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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240013i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240013i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>New Predictor of Ventricular Arrhythmia After Alcohol Septal Ablation: Preoperative Inferolateral Wall Thickness</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4711-8538</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Başkurt</surname><given-names>Ahmet Anıl</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Çolak</surname><given-names>Ayşe</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Kumral</surname><given-names>Zeynep</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5762-1383</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Yılancıoğlu</surname><given-names>Reşit Yiğit</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Dursun</surname><given-names>Hüseyin</given-names></name>
<role>procedural practices</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3557-1682</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Turan</surname><given-names>Oğuzhan Ekrem</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Özpelit</surname><given-names>Ebru</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>performing an echocardiogram</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Özcan</surname><given-names>Emin Evren</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Badak</surname><given-names>Özer</given-names></name>
<role>operation</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1061-5589</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Göldeli</surname><given-names>Özhan</given-names></name>
<role>operation</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Bakircay Universitesi Tip Fakultesi</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="TR">Turkey</country>
<institution content-type="original">Bakircay Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Izmir – Turkey</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Tip Fakultesi</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="TR">Turkey</country>
<institution content-type="original">Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Izmir – Turkey</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Ahmet Anıl Başkurt</bold> • Bakircay Universitesi Tip Fakultesi. Günerli mah 2026 sok infinity sitesi, 2c. Izmir – Turkey E-mail: <email>a.baskurt@windowslive.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>13</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<elocation-id>e20240013</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Introduction:</title>
<p>Predictors of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have been identified. However, they have not been validated after alcohol septal ablation (ASA). Data to predict the occurrence of arrhythmia after the procedure are not certain.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objectives:</title>
<p>To retrospectively analyze patients who underwent ASA and to determine the predictors of post-op ventricular arrhythmia.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Patients and Methods:</title>
<p>We retrospectively enrolled 53 consecutive patients with HCM who underwent ASA procedure due to symptomatic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction despite maximally tolerated medical treatment between January 2010 and December 2022. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>The mean age of the patients was 56.45 years, and 55% were male. Patients underwent successful ASA, and an average of 1.76 cc of alcohol was used. A 70.81% reduction in LVOT gradients was achieved. No pathological LVOT gradient was observed in any patient after the procedure. In the postprocedural follow-up, total atrioventricular block was detected in 12 patients and implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) implantation was performed in these patients. When patients with ventricular arrhythmias after successful ASA were compared with those without it, preoperative hypertrophic cardiomyopathy risk of sudden cardiac death (HCMSCD) Score &gt; 6 and left ventricular inferolateral wall thickness were statistically different between the two groups (p: 0.049, p: 0.006, respectively). When multi-logistic regression was performed, basal left ventricular inferolateral wall thickness &gt; 15.5 mm was found to be an independent risk factor for ventricular arrhythmia after ASA (p: 0.027).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusions:</title>
<p>Left ventricular inferolateral wall thickness is an independent predictor of ventricular arrhythmia after ASA. It can be used in postprocedural patient follow-up and ICD decision-making.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmias</kwd>
<kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
<kwd>Implantable Defibrillators</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="6"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="8"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common genetic heart disease reported in populations globally. Inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> the pathophysiology of HCM consists of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO), mitral regurgitation (MR), diastolic dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, and autonomic dysfunction. For a given patient with HCM, the clinical outcome may be dominated by one of these components or may be the result of a complex interplay. A total of 30% to 40% will experience adverse events, including: 1) progressive limiting symptoms because of LVOTO or diastolic dysfunction, 2) sudden death events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Pharmacological treatment is the first step in the treatment of symptoms to reduce LVOTO. In patients whose symptoms persist despite pharmacological treatment, septal reduction therapy (SRT) is recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> SRT is alcohol septal ablation (ASA) or surgical myectomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>In terms of sudden death, the 2014 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines recommend the HCM Risk-SCD model, but it has not been validated after ASA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Our study aimed to analyze patients who underwent ASA retrospectively and to determine the predictors of post-op ventricular arrhythmia.</p>
