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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240036i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240036i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: A Rare Finding Identified by Vascular Ultrasonography</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-4977-4056</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Halsted Alarcão Gomes Pereira da</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4272-646X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Barros</surname><given-names>Fanilda Souto</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0793-6501</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Sandri</surname><given-names>João Luiz</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3438-0526</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Simone Nascimento dos</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital São Geraldo</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Juína</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MT</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Geraldo, Juína, MT – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Fanilda Barros</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Vitória</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Fanilda Barros, Vitória, ES – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">EMESCAM</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Vitória</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">EMESCAM, Vitória, ES – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">ECCOS</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">ECCOS, Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Simone Nascimento dos Santos</bold> • ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular. SMDB Conj 16 Lote 5 Casa A. Postal code: <postal-code>71680-160</postal-code>. Brasília, DF – Brazil E-mail: <email>simone.eccos@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>26</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240036</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>12</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>15</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>15</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Ultrassonografia das Artérias Carótidas</kwd>
<kwd>Artéria Carótida Externa</kwd>
<kwd>Fístula Arteriovenosa</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="8"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are abnormal arteriovenous communications located in the intracranial dura mater. The main supply arteries are generally the meningeal branches of the external carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and vertebral artery. Digital subtraction cerebral angiography continues to be the standard method for diagnosing dural AVFs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Vascular ultrasound (VUS) is highly accurate in the diagnosis of diseases that involve extracranial vessels, and the objective of this case report is to demonstrate that, by analyzing the flow in these arteries, it is possible to consider intracranial lesions that are not accessible on conventional Doppler.</p>
<sec>
<title>Case report</title>
<p>We report the case of a 72-year-old female patient who complained of a murmur and tinnitus in her left ear, which she described as &quot;the sound of a river running behind my ear,&quot; without association with vertigo, syncope, or loss of balance. She denied other noteworthy comorbidities. Clinical assessment carried out by the otorhinolaryngology team did not reveal any anatomical or functional changes. The patient was referred to the vascular echography laboratory for VUS study of the carotid and vertebral arteries.</p>
<p>VUS of the carotid and vertebral arteries was performed using Philips Ultrasound Epic 5 equipment (Philips Ultrasound<sup>®</sup>), with a 3–12 MHz multifrequency linear transducer, with the patient in the supine position.</p>
<p>No atherosclerotic lesions were found along the entire course of the arteries studied. However, the left external carotid artery (LECA) showed a relative increase in caliber, associated with the presence of low-resistance arterial flow, with high systolic and diastolic velocities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">B</xref>). Evaluating the LECA, cranially to the occipital region, the posterior auricular branch was observed to be dilated (0.52 cm) maintaining the same flow pattern as the left common carotid artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">B</xref>). These findings were not present in the contralateral external carotid artery.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Flow pattern shown in the branches of the left carotid artery. A) Spectral Doppler pattern with low-resistance arterial flow and high systolic and diastolic velocities in the LECA; B) Expected flow pattern in the LICA. LECA: left external carotid artery; LICA: left internal carotid artery.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240036-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>A) Left occipital artery with increased dimensions; B) Left posterior auricular artery with increased dimensions.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240036-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The velocimetric parameters found by the USV are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Velocities shown on spectral Doppler in the carotid system bilaterally.