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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240035i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240035i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to Perform Echocardiographic Assessment during Cardiopulmonary Arrest</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-4467-9107</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Negri</surname>
						<given-names>Fátima Elizabeth Fonseca de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-6208-6789</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Negri</surname>
						<given-names>Alexandre Jorge de Andrade</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-2344-1244</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Negri</surname>
						<given-names>Alexandre Jorge de Andrade</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-9588-1021</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Negri</surname>
						<given-names>Taciana Assis Bezerra</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Paraíba</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Fátima Elizabeth Fonseca de Oliveira Negri</bold> • Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Campus I Lot. Cidade Universitária. Postal code: <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>. João Pessoa, PB – Brazil E-mail: <email>fatima.negri13@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>37</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20240035</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is one of the most common events encountered by health care professionals. Attempts to reverse it by performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) maneuvers still have very low success rates. Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) and asystole are associated with the worst outcomes. Major CPR guidelines emphasize the importance of identifying potentially treatable causes of CPA. Point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS), when performed in a systematic, orderly fashion (i.e., without delaying or interfering with other CPR maneuvers), may be important in this change in outcome because it is a diagnostic and prognostic tool used in a scenario where the physical examination is not always conclusive. In this context, the main applications of PoCUS include diagnosis of CPA, differential diagnosis between PEA and pseudo-PEA, and etiologic diagnosis. Several protocols have been developed to optimize the performance of cardiac PoCUS simultaneously with each central pulse check. Pulmonary, abdominal and vascular PoCUS should be performed during resuscitation maneuvers, as they do not interfere with these maneuvers. In addition, PoCUS should preferably be performed by a trained physician who is not actively involved in the resuscitation maneuvers so that the dynamics of CPR are maintained. PoCUS contributes to the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic care of patients suffering from CPA, especially in cases of PEA and asystole; however, there is still no robust evidence that the use of PoCUS reduces mortality among these patients.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Cardiorespiratory Arrest</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="17"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<caption>
							<title>CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation; PEA: pulseless electrical activity; PoCUS: point-of-care ultrasound.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240035-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is a common event that health care professionals are constantly confronted with in both the pre-hospital and in-hospital settings. However, CPA is particularly common in emergency units and intensive care units. Unfortunately, attempts to reverse CPA with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) maneuvers in these two settings still have very low success rates. Even if the actual death is reversed, the degree of disability of the survivors remains high. Regarding the initial electrical rhythm, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) and asystole are associated with the worst outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>What can be done to reduce failure and facilitate return of spontaneous circulation with good cardiocerebral viability? Major guidelines, including Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> stress the importance of identifying potentially treatable causes of CPA (e.g., pericardial tamponade, pneumothorax, and even pulmonary embolism [PE]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this context, echocardiography (ECO), when performed in a systematic, orderly fashion (i.e., without delaying or interfering with other CPR maneuvers), may be important to this change in outcomes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> as ECO is a diagnostic and prognostic tool used in a scenario where the physical examination may be inconclusive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, due to the need for agility in the diagnosis and management of acutely ill patients, ECO is typically performed by a non-specialist physician trained to perform it. Several international medical organizations recommend that physicians caring for critically ill patients acquire and develop the skills to perform bedside ultrasound examinations, including ECO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) is an examination with different characteristics from that performed by the echocardiographer. PoCUS is used to answer a well-defined question relevant to immediate patient care: &quot;Why did it stop?&quot;. PoCUS is not limited to evaluation of the heart, but also includes the lungs, abdomen, and vessels.</p>