<sec>
<title>Patients and methods</title>
<p>We included all ASA patients performed successfully in our hospital. We retrospectively enrolled 53 consecutive patients with HCM who underwent ASA procedure due to symptomatic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction despite maximally tolerated medical treatment between January 2010 and December 2022.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240013-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Procedure</title>
<p>Indications and procedures for ASA.</p>
<p>Inclusion criteria:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Those who are still severely symptomatic (shortness of breath, angina or syncope, etc.) NYHA III-IV despite receiving pharmacological treatment for at least one month.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>A LVOT gradient of &gt; 50 mmHg was detected echocardiographically or during catheterization at rest or after exercise provocation.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Having septal artery anatomy that allows alcohol injection to the possible appropriate section of the LVOT in the coronary angiographic examination.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>They were determined to be those who gave voluntary consent after being informed about the short and long-term results of the procedure.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>After the cases with appropriate indications were taken to the catheterization laboratory, a 7F sheath was placed in the bilateral femoral artery and right femoral vein under local anesthesia. In all cases, the temporary pacemaker electrode was tested after being placed at the apex of the right ventricle and fixed to the femoral region with sutures, leaving it ready to be activated when necessary.</p>
<p>After systemically administered heparin at a dose of 60/U/kg, a &quot;pigtail&quot; or &quot;multipurpose&quot; catheter was placed in the appropriate part of the left ventricle. Then, the left coronary artery was cannulated with a 7F left Judkins guide catheter.</p>
<p>Using two different pressure measurement systems at the same time, the LVOT gradient was recorded at rest in order to monitor the changes after deep inspiration, Valsalva maneuver and extrasystole. The 1st, 2nd or 3rd septal perforator branches, respectively, determined as the possible target vessel in the left coronary artery images taken in at least two different poses, were catheterized using a 1.5 x 15-18 mm &quot;over the wire&quot; balloon. After the balloon was inflated with 6-8 atm pressure, the wire was removed. First, 1-2 cc of contrast material was slowly injected from the distal lumen of the balloon catheter to check whether the appropriate septal artery was in position or whether the contrast was leaking back. After the balloon position was deemed stable and appropriate, the isotonic sodium chloride and contrast medium mixture was agitated using two 10 cc injectors and a triple tap to be administered through the lumen of the balloon catheter. Approximately 2-4 cc of this mixture was slowly administered from the distal end of the catheter, and it was examined whether the basal part of the interventricular septum and especially the area in contact with the mitral valve, during its systolic forward movement, were stained in the transthoracic echocardiography performed during the procedure.</p>
<p>In addition to this location determination process, it was checked in each case whether the contrast administered spread to areas other than the target area. While the patients are carefully monitored in terms of hemodynamics and rhythm, while the possible displacement of the balloon in the septal artery is monitored by fluoroscopy, 0.95% pure ethyl alcohol is administered at 1 mL/min in a total of 2 doses, depending on the width of the septal artery and septum and the surgeon&apos;s choice. It was administered 4 ml. After the alcohol injection was completed, the balloon in the septal artery was kept inflated for approximately 10 minutes. Meanwhile, the flow in the left coronary artery was controlled with contrast injection. After the procedure, the balloon was deflated, and control left coronary artery injections confirmed that the flow of the septal artery had significantly decreased or disappeared in all cases. After each injection, the LVOT gradient was recorded again at rest and postextrasystolic provocatively. When more than a 50% decrease in the catheter gradient was observed after the procedure, the procedure was considered successful and terminated. After the procedure, no additional treatment was given to the patients. Rhythm and hemodynamic monitoring continued in the intensive care unit for at least 24 hours after treatment.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p>Data were evaluated in the SPSS 22.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) program. The normal distribution of variables was evaluated with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and the homogeneity of variance was evaluated with the Levene test. All continuous variables presented normal distribution. Data determined by measurement were given as mean and standard deviation for those with normal distribution. The unpaired <italic>t</italic>-test was used in the statistical analysis of these data. Categorical data were shown as absolute and relative frequencies, and in the statistical analysis, the Ç<sup>2</sup> test or Fisher&apos;s exact test was used, as appropriate. Variables were analyzed at a 95% confidence interval, and <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05 was considered as significant. