p>Os alunos aprendem a quantificar a função sistólica através da estimativa da fração de encurtamento ou da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, podendo ser obtida pelo modo M (no plano paraesternal eixo curto ao nível dos músculos papilares) ou bidimensional (no plano paraesternal longitudinal ao nível das cordoalhas da valva mitral). Nós acreditamos que a fração de ejeção estimada pelo método de Simpson biplanar deve ser realizada apenas em casos específicos, por demandar maior tempo e experiência para sua realização. Na ausência de shunts significativos, podemos, ainda, calcular o débito cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os valores normais estão dispostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>. Em toda avaliação, os alunos são estimulados a interpretação críticas dos valores encontrados de acordo com sua avaliação subjetiva, para minimizar subestimação de função cardíaca.</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Parâmetros de avaliação da função cardíaco ensinados com valores de referência da normalidade</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Ferramenta</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Técnica</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Valores de referência</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Fração de encurtamento</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Modo M: Posicionar cursos entre os músculos papilares no plano paraesternal eixo curto<break/> Modo B: <break/> Medir diâmetros das cavidades nas bordas internas ao nível das cordoalhas da valva mitral no plano paraesternal longitudinal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">30-45%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Fração de ejeção<break/> (Teicholz)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Modo M: Posicionar cursos entre os músculos papilares no plano paraesternal eixo curto<break/> Modo B: <break/> Medir diâmetros das cavidades nas bordas internas ao nível das cordoalhas da valva mitral no plano paraesternal longitudinal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">55-70%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Fração de encurtamento de área (FAC)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Realizar tracejamento do ventrículo direito no plano apical 4-camaras ou no plano intermediário com anteriorização mais acentuada a partir do plano apical 4-câmaras com visibilização da via de saída do ventrículo direito, ao final da diástole e na sístole. <break/> Fórmula: <break/> FAC= área diastólica final – área sistólica final / área diastólica final.</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Maior ou igual a 35%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Excursão sistólica do anel tricúspide durante a sístole (TAPSE)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">No plano apical 4 câmaras, posicionando o cursor englobando o anel lateral tricúspide e o ápice do ventrículo direito</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Valores variam com a idade gestacional<break/> Valores menores que 4 mm indicam pior prognostico em hipertensão pulmonar do RN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Débito cardíaco do VE <break/> DCVE</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Posicionar cursor do Doppler pulsado ao nível da valva aórtica no plano apical 5-câmaras e tracejar a área obtida para o aparelho calcular a VTI<break/> Medir diâmetro do anel aórtico de borda interna a borda interna no plano paraesternal longitudinal no maior diâmetro, com valva aberta, na telessistole.<break/> Estimar a frequência cardíaca de acordo com o monitor ou através do próprio Doppler pulsado<break/> DCVE = Frequência cardíaca (FC) X volume sistólico (VTI aórtico x área da via de saída do VE calculada pelo aparelho após mensuração do anel aórtico)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">150-300 ml/kg/min</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Débito cardíaco do ventrículo direito (DCVD)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Plano paraesternal eixo curto da via de saída do VD:<break/> VTI pulmonar: colocar cursor do Doppler pulsado ao nível do anel valvar pulmonar e tracejar a área obtida<break/> Medir diâmetro do anel valvar pulmonar na abertura máxima da valva (telessistole)<break/> Utilizar mesma fórmula do DCVE</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">150-300 ml/kg/min</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>A avaliação da função diastólica é mais complexa devido às altas frequências cardíacas encontradas nos recém-nascidos. De forma simplificada, encontramos habitualmente ondas E &lt; A ao Doppler mitral dos recém-nascidos prematuros; nestes pacientes a onda E &gt; A pode corresponder a um aumento do retorno venoso pulmonar como no caso de hiperfluxo pulmonar pelo canal arterial de grande calibre. Já nos recém-nascidos maduros observa-se onda E &gt; A. Podemos utilizar, ainda, o tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico (TRIV), apesar de ser tecnicamente difícil devido a taquicardia habitual. Canal arterial com repercussão hemodinâmica tende a causar onda E &gt; A na valva mitral e encurtamento do TRIV.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avaliação ventricular direita</title>
