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<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240038i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240038i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>One-Dimensional Echocardiography: Still Needed or Already Outdated?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="editor">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6435-1248</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Morcerf</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Antonio de Portugal</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Ecor Ecocardiografia Ltda</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Ecor Ecocardiografia Ltda, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailling Address: Fernando Antonio de Portugal Morcerf</bold> • Ecor Ecocardiografia Ltda, Ecocardiografia. Av. das Américas, 4801, sala 215. Postal code: <postal-code>22631-004</postal-code>. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: <email>fadpmorcerf@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>37</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20240038</elocation-id>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiac Imaging Techniques</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="38"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>There is a widespread lack of knowledge about one-dimensional echocardiography (M-mode) by the current generation of echocardiographers. Has two-dimensional echocardiography (B-mode) and Doppler made M-mode outdated? M-mode provides information that cannot be obtained by using B-mode or even Doppler—be it spectral, color, or tissue Doppler—for two reasons: <list list-type="order">
				<list-item>
					<p>M-mode provides temporal resolution of a structure at 2,000 frames per second, whereas B-mode provides only 30–100 frames per second. Sudden movement or amplitude definition is compromised on B-mode, but not on M-mode;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Doppler defines the velocity of the flow, whereas the temporal variations of a structure visualized via M-mode show the volumetric changes of that flow.</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
		</p>
		<p>Now let us consider some conditions that can only be detected by M-mode and not by B-mode or Doppler, which can aid in the diagnosis via B-mode or in the understanding of pathologies.</p>
		<p>In <bold>left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction</bold>, approximately 70% of LV filling occurs in the first third of diastole, the so-called rapid filling period of the LV. In impaired relaxation, this initial flow is slowed, and ventricular filling occurs predominantly in the last two-thirds of diastole at the expense of atrial contraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> M-mode continuously displays the left atrium (LA) in a left parasternal section behind the aorta from the end of LV ejection, when it is at its largest, to after atrial contraction, when it is at its smallest diameter. In this way, it is possible to determine whether LA emptying (and thus LV filling) occurs mainly in the first-third of diastole or in the last two-thirds. If it occurs in the last two-thirds, the rapid filling phase of the LV is absent, which suggests an impaired relaxation. This is also seen in the region where the posterior valve merges with the mitral annulus, forming a prominence between the ventricular and atrial walls. This elevation, seen on M-mode, is pulled toward the apex during systole and returns to its original position at the end of diastole. This return occurs as the LV relaxes. If it returns less in the first third and more in the last two-third, LV relaxation is impaired. The key point is not the rate of return (detectable by tissue Doppler imaging), but rather the percentage of displacement indicative of LV cavity filling, taking as reference the amplitude of this systolic displacement in the patient rather than a value from a studied population. If relaxation is defined as abnormal on M-mode, it is considered pseudonormal if Doppler appears normal.</p>
		<p>As LV end-diastolic pressure increases, the mitral valve closing motion may shows an interruption of this displacement, forming a plateau (point B).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In <bold>LV systolic dysfunction</bold>, there is a separation of the mitral E point from the interventricular septum (IVS) greater than 6 mm, or a &quot;tilted pine tree&quot; appearance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Aortic valve tends to close even during ejection at low output. These details are not captured by the low temporal resolution of B-mode.</p>
		<p><bold>Left bundle branch block (LBBB)</bold><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> alters the motion of the IVS. In the pre-ejection period, the IVS has a rapid posterior motion that occurs before the posterior wall moves. This is followed by a wide anterior displacement during ejection. At the end of ejection, the septum moves back posteriorly.</p>