</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">PVS (cm/s)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">VDF (cm/s)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">RI</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">IP</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LICA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">102</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,72</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,32</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">LECA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">229</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">97</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,58</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,98</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">RICA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">99</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,64</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,20</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">RECA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">102</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,77</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,59</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>ACED: artéria carótida externa direita; ACEE: artéria carótida externa esquerda; ACID: artéria carótida interna direita; ACIE: artéria carótida interna esquerda; IP: índice de pulsatilidade; PVS: pico de velocidade sistólica; RI: índice de resistência; VDF: velocidade diastólica final.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Given these findings, the suspicion of the presence of an intracranial AVF was raised. The patient underwent cerebral arteriography, confirming the diagnosis of dural AVF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">B</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Digital cerebral arteriography. A) Dural AVF (purple arrows) originating from both the occipital artery and the middle meningeal artery (red arrows); B) Communication of the fistula with the dural venous sinus is observed. AVF: arteriovenous fistula; LECA: left external carotid artery; LICA: left internal carotid artery.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240036-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The conduct adopted was observation alone, without indicating intervention. The patient&apos;s symptoms improved, and, approximately 4 years later, she was referred for VUS, which showed normalization of the parameters described in the prior examination (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Images comparing the spectral Doppler velocity patterns evaluating the LECA in 2009 (A) and 2013 (B), showing a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic velocities and an increase in the RI in this segment. EDV: end-diastolic velocity; LECA: left external carotid artery; PI: pulsatility index; PSV: peak systolic velocity; RI: resistance index.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240036-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>Intracranial dural AVFs can occur anywhere within the dura mater. They mostly involve the transverse, sigmoid, or cavernous sinuses. Symptoms can range from pulsatile tinnitus, murmur, and headache to epileptic seizures and transient or permanent neurological deficit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Dural AVFs are mainly supplied by the occipital artery and meningeal branches of the external carotid artery. The tentorial and dural branches of the internal carotid artery and the vertebral artery may contribute to the blood supply of the AVFs less frequently.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>AVFs lead to reduced vascular resistance and increased blood flow in the carotid arteries due to the direct diversion of their branches to the venous sinuses. There is a subsequent increase in systolic and diastolic velocities and a reduction in the resistance index (RI) and the pulsatility index in the extracranial carotid arteries, especially the external carotid artery, given that, in the vast majority of cases, one of its branches is the one that connects with the venous sinus. These repercussions can be identified by VUS, which is thus considered the first-line test in the investigation of dural AVFs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>With the aim of validating the diagnostic accuracy of VUS in diagnosing dural AVFs, Tsai LK et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> compared Doppler velocimetry parameters with cerebral arteriography, in 35 patients with dural AVF versus 64 without dural AVF. The parameters evaluated by VUS were peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, and RI. The RI of the external carotid artery was the best parameter for correlation with angiographic presence of dural AVF. The cutoff points for RI of 0.72 on the right and 0.71 on the left showed better accuracy (sensitivity 74%, specificity 89%, positive predictive value 79%, and negative predictive value 86%), as a predictor of dural AVF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Transcranial Doppler with or without contrast is a technique that also makes it possible to evaluate hemodynamic changes before and after occlusion of the dural AVF.</p>
<p>The increase in systolic and diastolic velocities found in the external carotid artery, as described in this case, raises the differential diagnosis with some situations, such as local obstructive lesion, occlusion of the internal carotid artery with internalization of flow in the ipsilateral external carotid artery, or occlusion of the contralateral internal carotid artery. All these possibilities were ruled out because real-time VUS did not demonstrate any of these situations. The external carotid artery is little investigated due to its low relationship with vascular events; nonetheless, it is important for the sonographer to pay attention to changes in wave patterns, as they reflect the intracranial status in several brain diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>VUS is a reliable screening test for the diagnosis of dural AVF, and the sonographer must pay attention to the wave patterns of extracranial vessels, as they may indirectly reflect intracranial abnormalities.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<mixed-citation>Schreiber SJ, Diehl RR, Weber W, Henkes H, Nahser HC, Lehmann R, et al. Doppler Sonographic Evaluation of Shunts in Patients with Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(5):775-80.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Harrer</surname><given-names>JU</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Popescu</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Henkes</surname><given-names>HH</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Klötzsch</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Assessment of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae by Transcranial Color-coded Duplex Sonography</article-title>