			<p>The use of PoCUS during CPR should always be for the benefit of the patient. PoCUS should never interfere with systematic care, especially chest compressions, or the delivery of electrical defibrillation if indicated.</p>
			<p>Based on the chain of survival, PoCUS should be used at three moments: 1) prior to CPA, with the aim of preventing its occurrence; 2) during CPR, with the aim of elucidating its etiology and guiding its management; and 3) after the restoration of spontaneous circulation, with the aim of further detailing the patient's clinical condition and refining treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In this article, we will focus on PoCUS during CPR.</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Main indications of USIE in Peri-resuscitation. CPA: cardiopulmonary arrest; CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation; PEA: pulseless electrical activity.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240035-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<sec>
				<title>PoCUS during CPR</title>
				<p>PoCUS during CPR should be performed quickly and objectively by a trained physician, preferably one who is not actively involved in resuscitation maneuvers or time counting. Thus, the main uses of PoCUS are during 1) diagnosis of CPA, 2) differential diagnosis between PEA and pseudo-pulseless electrical activity (hereinafter referred to as pseudo-PEA), and 3) etiologic diagnosis.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diagnosis of CRP</title>
				<p>The clinical diagnosis of CPA is the identification of an unconscious, apneic patient with no central pulse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is well known that in practice it can be difficult to detect the absence of a central pulse by palpation, even by trained physicians, delaying the diagnosis of CPA and/or prematurely interrupting resuscitation maneuvers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> PoCUS allows rapid, accurate diagnosis through the vascular compression maneuver of the transducer, which completely collapses the carotid artery and jugular vein during CPA.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Differential diagnosis between PEA and pseudo-PEA</title>
					<p>One of the main goals of PoCUS during CPA is to improve resuscitation outcomes by identifying mechanical cardiac activity. In PEA, the patient presents with myocardial electrical activity without a palpable pulse and no identifiable mechanical cardiac activity by PoCUS. In pseudo-PEA, there is also myocardial electrical activity without a palpable pulse, but coordinated mechanical cardiac activity is visualized by performing PoCUS (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f5">Video 1</xref>). Distinguishing between these two diagnoses is not always easy without the aid of ultrasound.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This differential diagnosis is of utmost importance because the correct identification of pseudo-PEA leads to the adoption of the correct and specific treatment. The difference in prognosis between these two entities is very clear, as pseudo-PEA has a higher probability of return to spontaneous circulation than true PEA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					<media id="f5" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240035-m01.mp4">
						<label>Video 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Two-chamber apical view of a patient in cardiac arrest due to PEA caused by a mechanical complication of non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction occurring 24 hours after angioplasty. A mid-basal akinesia of the inferior wall is observed, associated with a rupture of the posteroinferior papillary muscle and weak cardiac motion, leading to the diagnosis of pseudo-PEA. Source: Case provided by Dr. Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0035_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0035_video_01.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Etiologic diagnosis of CRP and therapeutic management</title>
					<p>Because of its systemic and integrative use, PoCUS can be used to identify reversible causes of PEA and asystole, such as PE, cardiac tamponade, pneumothorax, and hypovolemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Such identification is performed not only by cardiac evaluation, but also by pulmonary, abdominal, and vascular evaluation.</p>
					<list list-type="alpha-lower">
						<list-item>