		<p>Type B <bold>Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW)</bold><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> is characterized by abnormal septal motion similar to LBBB. In type A WPW, the IVS moves normally, and the posterior wall has premature contraction followed by normal anterior motion during the ejection phase. Relaxation of this wall may occurs in two phases: an early phase and a late one.</p>
		<p><bold>Proper identification of chordae tendineae</bold> is important because they can be confused with the posterior wall endocardium if they originate from this wall, leading to underestimation of the ventricular cavity diameter and overestimation of the posterior wall thickness. On M-mode, the chordae tendineae have a smaller amplitude of systolic motion than the endocardium, resulting in a less steep trace compared to the endocardium. Thus, at the end of systole, the chordae tendineae are closer to the endocardium, where they may even touch; in diastole, they move apart. Despite these differences, it may not be possible to correctly separate these structures using B-mode.</p>
		<p>In <bold>right ventricular (RV) volume overload</bold>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> the IVS moves anteriorly into the RV cavity during systole, as opposed to its usual motion, which characterizes <bold>paradoxical motion</bold>. Paradoxical motion is better detected with M-mode than with B-mode.</p>
		<p>In <bold>pulmonary arterial hypertension</bold>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A-wave disappears on pulmonary valve M-mode, so even in patients without tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonary artery systolic pressure can be assessed to indicate pulmonary hypertension.</p>
		<p>In <bold>coronary artery disease</bold>, localized abnormalities of ventricular contraction in any wall cause diastolic tension to persist in that area for longer than in other regions of the myocardium. This causes the affected area to move inward into the LV cavity during the isovolumetric relaxation phase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Since both the aortic and mitral valves are closed during isovolumetric relaxation, the volume of the ventricular cavity cannot change; hence, corresponding to the inward movement of the affected area, other regions of the uninvolved walls expand to maintain the volume. This expansion causes the ventricular cavity to acquire a more circular configuration before the mitral valve opens, primarily through dilation of the basal regions of the LV. Consequently, valve opening occurs well after the posterior wall begins to move. Normally, valve opening and this movement occur almost simultaneously.</p>
		<p><bold>Acute aortic insufficiency</bold><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> results in premature closure of the mitral valve. Whereas in the chronic form, the LV gradually adapts to the increased diastolic volume, the acute form causes a significant increase in LV diastolic pressure, thus closing the mitral valve during diastole prior to the QRS complex. Acute aortic insufficiency is significant because, in chronic cases, the valve closes at its normal time irrespective of the severity of regurgitation.</p>
		<p>In <bold>mitral stenosis</bold>, the more severe the stenosis, the greater the reduction in E to F slope velocity of the anterior valve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The presence of an anterior valve A-wave are a good indication that the stenosis is mild.</p>
		<p>In <bold>mitral prolapse</bold>, in addition to the classic prolapse seen on M-mode, there are indirect signs that can help make this diagnosis in case of doubt on B-mode. One of these signs is the very posterior position of the mitral valve at the beginning of systole, intertwining with the posterior wall of the LV and preventing a perfect systolic visualization of the valves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Another indirect sign is the <bold>atypical systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve</bold>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> in which there is a disproportion between the length of the chordae tendineae and the length of the long axis of the LV cavity due to abnormal chordae elongation. Under these conditions, a portion of the chordae remains during systole and projects into the LV outflow tract due to the Venturi effect. In most cases where this type of motion is seen on M-mode, B-mode will show mitral valve prolapse or, on repeat study at another time, the classic pattern of valve prolapses.</p>
		<p>In <bold>ruptured chordae</bold>, short diastolic vibrations are observed in only a localized area of the mitral valve, during its opening detectable only on M-mode.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Systolic vibrations of the mitral valve may indicate chordae rupture secondary to infectious endocarditi.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In <bold>papillary muscle dysfunction</bold>, the valve appears normal or &quot;<bold>tilted pine tree</bold>&quot; on M-mode. This indicates LV dysfunction, not specifically papillary muscle dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The appearance of <bold>endocarditis vegetations</bold> on M-mode is that of localized thickening only in certain areas of the valve, with a fluffy characteristic, as if the image is blurred. The edges of these thickenings have an irregular appearance like torn paper.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> These two signs aid in the differential diagnosis with calcification or fibrosis, which appear as a strong, bright trace with smooth edges on M-mode. Because of its lower resolution, B-mode does not allow for these differentiations. In our experience, <bold>Lambl's excrescences</bold> can also be confused with vegetations on B-mode, but not on M-mode. Similar clinical scenarios include <bold>suture threads on prosthetic valve rings</bold>, mild <bold>calcifications or degenerative valve thickening</bold>, and <bold>papillary fibroelastomas</bold>.</p>