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used for the area under the curve (AUC) calculations. The multinomial logistic regression method was used to determine independent predictors.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>The mean age of the patients was 56.45 years, and 55% were male. 38% of the patients had hypertension, and 15% had diabetes mellitus. 38% of the patients had a family history of sudden death. The baseline demographic data of patients are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Baseline demographic data of patients</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">(n: 53)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years, mean ± SD)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">56.45 ± 12.07</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sex: Male, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">30 (54.7%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20 (37.7%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (15.1%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Follow-up (months, mean ± SD)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">75.60 ± 3.44</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Beta Bloker, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">47 (88.7%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">CCB, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (15.1%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF, % ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">63.77 ± 4.52</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">IVS, mm ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">21.89 ± 3.29</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">ILW, mm ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14.59 ± 3.79</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LA, mm ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">45.53 ± 5.48</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.84 ± 0.33</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HCMSCD Score</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7.02 ± 6.68</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">LVOT Gradient, mm-Hg</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">95.62 ± 48.15</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; SD: standart deviation; CCB: calcium chanal bloker; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; IVS: interventricular septum; ILW: inferolateral wall; LA: left atrium; HCMSCD: hypertrophic cardiomypathy risk of sudden cardiac death.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Patients underwent successful ASA, and an average of 1.76 cc of alcohol was used. A 70.81% reduction in LVOT gradients was achieved. No pathological LVOT gradient was observed in any patient after the procedure. In the postprocedural follow-up, total atrioventricular block was detected in 12 patients and implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) implantation was performed in these patients. ICD therapy programs of these patients were performed in accordance with standard primary prophylaxis. The mean follow-up after the procedure was 75.60 months. A total of seven out of these 12 patients had ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
<p>When patients with ventricular arrhythmias after successful ASA were compared with those without the procedure, preoperative HCMSCD Score &gt; 6 and preoperative left ventricular inferolateral wall thickness were statistically different between the two groups (p: 0.049, p: 0.006, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Comparison of patients with and without ventricular arrhythmias</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">(n: 46)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">(n: 7)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">P-value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years, mean ± SD)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">50.00 ± 14.35</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">57.43 ± 11.56</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.130</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sex: Male, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20 (44%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (57%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.391</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">19 (41%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (14%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.171</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (3%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (28%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.283</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HCMSCD risk score &gt; 6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14 (30%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (71%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.049</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF, % ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">63.65 ± 4.53</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">64.71 ± 4.72</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.568</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">IVS, mm ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">21.82 ± 3.05</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22.29 ± 4.89</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.734</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">ILW, mm ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14.04 ± 