							<p>Pericardial tamponade: accounts for 4–15% of PEA cases. When pericardiocentesis is performed promptly, patients have a higher survival rate to hospital discharge (15.4%) compared to other causes of PEA (1.3%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The presence of pericardial effusion associated with right ventricular (RV) collapse is indicative of cardiac tamponade as the cause of CPA; however, hemodynamic effects (e.g., diastolic compression of the ventricles and ventilatory changes in Doppler velocities and inferior vena cava [IVC] diameter) can only be visualized in the presence of spontaneous circulation.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Pulmonary embolism: accounts for 4–7.6% of CPA cases. Survival to hospital discharge is 6.7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In this scenario, two findings can be quickly visualized by using PoCUS: a change in ventricular volume with a dilated right ventricle (RV) and a comparatively small left ventricle (LV) (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f6">Video 2</xref>). Upon return of spontaneous circulation, the presence of paradoxical movement of the interventricular septum is also observed.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Hypertensive pneumothorax: an extremely rare cause of nontraumatic CPA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Hypertensive pneumothorax can be diagnosed by performing bilateral pulmonary PoCUS, anterior to the chest, or by observing the absence of pleural slippage during CPR. The use of M-mode may be critical in identifying the stratosphere sign or barcode sign. In this case, needle decompression or thoracostomy may be considered. Small, clinically insignificant pneumothoraces may result from rib fractures during CPR and do not necessarily require immediate intervention.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Hypovolemia: suggested by the appearance of flattened right and LVs in the subcostal or parasternal windows in addition to the presence of a virtually collapsed IVC and no ventilatory variability in its diameter upon return to spontaneous circulation.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<media id="f6" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240035-m02.mp4">
						<label>Video 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Apical 4-chamber view of a patient in cardiac arrest receiving chest compressions, considered to be of good quality. Right-sided chamber overload is observed, suggesting PE as the etiologic factor. The presence of an image suggestive of contrast is due to the injection of drugs through the central catheter. Source: Personal collection of the authors. Link <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0035_video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0035_video_02.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>PoCUS can also be useful for:</title>
					<list list-type="alpha-lower">
						<list-item>
							<p>identifying other mechanical cardiac complications, such as obstructive transvalvular flow due to tumors, thrombi, or vegetations;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>assessing the quality of chest compressions;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>identifying the presence or absence of cardiac kinetics during CPR; and</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>setting a prognosis.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Protocols</title>
				<p>The use of PoCUS in the care of a patient with CPA should be systematic, so that there is no delay in chest compressions or electrical defibrillation in cases where the baseline electrocardiographic rhythm is shockable. Several protocols have been developed to optimize the performance of cardiac PoCUS simultaneously with each central pulse check. Pulmonary, abdominal, and vascular PoCUSs should be performed during resuscitation maneuvers, as they do not interfere with these maneuvers.</p>
				<p>Protocols such as Focused Echocardiographic Evaluation in Resuscitation (FEER)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and Focused Echocardiographic Evaluation in Life Support (FEEL)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> focus solely on the heart. The Cardiac Arrest Ultra-Sound Exam (CAUSE)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> protocol adds pulmonary PoCUS to the initial echocardiographic assessment during CPR. The Cardiac Arrest Sonographic Assessment (CASA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> protocol adds abdominal PoCUS to the heart and lungs, if clinically indicated, by using the Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> protocol to look for evidence of free fluid in the abdominal cavity, such as from abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture or ectopic pregnancy.</p>
				<p>The Sequential Echographic Scanning Assessing Mechanism (SESAME)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> protocol, originally developed for patients with severe shock or imminent CPA, was quickly expanded to include established CPA situations. SESAME is a multiorgan protocol that examines the heart, lungs, abdomen, and deep proximal veins of the lower extremities by using a single transducer (microconvex) to acquire all images, optimizing examination and diagnostic time. The Global Ultrasound Check for the Critically Ill (GUCCI)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> protocol was developed for the use of ultrasound in acute respiratory failure, circulatory shock, and CPA and includes ultrasound-guided procedures. Similar to the SESAME protocol, GUCCI proposes a stepwise holistic approach by integrating cardiac, pulmonary, vascular, and abdominal PoCUSs.</p>