		<p>In <bold>dilated cardiomyopathy</bold>, the M-mode of the aorta and aortic valve shows changes because of the decreased ejection volume found in these cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The aortic walls move very little during ejection and the valves have a reduced opening. In more severe cases, the aortic valve tends to gradually close during systole because of the small ejection volume.</p>
		<p>In <bold>hypertrophic cardiomyopathies</bold> with a subaortic gradient, the mitral valve moves toward the IVS immediately after the onset of systole and enters the LV outflow tract, which is characterized by the so-called <bold>anterior systolic motion of the mitral valve (SAM)</bold>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Patients can be classified into three categories based on the presence and intensity of SAM: <list list-type="order">
				<list-item>
					<p>Patients with severe SAM, where it touches the IVS: These patients have a subaortic gradient.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Patients with mild SAM: There is no contact between the SAM and the IVS. There is no gradient in the LV, but SAM becomes more pronounced due to increased subaortic obstruction that occurs after maneuvers or certain medications.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Patients without SAM: These patients do not have subaortic obstruction.</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
		</p>
		<p><bold>Patients with mitral prolapse may have SAM</bold>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In such patients, SAM can be distinguished from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy because the anterior valve does not retract at the end of systole. The M-mode of the aortic valve is altered in approximately one-third of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> The aortic valves may show midsystolic closure followed by late systolic reopening; however, random movements of closure and reopening of these valves throughout the ejection phase are equally common. Midsystolic closure of the aortic valve is always associated with a subaortic gradient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
		<p>For <bold>prosthetic valves</bold>, M-mode enhances the ability to correlate events with the time factor and, because of its higher repetition frequency compared to B-mode, allows for a more detailed analysis of the fine movements of mechanical prostheses.</p>
		<p>In <bold>constrictive pericarditis</bold>, there is rapid motion of the IVS into the LV during early diastole with a characteristic sharp V-shaped appearance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> During inspiration, there is dilation of the RV and reduction of the LV.</p>
		<p>As the diastolic pressures of the RV and pulmonary artery equalize, the pulmonary valve may open early, partially or fully before the QRS complex.</p>
		<p>On M-mode, <bold>fixed membranous subaortic stenosis</bold> shows pathognomonic abnormalities of the aortic valve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> After opening, the aortic valve closes prematurely and remains semi-closed for the remainder of systole. This helps to differentiate fixed membranous subaortic stenosis from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, in which the closure occurs midsystolic and the valve reopens at the end of systole.</p>
		<p>In <bold>pulmonary stenosis</bold>, there is low pressure in the pulmonary artery and a strong right atrial contraction that raises RV end-diastolic pressure above pulmonary artery pressure, opening the pulmonary valve before ventricular ejection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In <bold>infundibular stenosis</bold>, the M-mode of the pulmonary valve RV shows systolic vibrations that extend for a long time into diastole.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> These oscillations are thought to be due to the turbulent jet impinging on the valves. The A-wave has normal amplitude in mild obstruction and disappears in severe obstruction.</p>