<source>Stroke</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>976</fpage>
<lpage>979</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.STR.0000162586.55769.fb</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Harrer JU, Popescu O, Henkes HH, Klötzsch C. Assessment of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae by Transcranial Color-coded Duplex Sonography. Stroke. 2005;36(5):976-9. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000162586.55769.fb.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240036</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Fístula Arteriovenosa Dural: Um Raro Achado Identificado pela Ultrassonografia Vascular</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-4977-4056</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Halsted Alarcão Gomes Pereira da</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4272-646X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Barros</surname><given-names>Fanilda Souto</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0793-6501</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Sandri</surname><given-names>João Luiz</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3438-0526</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Simone Nascimento dos</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>5</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Juína</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MT</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Geraldo, Juína, MT – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Vitória</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Fanilda Barros, Vitória, ES – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Vitória</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">EMESCAM, Vitória, ES – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">ECCOS, Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Simone Nascimento dos Santos</bold> • ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular. SMDB Conj 16 Lote 5 Casa A. CEP: <postal-code>71680-160</postal-code>. Brasília, DF – Brasil E-mail: <email>simone.eccos@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ultrassonografia das Artérias Carótidas</kwd>
<kwd>Artéria Carótida Externa</kwd>
<kwd>Fístula Arteriovenosa</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>As fístulas arteriovenosas (FAVs) durais intracranianas são comunicações arteriovenosas anormais localizadas na dura-máter intracraniana. As artérias de suprimento predominantes são geralmente os ramos meníngeos da artéria carótida externa, artéria carótida interna e artéria vertebral. A angiografia cerebral por subtração digital continua sendo o método padrão para o diagnóstico de FAVs durais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>A ultrassonografia vascular (USV) tem alta acurácia no diagnóstico das doenças que envolvem os vasos extracranianos e o objetivo deste relato de caso é demonstrar que, pela análise do fluxo nestas artérias, é possível atentar-se para lesões intracranianas não acessíveis ao Doppler convencional.</p>
<sec>
<title>Relato de caso</title>
<p>Trata-se de paciente do sexo feminino, com 72 anos, apresentando queixas de sopro e zumbido no ouvido esquerdo, descrito por ela como &quot;o barulho de um rio passando por trás da orelha&quot;, sem associação com vertigens, síncope ou perda do equilíbrio. Negava outras comorbidades dignas de nota. A avaliação clínica realizada pela equipe de otorrinolaringologia não evidenciou alterações anatômicas ou funcionais. A paciente foi encaminhada ao laboratório de ecografia vascular para o estudo com USV das artérias carótidas e vertebrais.</p>
<p>O USV das carótidas e vertebrais foi realizado com o equipamento Philips Ultrasound Epic 5 (Philips Ultrasound<sup>®</sup>), com transdutor linear multifrequencial 3-12 MHz, e a paciente em decúbito dorsal.</p>
<p>Não foram encontradas lesões ateroscleróticas ao longo de todo o trajeto das artérias estudadas. No entanto, a artéria carótida externa esquerda (ACEE) apresentava aumento relativo no seu calibre, associado à presença de fluxo arterial de baixa resistência, com altas velocidades sistodiastólicas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1 A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">B</xref>). Avaliando-se a ACEE, em sentido cranial até a região occipital, observou-se que o ramo retro auricular apresentava-se dilatado (0,52 cm) mantendo o mesmo padrão de fluxo da artéria carótida comum esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2 A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">B</xref>). Estes achados não foram encontrados na carótida externa contralateral.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Padrão de fluxo evidenciado nos ramos da artéria carótida esquerda. A) Padrão de Doppler espectral com um fluxo arterial de baixa resistência e altas velocidades sistodiastólicas na ACEE; B) Padrão de fluxo esperado para a ACIE. ACEE: artéria carótida externa esquerda; ACIE: artéria carótida interna esquerda.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240036-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>A: Artéria occipital esquerda com dimensões aumentadas. B: Artéria retroauricular esquerda com dimensões aumentadas.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240036-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Os parâmetros velocimétricos encontrados pelo USV são descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Velocidades evidenciadas ao Doppler espectral no sistema carotídeo bilateralmente.