				<p>The Core Ultrasound in Resuscitation (CURE)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> protocol combines cardiac PoCUS with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) after a definitive airway has been established. CURE aims to reduce the interval between compressions by providing dynamic and continuous visualization of CPR, thereby guiding rescuers to improve chest compressions. CURE also provides better cardiac visualization, including assessment of the aorta. TEE appears to be superior in CPA because it does not interfere with CPR maneuvers; however, transthoracic echocardiography is most used due to its difficulty of access.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Our approach</title>
				<p>In our practice, we base our approach to performing PoCUS during CPR on the CASA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and GUCCI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> protocols with some adaptations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Central Illustration</xref>). First of all, we emphasize that the whole team should be aware that PoCUS will be used. PoCUS is mainly indicated in cases of PEA or asystole CPA and should preferably be performed by a trained physician who is not actively involved in performing resuscitation maneuvers, thus maintaining the dynamics of CPR.</p>
				<p>The PoCUS device should preferably be positioned next to the bed contralateral to the bed of the professionals performing chest compressions, so as not to interfere with the dynamics of their rotation. We emphasize that in all cases, cardiac PoCUS should be performed during the interval when chest compressions are paused to check the central pulse and should last 5–10 seconds to avoid delaying the resumption of chest compressions, whereas pulmonary, abdominal, and vascular PoCUSs should be performed during chest compressions and ventilation.</p>
				<p>All efforts should be focused on determining the cause of the CPA. The PoCUS algorithm in CPR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Central Illustration</xref>) systematizes the steps required to determine the cause of CPA:</p>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p>Position and turn on the ultrasound machine and have the transducer(s) ready to use (apply gel and deactivate freeze) while performing chest compressions. Position the transducer in the selected window. In the absence of gel, distilled water, saline, nonalcoholic chlorhexidine, or other noncorrosive solutions can be used, always following the technical guidelines of each equipment manufacturer. Remember to always activate the video recording function.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Within a timeframe of 10 seconds or less, during the interval when chest compressions are paused to check the central pulse, obtain the subcostal 4-chamber view to diagnose cardiac tamponade, which is suggested by the presence of pericardial effusion associated with RV collapse. If these changes are present, ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis should be performed. If this is not the diagnosis, the evaluation should continue.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>During the next 2 minutes, while performing CPR maneuvers, analyze the video obtained in the previous step (if the diagnosis has not been made) and perform pulmonary PoCUS to evaluate for pneumothorax; if pneumothorax is present, needle decompression or thoracostomy may be considered. Pulmonary PoCUS may also be used to evaluate bilateral lung ventilation. The absence of pleural slippage in only one hemithorax may be due to selective intubation of the contralateral lung.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>After 2 minutes of CPR, during the pulse check interval, if the cause of CPA has not yet been identified, place the transducer again in the subcostal or apical window, aiming to obtain the 4-chamber view, in which a dilated RV and a relatively smaller LV suggest the diagnosis of PE and allow for thrombolysis.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>During the next 2 minutes, while CPR maneuvers are being performed, the video obtained in the previous step should be analyzed (if the diagnosis has not yet been made). If PE is suspected, vascular PoCUS may be performed at this time to look for thrombosis to confirm the diagnosis.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>After 2 minutes of CPR, during the pulse check interval, if the cause of CPA has not yet been determined, repeat cardiac PoCUS through the parasternal window to look for any cardiac motion, which, if present and associated with electrical activity, will confirm the diagnosis of pseudo-PEA. If the patient has regained spontaneous circulation and the heart is hyperdynamic, the cause of CPA may have been hypovolemia.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>During the next 2 minutes, while CPR maneuvers are being performed, analyze the video obtained in the previous step and perform pulmonary PoCUS and the e-FAST protocol to diagnose hemothorax and/or look for free fluid in the abdominal cavity that would suggest hypovolemia as the cause of CPA.