		<p>M-mode suggests the presence of <bold>Ebstein anomaly</bold> because the tricuspid valve is more easily visualized than the mitral valve. The tricuspid valve shows delayed closure compared to the mitral valve,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> which may also be seen in a <bold>ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm</bold> into the right atrium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240038</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Ecocardiografia Unidimensional: Ainda Necessária ou Já Obsoleta?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="editor">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6435-1248</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Morcerf</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Antonio de Portugal</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Ecor Ecocardiografia Ltda, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Fernando Antonio de Portugal Morcerf</bold> • Ecor Ecocardiografia Ltda, Ecocardiografia. Av. das Américas, 4801, sala 215. CEP: <postal-code>22631-004</postal-code>. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil. E-mail: <email>fadpmorcerf@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Técnicas de Imagem Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Doenças Cardiovasculares</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Há um desconhecimento generalizado da ecocardiografia unidimensional (E1D) pela geração atual de médicos ecocardiografistas. A ecocardiografia bidimensional (E2D) e o Doppler levaram a E1D a ser dispensável? A E1D obtém informações impossíveis de serem obtidas pela E2D ou mesmo pelo Doppler, seja espectral, colorido ou tissular, por dois motivos: <list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p>A E1D permite resolução temporal de uma estrutura de 2.000 imagens por segundo, ao passo que a E2D gera apenas 30–100 imagens. Movimentos bruscos ou definição de sua amplitude ficam prejudicados quando na E2D, o que não acontece na E1D;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>O Doppler define velocidade do fluxo, enquanto as variações temporais de uma estrutura visualizada por E1D demonstram as alterações volumétricas deste fluxo.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
			<p>Vejamos algumas das condições que podem ser somente detectadas por E1D, e não por E2D ou ao Doppler, que podem auxiliar o diagnóstico ao E2D ou ao melhor entendimento da patologia.</p>
			<p>Na <bold>disfunção diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE)</bold>, cerca de 70% do enchimento do VE ocorre no terço inicial da diástole, o assim chamado período de enchimento rápido do VE. Durante a diminuição do relaxamento, este fluxo inicial será lento e o enchimento ventricular ocorrerá predominantemente durante os dois terços finais da diástole à custa da contração atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A E1D mostra continuamente o átrio esquerdo (AE) em um corte, paraesternal esquerdo atrás da aorta, desde o final da ejeção do VE, quando este tem o seu maior tamanho, até após a contração atrial, quando tem o menor diâmetro. Assim, é possível identificar se o esvaziamento do AE (e assim o enchimento do VE) acontece principalmente no terço inicial da diástole ou nos dois terços finais. Caso nos dois terços finais, inexiste o período de enchimento rápido do VE e, portanto, há diminuição do relaxamento. Isso também é visto na região de inserção da válvula posterior, formando uma elevação, entre a parede ventricular e a atrial. Esta elevação, detectada na E1D, é puxada em direção apical na sístole e retorna para a posição inicial no final da diástole. Este retorno se faz à medida que o VE se relaxa. Caso retorne menos no terço inicial e mais no final, há relaxamento diminuído do VE. Reparem que o ponto chave não é a velocidade de retorno (detectável ao Doppler tecidual), mas sim o percentual do deslocamento indicativo do enchimento da cavidade do VE, tomando como referência a amplitude deste deslocamento sistólico do próprio paciente e não uma média e desvios padrões em uma população estudada. Definindo-se como anormal o relaxamento à E1D, caso o Doppler esteja normal, ele será pseudonormal.</p>
			<p>Se a pressão diastólica final do VE estiver aumentada, o movimento de fechamento da mitral pode registrar uma interrupção deste deslocamento, com a formação de um platô (ponto B).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Na <bold>disfunção sistólica do VE</bold>, há um afastamento do ponto E da mitral do septo interventricular (SIV) &gt; 6 mm; ou um aspecto em &quot;pinheiro tombado&quot;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A valva da aorta tende ao fechamento ainda durante a ejeção quando o débito está baixo. A diminuta resolução temporal do E2D não nota estes detalhes.</p>
			<p>O <bold>bloqueio do ramo esquerdo (BRE)</bold><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> modifica o movimento do SIV. Durante o período de pré-ejeção, o SIV tem rápido movimento posterior, que ocorre antes mesmo que a parede posterior se mova. Segue-se então um deslocamento anterior amplo durante a ejeção. Ao final da ejeção, o septo volta a se mover-se em direção posterior.</p>
			<p>A <bold>síndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW)</bold><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> tipo B apresenta movimento septal anormal semelhante ao BRE. No tipo A, o SIV se move-se normalmente e a parede posterior tem contração prematura seguida do movimento anterior normal na fase de ejeção. O relaxamento tem duas etapas, uma precoce e outra tardia.</p>