3.37</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18.15 ± 4.67</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.06</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LA, mm ± SD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">45.54 ± 5.76</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">45.43 ± 3.36</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.959</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.84 ± 0.35</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.81 ± 0.13</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.851</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LVOT Gradient, mm-Hg</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">95.00 ± 45.92</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">99.71 ± 65.24</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.812</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2">
<p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; IVS: interventricular septum; ILW: inferolateral wall; LA: left atrium; HCMSCD: hypertrophic cardiomypathy risk of sudden cardiac death.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>ROC analysis was performed to determine the predictive value of preoperative left ventricular inferolateral wall thickness, which was found to be 15.5 mm (AUC: 0.764; sensitivity: 0.857; specificity: 0.696) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>ROC curve. ROC: receiver operating characteristic.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240013-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>When multilogistic regression was performed, basal left ventricular inferolateral wall thickness &gt; 15.5 mm was found to be an independent risk factor for ventricular arrhythmia after ASA (p: 0.027) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Multinominal logistic regression for ventricular arrhythmia after ASA</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="17%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="left" valign="middle"><italic>B</italic></th>
<th align="left" valign="middle"><italic>S.E.</italic></th>
<th align="left" valign="middle"><italic>Wald</italic></th>
<th align="left" valign="middle"><italic>OR (95% CI)</italic></th>
<th align="left" valign="middle"><italic>P</italic></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HCMSCD risk score &gt; 6</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">-1.635</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.961</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">2.894</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.165<break/> (0.030 - 1.283)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.089</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pre-operative inferolateral wall thickness &gt; 15.5 mm</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">-2.541</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">1.153</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">4.861</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.079<break/> (0.008 - 0.754)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">0.027</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3">
<p>HCMSCD: hypertrophic cardiomypathy risk of sudden cardiac death; OR: odds ratio; Cl: confidence interval.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) resistant to medical treatment can be treated surgically and percutaneously. The mortality of percutaneous intervention is as low as surgical intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Predictors of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death after percutaneous ASA have not been clearly determined. There have been some studies on the postprocedural use of the HCMSCD risk score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It is also a matter of debate whether the septal scar created in the procedure will be a predictor of arrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>The fact that ventricular arrhythmias were not observed in patients without postprocedural total atrioventricular block makes the postprocedural block a natural predictor of ventricular arrhythmias. The pacemaker, which has no therapeutic properties, has been used in the treatment of HOCM for many years due to the dyssynchrony it creates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> According to the results of our study, if the HOCM patient needs a pacemaker, ICD implantation would be appropriate.</p>
<p>In our study, left ventricular posterior wall thickness was found to be better than the HCMSCD risk score in terms of predicting postprocedural arrhythmia. This suggests that postprocedural arrhythmia may not be scar-related but may be due to hyperkineticism similar to Mitral valve prolapsus.</p>
<sec>
<title>Limitations</title>
<p>It was a retrospective and single-center study.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Left ventricular inferolateral wall thickness is an independent predictor of ventricular arrhythmia after ASA (Central Illustration). It can be used in postprocedural patient follow-up and ICD decision-making. In addition, large studies in which the cause of ventricular arrhythmia is revealed by electrophysiological study or magnetic resonance imaging in patients who experience arrhythmia after the procedure are needed.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<label>Study Association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Tip Fakultesi under the protocol number 2023/40-11. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240013</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Novo Preditor de Arritmia Ventricular Após Ablação Septal Alcoólica: Espessura da Parede Inferolateral Pré-Operatória</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4711-8538</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Başkurt</surname><given-names>Ahmet Anıl</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística e redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Çolak</surname><given-names>Ayşe</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Kumral</surname><given-names>Zeynep</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5762-1383</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Yılancıoğlu</surname><given-names>Reşit Yiğit</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Dursun</surname><given-names>Hüseyin</given-names></name>