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>If none of these findings are present, look for other possible causes of CPA: hypovolemia, hypoxia, acidosis, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypothermia, coronary thrombosis, and toxins.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>PoCUS plays an important role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and appropriate therapeutic management of patients in CPA, especially in cases of asystole and PEA. However, it should be noted that the use of PoCUS should not compromise the provision of systematic care, especially chest compressions, or the administration of electrical defibrillation when indicated. Therefore, the use of PoCUS in CPR is already recommended. However, it has not yet been conclusively proven that the use of PoCUS reduces mortality in patients in CPA.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240035</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como Eu faço a Avaliação Ecocardiográfica Durante uma Parada Cardiorrespiratória</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-4467-9107</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Negri</surname>
						<given-names>Fátima Elizabeth Fonseca de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-6208-6789</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Negri</surname>
						<given-names>Alexandre Jorge de Andrade</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-2344-1244</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Negri</surname>
						<given-names>Alexandre Jorge de Andrade</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-9588-1021</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Negri</surname>
						<given-names>Taciana Assis Bezerra</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Fátima Elizabeth Fonseca de Oliveira Negri</bold> • Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Campus I Lot. Cidade Universitária. CEP: <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>. João Pessoa, PB – Brasil E-mail: <email>fatima.negri13@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é um dos mais prevalentes eventos enfrentados pelos profissionais da saúde. A tentativa da sua reversão, através das manobras de ressuscitação cardiorrespiratória (RCP), ainda apresenta taxas de sucesso muito reduzidas. Atividade elétrica sem pulso (AESP) e assistolia associam-se aos piores desfechos. As principais diretrizes ressaltam a importância de identificar potenciais causas tratáveis que levam à PCR. A ultrassonografia do intensivista e do emergencista (USIE), quando realizada de modo sistematizado e organizado (isto é, sem atrasar ou trazer prejuízo às demais condutas da RCP), pode ser importante para esta mudança de resultados, uma vez que se trata de uma ferramenta diagnóstica e prognóstica, utilizada em um cenário em que o exame físico nem sempre é conclusivo. Neste contexto, as principais aplicabilidades são: diagnóstico de PCR, diagnóstico diferencial entre AESP e pseudo-AESP e diagnóstico etiológico. Vários protocolos foram elaborados para otimizar a realização da USIE cardíaca simultaneamente a cada checagem do pulso central. A USIE pulmonar, abdominal e vascular devem ser realizadas durante as manobras de reanimação, pois não interferem nelas. Além disso, devem ser executadas preferencialmente por um médico capacitado que não esteja participando ativamente na condução das manobras de reanimação, assim mantendo a dinâmica da RCP. A USIE contribui para o diagnóstico, prognóstico e o manejo terapêutico em vítimas de PCR, sobretudo nos casos de AESP e de assistolia; todavia, ainda não há comprovação robusta se o seu uso reduz a mortalidade destes pacientes.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Parada Cardiorrespiratória</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnóstico</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<caption>
							<title>RCP: ressuscitação cardiorrespiratória; USIE: ultrassonografia do intensivista e do emergencista; AESP: atividade elétrica sem pulso; US: ultrassom.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240035-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é um evento comum, constantemente enfrentado pelos profissionais da saúde, tanto no ambiente extra-hospitalar quanto no intra-hospitalar. No entanto, é especialmente prevalente em unidades de emergência e no contexto da medicina intensiva. A tentativa de reversão da PCR, através das manobras de ressuscitação cardiorrespiratória (RCP), infelizmente, ainda apresenta taxas de sucesso muito reduzidas nesses dois ambientes; mesmo quando têm êxito ao superar o óbito em si, o grau de incapacidade dos sobreviventes ainda permanece elevado. No tocante ao ritmo elétrico inicialmente apresentado, a atividade elétrica sem pulso (AESP) e a assistolia associam-se aos piores desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O que pode ser feito para reduzir o insucesso e facilitar o retorno à circulação espontânea com boa viabilidade cardiocerebral? As principais diretrizes inerentes ao assunto, dentre as quais se destaca o <italic>Advanced Cardiac Life Support</italic> (ACLS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> deixam claro a importância de identificar potenciais causas tratáveis que levam à PCR (por exemplo, tamponamento pericárdico, pneumotórax e mesmo tromboembolismo pulmonar [TEP]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, o ecocardiograma (ECO), quando realizado de modo sistematizado e organizado (isto é, sem atrasar ou trazer prejuízo às demais condutas da RCP), pode ser importante para esta mudança de resultados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> uma vez que se trata de uma ferramenta diagnóstica e prognóstica, utilizada em um cenário em que o exame físico pode ser inconclusivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Entretanto, devido à necessidade de agilidade para obtenção do diagnóstico e conduta no cuidado ao paciente agudamente enfermo, o ECO é normalmente realizado por um médico não especialista, capacitado para sua execução. Diversas entidades médicas internacionais recomendam que médicos responsáveis por pacientes gravemente enfermos devam adquirir e desenvolver a habilidade para realizar exames ultrassonográficos à beira do leito, inclusive os exames ecocardiográficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, a aqui denominada ultrassonografia do intensivista e do emergencista (USIE) é um exame com características distintas daquele realizado pelo ecocardiografista. A USIE é utilizada para responder uma pergunta bem definida e relevante ao atendimento imediato do paciente: &quot;Por que parou? Parou por quê?&quot; e que não se restringe apenas à avaliação do coração, mas inclui também pulmões, abdômen e vasos.</p>
				<p>O emprego da USIE durante a RCP sempre deve ter o benefício do paciente como foco principal. A USIE jamais deve prejudicar o atendimento sistemático, especialmente as compressões torácicas ou a realização da desfibrilação elétrica, se indicada.</p>
				<p>Com base na corrente da sobrevivência, a USIE deve ser empregada em três momentos: 1) antes da PCR, com o intuito de evitar que ela ocorra; 2) durante a RCP, com o objetivo de elucidar sua etiologia e direcionar a conduta; e 3) após o restabelecimento da circulação espontânea, com o objetivo de detalhar ainda mais o quadro clínico do paciente e refinar o tratamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No presente artigo, abordaremos a realização da USIE durante a RCP.</p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Principais indicações da USIE na Perirressuscitação. PCR: parada cardiorrespiratória; RCP: ressuscitação cardiorrespiratória; AESP: atividade elétrica sem pulso.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240035-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Adaptado da referência 1.</attrib>
				</fig>
				<sec>
					<title>USIE durante a RCP</title>
					<p>A USIE durante a RCP deve ser rápida e objetiva, realizada por médico treinado, preferencialmente que não esteja participando ativamente das manobras de reanimação ou da contagem do tempo. Assim, os principais empregos da USIE são: 1) no diagnóstico de PCR, 2) no diagnóstico diferencial entre AESP e pseudo AESP (doravante denominada pseudo-AESP) e 3) no diagnóstico etiológico.</p>
					<sec>
						<title>Diagnóstico de PCR</title>
						<p>O diagnóstico clínico da PCR consiste em identificar um indivíduo inconsciente, em apneia e com ausência de pulso central.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Sabe-se que, na prática, pode haver dificuldade para estabelecer a ausência de pulso central através da palpação, mesmo por médicos treinados, atrasando o diagnóstico de PCR e/ou interrompendo prematuramente as manobras de reanimação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A USIE possibilita um diagnóstico rápido e preciso através da manobra de compressão vascular com o transdutor; na qual, a artéria carótida e a veia jugular colabam totalmente durante a PCR.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Diagnóstico diferencial entre AESP e pseudo-AESP</title>
						<p>Um dos objetivos mais importantes da USIE durante a PCR é melhorar os resultados da ressuscitação, identificando a atividade cardíaca mecânica. Nas situações de PCR em AESP, o paciente apresenta atividade elétrica miocárdica sem sinal palpável de pulso e nem atividade mecânica cardíaca identificável pela USIE. Na pseudo-AESP, também há atividade elétrica miocárdica sem pulso detectável, mas a atividade mecânica cardíaca coordenada é visualizada pela USIE (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f7">Vídeo 1</xref>). A distinção entre esses dois diagnósticos nem sempre é fácil sem o auxílio da ultrassonografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Esse diagnóstico diferencial é de suma importância, pois a correta identificação da pseudo-AESP leva à adoção do tratamento correto e específico. A diferença de prognóstico é muito evidente entre essas duas entidades, pois a pseudo-AESP apresenta uma probabilidade maior de retorno à circulação espontânea do que a AESP verdadeira.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