			<p>A <bold>correta identificação das cordas tendíneas</bold> é de grande importância, pois elas podem ser confundidas com o endocárdio da parede posterior quando se originam desta parede e não do músculo papilar, levando à subestima do diâmetro da cavidade ventricular e à superestima da espessura da parede posterior. À E1D, as cordas tendíneas têm menor amplitude de movimento sistólico que o endocárdio, levando a um traçado menos íngreme que a do endocárdio. Assim, as cordas tendíneas estão mais próximas do endocárdio durante o final da sístole, onde podem inclusive se tocarem; na diástole, se afastam. Apesar destas diferenças, pode não ser possível separar corretamente estas estruturas através da E2D.</p>
			<p>Nas <bold>sobrecargas volumétricas do ventrículo direito (VD),</bold><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> o SIV se movimenta-se em direção anterior durante a sístole, para dentro da cavidade do VD, contrário ao seu deslocamento normal, caracterizando o <bold>movimento paradoxal</bold>. O movimento paradoxal é melhor reconhecido usando a E1D do que a E2D.</p>
			<p>Na <bold>hipertensão arterial pulmonar</bold>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> a onda A desaparece durante a E1D da valva pulmonar, permitindo indicar se há ou não hipertensão pulmonar mesmo em pacientes sem regurgitação tricúspide para avaliar a pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar.</p>
			<p>Na <bold>doença coronária,</bold> anormalidades localizadas da contração ventricular em qualquer parede produzem persistência da tensão na diástole por mais tempo nessa área que em outras regiões do miocárdio. Isso leva a um movimento da área lesada em direção ao interior da cavidade ventricular esquerda durante a fase de relaxamento isovolumétrico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Como tanto a valva da aorta quanto a valva mitral, estão fechadas durante este período, o volume da cavidade ventricular não pode ser alterado; assim, em correspondência ao movimento para o interior da cavidade na área lesada, outras regiões das paredes não envolvidas se expandem, mantendo o mesmo volume. Essa expansão faz com que a cavidade ventricular adquira uma configuração mais circular antes da abertura da valva mitral, principalmente através da dilatação das regiões basais do VE. Desse modo, a abertura valvar ocorre muito após o início do movimento em direção posterior desta parede. O normal é que a abertura valvar e este movimento sejam quase simultâneos.</p>
			<p>A <bold>insuficiência aórtica aguda</bold><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> leva ao fechamento prematuro da valva mitral. Ao contrário da forma crônica, na qual o VE foi se acomodando pouco a pouco ao maior volume diastólico, a forma aguda produz uma grande elevação da pressão diastólica do VE, fechando a valva mitral ainda durante a diástole, antes do complexo QRS. A insuficiência aórtica é aguda e importante, pois em casos crônicos a valva se fecha em seu tempo normal, por mais grave que seja a regurgitação.</p>
			<p>Na <bold>estenose mitral</bold>, quanto mais grave, maior redução da velocidade de fechamento diastólico E-&gt;F da valva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Presença de onda A na válvula anterior é uma boa indicação de que a estenose é leve.</p>
			<p>No <bold>prolapso mitral</bold>, além do prolapso clássico à E1D, há os sinais indiretos que auxiliam este diagnóstico quando em dúvidas durante a E2D. Um destes sinais é a valva mitral situar-se em posição bastante posterior no início da sístole, se entrelaçando com a parede posterior do VE e impedindo uma visualização sistólica perfeita das válvulas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Outro sinal indireto é o <bold>movimento sistólico anterior atípico da mitral,</bold><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> no qual há uma desproporção entre o comprimento das cordas tendíneas e o comprimento do eixo maior da cavidade do VE por um alongamento anormal das cordas. Nestas condições, parte das cordas tendíneas fica sobrando durante a sístole e se projeta para o interior da via de saída do VE por força do efeito Venturi. Na grande maioria das vezes em que este tipo de movimento é visto durante a E1D, a E2D demonstra prolapso da valva mitral ou, então, ao repetir o exame em outra ocasião, demonstra o padrão clássico de prolapso valvar.</p>
			<p>Nas <bold>roturas de cordas tendíneas</bold>, em apenas um local restrito da valva mitral, notam-se vibrações diastólicas de curta duração durante a abertura da válvula apenas durante a E1D.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Raramente registram-se vibrações sistólicas da mitral que indiquem que a rotura das cordas tendíneas foi secundária à endocardite infecciosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Na <bold>disfunção de músculo papilar</bold>, a valva tem aspecto normal durante a E1D, ou lembra um &quot;<bold>pinheiro tombado</bold>&quot;. Isto indica disfunção ventricular esquerda, não, especificamente, do músculo papilar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O aspecto ao Uni das <bold>vegetações de endocardite</bold> durante a E1D é de um espessamento localizado em apenas certas áreas da valva, com característica algodoada, como se o traçado estivesse borrado. As bordas destes espessamentos têm um aspecto irregular semelhante ao papel rasgado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Estes dois sinais auxiliam no diagnóstico diferencial com <bold>calcificação ou fibrose</bold> que aparecem durante a E1D como um traço forte e brilhante com limites lisos. Por ter resolução inferior, a E2D não permite estas distinções. Em nossa experiência, as <bold>excrecências de Lambl</bold> também podem ser confundidas com vegetações durante a E2D, mas não durante a E1D. Quadros clínicos semelhantes incluem <bold>fios de sutura nos anéis das próteses valvares</bold>, discretas <bold>calcificações ou espessamentos valvares degenerativos</bold> e <bold>fibroelastomas papilíferos</bold>.</p>