<p>A quantificação da função pode ser realizada pela fração de encurtamento de área (FAC) através do tracejamento da cavidade ventricular direita na diástole e na sístole, que nos recém-nascidos pode ser obtido no apical 4-câmaras ou no plano 3-câmaras onde é incluída sua via de saída,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> através da formula: FAC = área diastólica final – área sistólica final / área diastólica final. Enfatizamos a importância do tracejamento correto da borda endocárdica de forma que as trabeculações sejam incluídas na cavidade. Os valores de normalidade são maiores ou iguais a 35%, contudo, em recém-nascidos prematuros (antes de 32 semanas de idade gestacional corrigida), podemos encontrar valores em torno de 26 +- 4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Outro parâmetro que ensinamos é a realização da excursão sistólica do anel valvar tricúspide durante a sístole (TAPSE), posicionando o cursor do modo M entre o anel tricúspide lateral e o ápice cardíaco no plano quatro câmaras, refletindo a contração longitudinal da câmara. Os valores normais de TAPSE variam de acordo com a idade gestacional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> podendo utilizar a parametrização com o Z score disponível na internet. Contudo, há estudos demonstrando que valores de TAPSE menores que 4 mm estão relacionados à necessidade de circulação extracorpórea e a maior mortalidade em recém-nascidos com hipertensão pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O débito cardíaco do ventrículo direito também pode ser calculado. A função diastólica do ventrículo direito não é ensinada no curso devido à sua limitação por falta de dados literários de referência.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avaliação de hipertensão pulmonar</title>
<p>Os alunos são estimulados a verificar sinais indiretos de hipertensão pulmonar, tais como dilatação de câmaras direitas, disfunção sistólica ventricular direita e inversão de shunts intra e extracardíacos. Adicionalmente, no curso avançado, recomendamos realizar as seguintes quantificações:</p>
<p>Avaliação da pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP) através da insuficiência tricúspide, quando presente, por meio da fórmula: PSAP = 4 × velocidade máxima do jato regurgitante tricuspídeo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> + pressão do átrio direito; considerando a pressão diastólica final em torno de 5 mmHg. Enfatizamos a necessidade de obter um jato adequado do refluxo tricúspide para melhor acurácia. É importante considerar que nem sempre valores abaixo de 35 mmHg são indicativos de pressão pulmonar normal visto que os pacientes podem apresentar pressão sistólica sistêmica muito baixas como em condições de choque cardiogênico, o que também reduziria a pressão sistólica pulmonar. Se houver insuficiência pulmonar, a pressão média da artéria pulmonar (PMAP) também pode ser mensurada através da formula: PMAP = 4 × velocidade diastólica máxima do refluxo pulmonar<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> + pressão do átrio direito. Contudo, a presença de canal arterial hemodinamicamente significante pode dificultar a avaliação.</p>
<p>Na ausência de insuficiências tricúspide e/ou pulmonar significativas, podemos usar o índice entre o tempo de ejeção dividido pelo tempo de aceleração do fluxo pulmonar, considerando valores normais &lt; 4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). Contudo, é importante salientar as limitações técnicas relacionadas à avaliação ao Doppler em condições de alta frequência cardíaca e até mesmo em ventilação mecânica de alta frequência ou com pressões mais elevadas. Recomendamos realizar as medidas dos intervalos de tempo com velocidade de varredura máxima do Doppler espectral, para minimizar tais erros. Consideramos, ainda, a presença do entalhe mesossistólico do fluxo pulmonar ao Doppler como um marcador de aumento significativo da pressão pulmonar.</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Doppler espectral do fluxo pulmonar em recém-nascido com hipertensão pulmonar. Observe a presença do entalhe mesossistólico (seta amarela). O índice entre o tempo de ejeção (TEJ; seta vermelha)) de 200 ms dividido pelo tempo de aceleração (TAC; seta azul) de 15,3 ms foi de 13.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240039-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Em caso de impossibilidade de medidas objetivas diretas, os alunos podem avaliar outros achados comuns em hipertensão pulmonar do recém-nascido como retificação do septo interventricular durante a sístole e o índice de excentricidade que é calculado no eixo curto dos ventrículos, ao nível do músculo papilar da valva mitral, dividindo o diâmetro do eixo horizontal pelo vertical do ventrículo conforme a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>. Valores menores que 1,3 são considerados alterados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagem bidimensional demonstrando o calculo do índice de excentricidade: no plano paraesternal eixo-curtos dividindo o diâmetro 1 (D1) pelo D2, valores menores que 1,3 são indicativos de hipertensão pulmonar significativa VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240039-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Observação: Em pacientes com hipertensão pulmonar significativa e naqueles com displasia broncopulmonar, recomendamos avaliação das velocidades do fluxo das veias pulmonares para descartar possíveis estenoses. Recém-nascidos prematuros menores que 29 semanas de gestação devem ter uma avaliação completa da hemodinâmica do fluxo pulmonar com 8 semanas pós-natal ou 36 semanas de idade gestacional corrigida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avaliação da repercussão de canal arterial</title>