<role>práticas processuais</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3557-1682</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Turan</surname><given-names>Oğuzhan Ekrem</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Özpelit</surname><given-names>Ebru</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>realização de ecocardiograma</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Özcan</surname><given-names>Emin Evren</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Badak</surname><given-names>Özer</given-names></name>
<role>operação</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1061-5589</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Göldeli</surname><given-names>Özhan</given-names></name>
<role>operação</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="TR">Turquia</country>
<institution content-type="original">Bakircay Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Izmir – Turquia</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="TR">Turquia</country>
<institution content-type="original">Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Izmir – Turquia</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Ahmet Anıl Başkurt</bold> • Bakircay Universitesi Tip Fakultesi. Günerli mah 2026 sok infinity sitesi, 2c. Izmir – Turquia E-mail: <email>a.baskurt@windowslive.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Introdução:</title>
<p>Foram identificados preditores de arritmias e morte cardíaca súbita em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH). No entanto, não foram validados após ablação septal alcoólica (ASA), uma vez que há uma escassez de dados sobre a predição da ocorrência de arritmia após o procedimento.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivos:</title>
<p>Analisar retrospectivamente pacientes submetidos à ASA e determinar os preditores de arritmia ventricular pós-operatória.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Pacientes e Metodologia:</title>
<p>Um total de 53 pacientes consecutivos com CMH, submetidos ao procedimento de ASA devido à obstrução sintomática da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE), foram inscritos retrospectivamente, apesar do tratamento médico tolerado ao máximo entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2022. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>A idade média dos pacientes foi de 56,45 anos e 55% eram do sexo masculino. Os pacientes foram submetidos à ASA bem-sucedida, com uma média de 1,76 cc de álcool sendo usada. Uma redução de 70,81% foi obtida nos gradientes da VSVE. Nenhum gradiente patológico da VSVE foi observado em nenhum paciente após o procedimento. Durante o acompanhamento pós-procedimento, o bloqueio atrioventricular total foi detectado em 12 pacientes e o implante de cardioversor desfibrilador implantável (CDI) foi realizado nesses pacientes. Quando pacientes com arritmias ventriculares pós ASA bem-sucedida foram comparados com um grupo sem procedimento, o escore de risco de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica de morte cardíaca súbita (HCMSCD) pré-operatório &gt; 6 e a espessura da parede inferolateral do ventrículo esquerdo pré-operatória foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os dois grupos (p: 0,049, p: 0,006, respectivamente). Quando a regressão multilogística foi realizada, a espessura da parede inferolateral do ventrículo esquerdo basal &gt; 15,5 mm foi considerada um fator de risco independente para arritmia ventricular pós ASA (p: 0,027).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusões:</title>
<p>A espessura da parede inferolateral do ventrículo esquerdo é um preditor independente de arritmia ventricular após ASA, podendo ser usada no acompanhamento pós-procedimento do paciente e na tomada de decisão para implantação do CDI.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd>Arritmias Cardíacas</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica</kwd>
<kwd>Desfibriladores Implantáveis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f4">
<caption>
<title>ASA: ablação septal alcoólica</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240013-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) é uma doença cardíaca genética comum relatada em populações em todo o mundo. Herdada em um padrão autossômico dominante,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> a fisiopatologia da CMH consiste na obstrução dinâmica da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE), regurgitação mitral (RM), disfunção diastólica, isquemia miocárdica, arritmias e disfunção autonômica. Para um determinado paciente com CMH, o resultado clínico pode ser dominado por um desses componentes ou pode ser o resultado de uma interação complexa entre eles. Um total de 30% a 40% apresentará eventos adversos, incluindo: 1) sintomas limitantes progressivos devido à VSVE ou disfunção diastólica, 2) eventos de morte súbita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>O tratamento farmacológico é o primeiro passo no tratamento dos sintomas para redução da VSVE. Em pacientes cujos sintomas persistem apesar do tratamento farmacológico, é recomendada a terapia de redução septal (TRS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A TRS é ablação septal alcoólica (ASA) ou miectomia cirúrgica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em termos de morte súbita, as diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC) de 2014 recomendam o modelo HCM Risk-SCD que, no entanto, não foi validado após procedimento de ASA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O objetivo do nosso estudo foi analisar retrospectivamente pacientes submetidos à ASA e determinar os preditores de arritmia ventricular pós-operatória.</p>