</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">PVS (cm/s)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">VDF (cm/s)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">RI</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">IP</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">ACIE</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">102</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,72</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,32</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">ACEE</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">229</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">97</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,58</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,98</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">ACID</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">99</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,64</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,20</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">ACED</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">102</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,77</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,59</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2">
<p>ACED: artéria carótida externa direita; ACEE: artéria carótida externa esquerda; ACID: artéria carótida interna direita; ACIE: artéria carótida interna esquerda; IP: índice de pulsatilidade; PVS: pico de velocidade sistólica; RI: índice de resistência; VDF: velocidade diastólica final.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Diante destes achados levantou-se a suspeita da presença de FAV intracraniana. A paciente foi submetida à arteriografia cerebral confirmando o diagnóstico de FAV dural (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3 A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">B</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Arteriografia digital cerebral. A) FAV dural (setas roxas) originando-se tanto da artéria occipital quanto da artéria meníngea média (setas vermelhas); B) Observa-se a comunicação da fístula com o seio venoso dural. ACEE: artéria carótida externa esquerda; ACIE: artéria carótida interna esquerda; FAV: fístula arteriovenosa.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240036-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A conduta adotada foi apenas a observação, sem indicação de intervenção. A paciente evoluiu com melhoras dos sintomas e, cerca de 4 anos depois, foi encaminhada para a realização da USV que evidenciou a normalização dos parâmetros descritos no exame anterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagens comparativas do padrão de velocidades ao Doppler espectral avaliando a ACEE em 2009 (A) e 2013 (B). Observa-se significativa redução das velocidades sistodiastólicas e aumento do índice de resistência nesse segmento. ACEE: artéria carótida externa esquerda; IP: índice de pulsatilidade; PVS: pico de velocidade sistólica; RI: índice de resistência; VDF: velocidade diastólica final.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240036-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>As FAVs durais intracranianas podem ocorrer em qualquer região dentro da dura-máter. Envolve mais os seios transverso, sigmoide ou cavernoso. Os sintomas podem variar desde zumbido pulsátil, sopro e cefaleia até convulsões epilépticas e déficit neurológico transitório ou permanente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>As FAVs durais são predominantemente irrigadas pela artéria occipital e ramos meníngeos da artéria carótida externa. Os ramos tentorial e dural da artéria carótida interna e da artéria vertebral podem contribuir para o suprimento sanguíneo das FAVs de forma menos frequente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>As FAVs levam à redução da resistência vascular e ao aumento do fluxo sanguíneo nas artérias carótidas devido ao desvio direto de seus ramos para os seios venosos. Ocorre, então, um aumento nas velocidades sistodiastólicas e redução no índice de resistência (IR) e no índice de pulsatilidade nas carótidas extracranianas, preferencialmente na carótida externa, pois, na grande maioria das vezes, um dos seus ramos é o que faz conexão com o seio venoso. Tais repercussões podem ser identificadas pela USV, sendo assim considerado o exame de primeira linha na investigação das FAVs durais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Com o intuito de validar a precisão diagnóstica da USV no diagnóstico de FAVs durais, Tsai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> compararam os parâmetros velocimétricos ao Doppler com a arteriografia cerebral, em 35 pacientes com versus 64 pacientes sem FAV dural. Os parâmetros avaliados pela USV foram pico de velocidade sistólica, velocidade diastólica final e IR. O IR da artéria carótida externa foi o melhor parâmetro de correlação com a presença angiográfica da FAV dural. Os pontos de corte para IR de 0,72 à direita e 0,71 à esquerda apresentaram melhor acurácia (sensibilidade 74%, especificidade 89%, valor preditivo positivo 79% e valor preditivo negativo 86%), como preditor de FAV dural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>O Doppler transcraniano com ou sem contraste é uma técnica que também permite avaliar as alterações hemodinâmicas antes e após a oclusão da FAV dural.</p>
<p>O aumento das velocidades sistólica e diastólica encontrado na artéria carótida externa, como descrito neste caso, suscita o diagnóstico diferencial com algumas situações como: lesão obstrutiva local, oclusão da artéria carótida interna com internalização do fluxo na artéria carótida externa ipsilateral, ou oclusão da carótida interna contralateral. Todas estas possibilidades foram afastadas pela USV em tempo real não demonstrar nenhuma destas situações. A artéria carótida externa é pouco investigada devido à baixa relação com eventos vasculares, no entanto, é interessante que o ecografista esteja atento para mudanças nos padrões de ondas, pois estas refletem o status intracraniano em diversas doenças cerebrais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>A USV é um exame de triagem confiável para o diagnóstico da FAV dural, e o ecografista deve ficar atento aos padrões de onda dos vasos extracranianos visto que podem refletir, indiretamente, anormalidades intracranianas.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>