<p>A persistência do canal arterial é um achado comum em recém-nascidos com alta incidência nos prematuros e um dos temas mais perguntados pelos neonatologistas nos cursos.</p>
<p>O ponto inicial que deve ser enfatizado é o local exato da medida do diâmetro do canal arterial, já que dependendo da angulação que seja utilizada na aquisição da imagem bidimensional, pode haver superestimação do tamanho. A medida deve ser realizada no ponto mais estreito (que é o limitador real do fluxo) no plano paraesternal alto (corte do canal) ou no supraesternal com angulação para esquerda, sendo classificados em pequenos (&lt; 1,5 mm), moderados (entre 1,5 e 3 mm) e grandes (&gt; 3 mm).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os neonatologistas avaliam os seguintes achados ecocardiográficos nos canais com significância hemodinâmica:</p>
<p>Relação do tamanho do canal arterial com a artéria pulmonar esquerda utilizando preferencialmente o plano paraesternal alto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Relação &lt; 0,5 indica um shunt de pequena magnitude e &gt; 1 de grande magnitude;</p>
<p>Padrões de fluxo do canal arterial ao Doppler (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>):</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Fluxo com velocidade diastólica final &lt; 2 m/s indica ausência de restrição e apresenta padrão pulsátil. Este tipo de fluxo costuma apresentar bastante repercussão e o canal é grande habitualmente.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Fluxo com velocidade diastólica final &gt; 2 m/s (velocidade diastólica próxima da sistólica ou velocidade diastólica de pelo menos 50% da sistólica) indica fluxo restritivo.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Fluxo &quot;em crescimento&quot; são aqueles que tem um pequeno componente de fluxo da artéria pulmonar para a aorta (em geral menor que 30% do ciclo cardíaco) e são encontrados no período transicional da circulação pulmonar. Este padrão indica queda da pressão pulmonar e possibilidade de repercussão hemodinâmica futura caso o canal não diminua de tamanho ou feche espontaneamente.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Fluxo direita-esquerda exclusivo ou padrão bidirecionado (fluxo direita-esquerda maior que 30% do ciclo cardíaco) é o padrão encontrado na hipertensão pulmonar.</p></list-item>
</list>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Doppler espectral demonstrando diferentes padrões de fluxo do canal arterial. A: padrão bidirecionado. B: Padrão continuo, restritivo. C: Padrão em crescimento. D:Fluxo pulsátil, não restritivo, da aorta para a artéria pulmonar.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240039-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Sinais de hiperfluxo pulmonar:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Aumento do débito cardíaco do ventrículo esquerdo (grande repercussão com valores acima de 300 ml/kg/min);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Dilatação das câmaras esquerdas com relação entre a aorta e o átrio esquerdo maior que 1,5 (considerar presença de comunicações interatrial como limitação);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Velocidade diastólica final aumentada na artéria pulmonar esquerda (&gt; 0,25 m/s);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Fluxo mitral com E &gt; A nos prematuros e E &gt; A nos termos ou presença de insuficiência mitral;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Aumento da velocidade do retorno venoso pela veia pulmonar (onda D &gt; 0,5 m/s).</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Sinais de hipofluxo pulmonar:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Ausência de fluxo diastólico anterógrado na aorta descendente ao Doppler pulsátil;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Presença de fluxo diastólico reverso na aorta descendente (indicativo de grande &quot;roubo&quot; de fluxo sistêmico);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Ausência de fluxo diastólico anterógrado em artéria mesentérica;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Presença de fluxo diastólico reverso em artéria mesentérica; (indicativo de grande &quot;roubo&quot; de fluxo sistêmico).</p></list-item>
</list>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>Desta forma, acreditamos que a realização do EcoF é fundamental para a excelência da qualidade no manejo dos recém-nascidos críticos, principalmente nos prematuros. Devemos manter empenho em treinar os neonatologistas para sua realização e, também, para reconhecer as limitações do método. Programas de ensino para áreas remotas onde existem poucas especialidades médicas são necessárias (Figura Central).</p>
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<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
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