<sec>
<title>Pacientes e métodos</title>
<p>Incluímos todos os pacientes com ASA realizada com sucesso em nosso hospital. Um total de 53 pacientes consecutivos com CMH, submetidos ao procedimento de ASA devido à obstrução sintomática da VSVE, foram inscritos retrospectivamente, apesar do tratamento médico tolerado ao máximo entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2022.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Procedimento</title>
<p>Indicações e procedimentos para ASA.</p>
<p>Critérios de inclusão:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Pacientes ainda gravemente sintomáticos (falta de ar, angina ou síncope etc.) com NYHA III-IV, apesar de receberem tratamento farmacológico por pelo menos um mês.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Um gradiente de VSVE de &gt; 50 mmHg foi detectado ecocardiograficamente ou durante o cateterismo em repouso ou após provocação de exercício.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Paciente com anatomia da artéria septal que permita a injeção de álcool na possível seção apropriada da VSVE no exame angiográfico coronário.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Pacientes que deram consentimento voluntário após serem informados sobre os resultados de curto e longo prazo do procedimento.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Após os casos com indicações apropriadas serem levados ao laboratório de cateterismo, uma bainha 7F foi colocada na artéria femoral bilateral e na veia femoral direita sob anestesia local. Em todos os casos, o eletrodo de marcapasso temporário foi testado após ser colocado no ápice do ventrículo direito e fixado à região femoral com suturas, deixando-o pronto para ser ativado quando necessário.</p>
<p>Após administração sistêmica de heparina na dose de 60/U/kg, um cateter &quot;pigtail&quot; ou &quot;multipurpose&quot; foi colocado na parte apropriada do ventrículo esquerdo. Em seguida, a artéria coronária esquerda foi canulada com um cateter-guia de Judkins esquerdo 7F.</p>
<p>Usando dois sistemas de medição de pressão diferentes simultaneamente, o gradiente da VSVE foi registrado em repouso, a fim de monitorar as alterações após inspiração profunda, manobra de Valsalva e extrassístole. O 1°, 2° ou 3° ramos perfurantes septais, respectivamente, determinados como o possível vaso alvo nas imagens da artéria coronária esquerda, obtidas em pelo menos duas poses diferentes, foram cateterizados usando um balão &quot;over the wire&quot; de 1,5 x 15-18 mm. Após o balão ser inflado com pressão de 6-8 atm., o fio foi removido. Primeiramente, 1-2 cc de material de contraste foram lentamente injetados do lúmen distal do cateter balão para verificar se a artéria septal apropriada estava em posição ou se havia vazamento de contraste. Após a posição do balão ser considerada estável e apropriada, a mistura isotônica de cloreto de sódio e meio de contraste foi agitada usando dois injetores de 10 cc e acionamento triplo para ser administrada através do lúmen do cateter balão. Aproximadamente 2-4 cc desta mistura foram administrados lentamente a partir da extremidade distal do cateter enquanto examinávamos se a parte basal do septo interventricular e, especialmente, a área em contato com a válvula mitral, durante seu movimento sistólico para frente, eram coradas na ecocardiografia transtorácica, realizada durante o procedimento.</p>
<p>Além deste processo de determinação de localização, foi verificado em cada caso se o contraste administrado se espalhava para áreas diferentes da área alvo. Enquanto os pacientes são cuidadosamente monitorados rítmica e hemodinamicamente, enquanto o possível deslocamento do balão na artéria septal é monitorado por fluoroscopia, álcool etílico puro a 0,95% é administrado a 1 mL/min, em um total de 2 doses, dependendo da largura da artéria septal e do septo e do julgamento do cirurgião. Foram administrados 4 ml. Após a conclusão da injeção de álcool, o balão da artéria septal foi mantido inflado por aproximadamente 10 minutos. Enquanto isso, o fluxo na artéria coronária esquerda foi controlado com injeção de contraste. Após o procedimento, o balão foi desinflado e as injeções de controle na artéria coronária esquerda confirmaram que o fluxo da artéria septal havia diminuído significativamente ou desaparecido em todos os casos. Após cada injeção, o gradiente da VSVE foi registrado novamente em repouso e provocativamente pós-extrassístole. Quando mais de 50% de redução no gradiente do cateter foi observada após o procedimento, este era considerado bem-sucedido e encerrado. Após o procedimento, nenhum tratamento adicional foi dado aos pacientes. O ritmo e o monitoramento hemodinâmico continuaram na unidade de terapia intensiva por pelo menos 24 horas após o tratamento.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Análise estatística</title>