			<p>Na <bold>miocardiopatia dilatada</bold>, a E1D da aorta e da valva da aorta apresenta modificações decorrentes da diminuição do volume de ejeção encontrado nestes casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> As paredes aórticas pouco se movimentam durante a ejeção, e as válvulas apresentam menor abertura. Nos casos mais graves, a valva da aorta tende a se fechar gradativamente durante a sístole, devido ao pequeno volume de ejeção.</p>
			<p>Nas <bold>miocardiopatias hipertróficas</bold> com gradiente subaórtico, logo após o início da sístole, a valva mitral se desloca em direção ao SIV, intrometendo-se na via de saída do VE, caracterizando o chamado <bold>movimento sistólico anterior da mitral (MSA)</bold>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> De acordo com a presença ou não do MSA e com sua intensidade, os pacientes podem ser divididos em três categorias: <list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p>Pacientes com MSA intenso, que toca o SIV: são aqueles que apresentam gradiente subaórtico.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Pacientes com MSA pequeno: não apresentam contato do MSA com o SIV. O VE não apresenta gradiente, mas ocorre aumento da obstrução subaórtica após o uso de manobras ou certas drogas.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Pacientes sem MSA: não apresentam obstrução subaórtica.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
			<p>Podemos encontrar <bold>MSA em pacientes com prolapso mitral</bold>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Nesses pacientes, o MSA pode ser diferenciado daquele da miocardiopatia hipertrófica, pois a válvula anterior não retorna para trás no final da sístole. A E1D da valva da aorta está alterado em cerca de um terço dos pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertrófica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> As válvulas aórticas podem apresentar fechamento mesossistólico seguido de reabertura telessistólica; porém, movimentos aleatórios de fechamento e reabertura dessas válvulas durante toda a fase de ejeção são encontrados com igual frequência. O fechamento mesossistólico da valva da aorta está sempre associado ao gradiente subaórtico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Nas <bold>próteses valvares</bold>, a E1D aumenta a possibilidade de correlacionar os eventos com o fator tempo e permite analisar com mais detalhes o movimento fino das próteses mecânicas por causa da sua frequência de repetição maior que a da E2D.</p>
			<p>Na <bold>pericardite constritiva</bold>, há deslocamento rápido do SIV para o interior do VE na protodiástole, com formato característico de V pontiagudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Durante a inspiração, há dilatação do VD e redução do VE.</p>
			<p>Devido à equalização das pressões diastólicas do VD e da artéria pulmonar, a valva pulmonar pode mostrar uma abertura precoce, encontrando-se parcial ou totalmente aberta antes do complexo QRS.</p>
			<p>Durante a E1D, a <bold>estenose subaórtica fixa membranosa</bold> mostra anormalidades na valva aórtica, sendo patognomônicas nesta valva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Após a valva da aorta se abrir, há um fechamento prematuro, permanecendo semifechada durante o restante da sístole. Isso ajuda a diferenciar a estenose subaórtica fixa membranosa da miocardiopatia hipertrófica, pois nesta o fechamento é mesossistólico e a valva reabre ao final da sístole.</p>
			<p>Na <bold>estenose pulmonar</bold>, há baixa pressão na artéria pulmonar e uma forte contração atrial direita que eleva a pressão diastólica final do VD acima da pressão nesta artéria, abrindo a valva do tronco pulmonar antes da ejeção ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Na <bold>estenose infundibular</bold>, a E1D da valva do tronco pulmonar apresenta vibrações sistólicas que se estendem por um longo período na diástole.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Acredita-se que estas vibrações sejam devidas ao jato turbulento incidindo nas válvulas. A onda A tem amplitude normal nos casos de obstrução leve e desaparece quando for importante.</p>
			<p>A E1D sugere a presença da <bold>doença de Ebstein</bold> devido à facilidade de se registrar a valva tricúspide mais facilmente que a mitral. A tricúspide apresenta um fechamento retardado em relação à mitral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> o que pode acontecer também na <bold>rotura do aneurisma do seio de Valsalva</bold> para o átrio direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
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