<p>Os dados foram avaliados no programa SPSS 22.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, EUA). A distribuição normal das variáveis foi avaliada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, e a homogeneidade da variância foi avaliada usando o teste de Levene. Todas as variáveis contínuas apresentaram distribuição normal. Os dados determinados pela medição foram apresentados como média e desvio padrão para aqueles com distribuição normal. O teste <italic>t</italic> não pareado foi usado na análise estatística desses dados. Os dados categóricos foram mostrados como frequências absolutas e relativas e na análise estatística, o teste Ç<sup>2</sup> ou o teste exato de Fisher foi usado, conforme apropriado. As variáveis foram analisadas em um intervalo de confiança de 95%, e <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo. A análise da característica operacional do receptor (COR) foi usada para os cálculos da área sob a curva (ASC). O método de regressão logística multinominal foi usado para determinar preditores independentes.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>A idade média dos pacientes foi de 56,45 anos e 55% eram do sexo masculino. 38% dos pacientes tinham hipertensão e 15% tinham diabetes mellitus. 38% dos pacientes tinham histórico familiar de morte súbita. Os dados demográficos basais dos pacientes são apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Dados demográficos basais dos pacientes</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">(n:53)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos, média ± DP)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">56,45 ± 12,07</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo: masculino, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">30 (54,7%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertensão, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20 (37,7%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (15,1%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Acompanhamento (meses, média ± DP)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">75,60 ± 3,44</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">47 (88,7%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">CCB, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (15,1%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE, % ± DP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">63,77 ± 4,52</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">IVS, mm ± DP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">21,89 ± 3,29</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">ILW, mm ± DP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14,59 ± 3,79</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LA, mm ± DP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">45,53 ± 5,48</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,84 ± 0,33</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Escore HCMSCD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7,02 ± 6,68</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Gradiente de VSVE, mm-Hg</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">95,62 ± 48,15</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN4">
<p>VSVE: via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo; DP: desvio padrão; CCB: bloqueador de canal de cálcio; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IVS: septo interventricular; ILW: parede ínfero-lateral; AE: átrio esquerdo; HCMSCD: cardiomipatia hipertrófica risco de morte súbita cardíaca.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Os pacientes foram submetidos à ASA bem-sucedida, com uma média de 1,76 cc de álcool sendo usada. Uma redução de 70,81% foi obtida nos gradientes da VSVE. Nenhum gradiente patológico da VSVE foi observado nos pacientes após o procedimento. Durante o acompanhamento pós-procedimento, o bloqueio atrioventricular total foi detectado em 12 pacientes e o implante de cardioversor desfibrilador implantável (CDI) foi realizado nesses pacientes. Os programas terapêuticos com CDI desses pacientes foram realizados de acordo com a profilaxia primária padrão. O acompanhamento médio após o procedimento foi de 75,60 meses. Ao todo, sete desses 12 pacientes tinham arritmias ventriculares.</p>
<p>Quando pacientes com arritmias ventriculares pós ASA bem-sucedida foram comparados com um grupo sem procedimento, o escore HCMSCD pré-operatório &gt; 6 e a espessura da parede inferolateral do ventrículo esquerdo pré-operatória foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os dois grupos (p: 0,049, p: 0,006, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t5">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Comparação de pacientes com e sem arritmias ventriculares</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">(n: 46)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">(n: 7)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Valor-p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos, média ± DP)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">50,00 ± 14,35</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">57,43 ± 11,56</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,130</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo: masculino, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20 (44%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (57%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,391</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertensão, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">19 (41%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (14%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,171</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (3%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (28%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,283</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Escore de risco HCMSCD &gt; 6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14 (30%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (71%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,049</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE, % ± DP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">63,65 ± 4,53</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">64,71 ± 4,72</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,568</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">IVS, mm ± DP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">21,82 ± 3,05</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22,29 ± 4,89</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,734</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">ILW, mm ± DP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14,04 ± 3,37</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18,15 ± 4,67</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LA, mm ± DP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">45,54 ± 5,76</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">45,43 ± 3,36</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,959</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,84 ± 0,35</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,81 ± 0,13</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,851</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Gradiente de VSVE, mm-Hg</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">95,00 ± 45,92</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">99,71 ± 65,24</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,812</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN5">
<p>VSVE: via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IVS: septo interventricular; ILW: parede ínfero-lateral; AE: átrio esquerdo; HCMSCD: cardiomipatia hipertrófica risco de morte súbita cardíaca.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>A análise de COR foi realizada para encontrar o valor preditivo da espessura da parede inferolateral do ventrículo esquerdo pré-operatória e o valor preditivo foi de 15,5 mm (ASC: 0,764; sensibilidade: 0,857; especificidade: 0,696) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Curva de COR. COR: característica operacional do receptor.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-03-e20240013-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Quando a regressão multilogística foi realizada, a espessura da parede inferolateral do ventrículo esquerdo basal &gt; 15,5 mm foi considerada um fator de risco independente para arritmia ventricular pós ASA (p: 0.027) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t6">
<label>Tabela 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Regressão logística multinominal para arritmia ventricular pós ASA</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="17%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">B</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">S.E.</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Wald</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">OR (IC de 95%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">P</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Escore de risco HCMSCD &gt; 6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-1,635</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,961</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2,894</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,165<break/> (0,030 - 1,283)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,089</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Espessura da parede inferolateral pré-operatória &gt; 15,5 mm</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-2,541</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,153</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4,861</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,079<break/> (0,008 - 0,754)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,027</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN6">
<p>HCMSCD: cardiomipatia hipertrófica risco de morte súbita cardíaca; OR: razão de chances; IC: intervalo de confiança.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva (CMHO) resistente ao tratamento médico pode ser tratada cirurgicamente e percutaneamente. A mortalidade da intervenção percutânea é tão baixa quanto a da intervenção cirúrgica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os preditores de arritmia e morte cardíaca súbita pós ASA percutânea não foram claramente determinados. Alguns estudos foram realizados sobre o uso pós-procedimento do escore de risco HCMSCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Além disso, muito se discute se a cicatriz septal criada no procedimento seria um preditor de arritmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>O fato de que arritmias ventriculares não foram observadas em pacientes sem bloqueio atrioventricular total pós-procedimento torna o bloqueio pós-procedimento um preditor natural de arritmias ventriculares. O marcapasso, que não apresenta propriedades terapêuticas, tem sido usado no tratamento da CMHO por muitos anos devido à dissincronia criada por ele.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> De acordo com os resultados do nosso estudo, se o paciente com CMHO precisar de um marcapasso, seria apropriado o implante de CDI.</p>
<p>Em nosso estudo, a espessura da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo foi considerada melhor do que o escore de risco de HCMSCD como fator preditor de arritmia pós-procedimento. Isso sugere que a arritmia pós-procedimento pode não estar relacionada à cicatriz, mas pode surgir devido ao hipercinetismo semelhante ao prolapso da válvula mitral.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Limitações</title>
<p>Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo e de centro único.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>A espessura da parede inferolateral do ventrículo esquerdo é um preditor independente de arritmia ventricular pós ASA (Figura Central), podendo ser usada no acompanhamento pós-procedimento do paciente e na tomada de decisão para implantação do CDI. Além disso, existe a necessidade de estudos grandes, nos quais a causa da arritmia ventricular seja revelada por análise eletrofisiológica ou ressonância magnética em pacientes com arritmia pós procedimento.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Tip Fakultesi sob o número de protocolo 2023/40-11. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