						<media id="f7" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240035-m01.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Corte apical 2 câmaras de um paciente em PCR em AESP por complicação mecânica de infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, ocorrida 24 horas após angioplastia. Observa-se acinesia médiobasal da parede inferior, associada à ruptura do músculo papilar póstero-inferior e fraca movimentação cardíaca, levando ao diagnóstico de pseudo-AESP. Fonte: caso cedido pelo Dr. Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0035_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0035_video_01.mp4</ext-link>
								</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Diagnóstico etiológico da PCR e direcionamento terapêutico</title>
						<p>Por ter um uso sistêmico e integrativo, a USIE pode ser empregada para identificar causas reversíveis de AESP e assistolia, como embolia pulmonar, tamponamento cardíaco, pneumotórax e hipovolemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Tal identificação não ocorre somente através da avaliação cardíaca, mas também através das avaliações pulmonar, abdominal e vascular.</p>
						<list list-type="alpha-lower">
							<list-item>
								<p>Tamponamento cardíaco: responsável por 4–15% dos casos de PCR. Quando a pericardiocentese é rapidamente realizada, os pacientes apresentam maiores taxas de sobrevida até a alta hospitalar (15,4%) quando comparados a outras causas de AESP (1,3%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A presença do derrame pericárdico associado ao colabamento do ventrículo direito (VD) é um indicativo do tamponamento cardíaco como causa da PCR; no entanto, as repercussões hemodinâmicas (por exemplo, a compressão diastólica das câmaras cardíacas e a variação ventilatória das velocidades do Doppler e do diâmetro da veia cava inferior [VCI]) só podem ser visualizadas na presença de circulação espontânea;</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Embolia pulmonar: responsável por 4–7,6% dos casos de PCR. Apresenta sobrevida até a alta hospitalar em torno de 6,7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Nesse cenário, dois achados podem ser rapidamente visualizados através da USIE: alteração no volume ventricular com o VD dilatado e ventrículo esquerdo (VE) comparativamente pequeno (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f8">Vídeo 2</xref>). Por ocasião do retorno da circulação espontânea, observa-se também a presença de movimento paradoxal do septo interventricular;</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Pneumotórax hipertensivo: causa extremamente rara de PCR não traumática.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Pode ser diagnosticado ao realizar-se a USIE pulmonar, bilateralmente, na região anterior do tórax, com a RCP em andamento, durante a ventilação, através da observação da ausência de deslizamento pleural. A utilização do modo M pode ser fundamental ao identificar o sinal da estratosfera ou do código de barras. Nesse caso, a descompressão com agulha ou toracostomia pode ser considerada. Pneumotórax pequenos e clinicamente insignificantes podem surgir devido a fraturas de costelas durante a RCP, não demandando, necessariamente, intervenção imediata;</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Hipovolemia: é sugerida pela visualização dos ventrículos direito e esquerdo achatados nas janelas subcostal ou paraesternal, além da presença de uma VCI praticamente colapsada e sem variabilidade ventilatória do seu diâmetro após o retorno à circulação espontânea.</p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
						<media id="f8" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240035-m02.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Corte apical de 4 câmaras de uma paciente em PCR recebendo as compressões torácicas, consideradas de boa qualidade. Observa-se sobrecarga das câmaras direitas, o que sugere TEP como fator etiológico. A presença de imagem sugestiva de contraste deve-se à injeção de medicamento através do cateter central. Fonte: acervo pessoal dos autores. Link <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0035_video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0035_video_02.mp4</ext-link>
								</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>A USIE pode ainda ser útil para:</title>
						<list list-type="alpha-lower">
							<list-item>
								<p>identificar outras complicações mecânicas cardíacas, como obstruções ao fluxo transvalvar por tumores, trombos ou vegetações;</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>avaliar a qualidade das compressões torácicas;</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>detectar presença ou ausência de cinética cardíaca durante a RCP;</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>definir prognóstico.</p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</sec>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Protocolos</title>
					<p>O emprego da USIE no atendimento de uma vítima de PCR deve ser sistematizado, de modo que não haja atraso nas compressões torácicas e nem na desfibrilação elétrica, nos casos em que o ritmo eletrocardiográfico de base seja chocável. Nesse contexto, foram elaborados vários protocolos para otimizar a realização da USIE cardíaca simultaneamente a cada checagem do pulso central. A USIE pulmonar, abdominal e vascular devem ser realizadas durante as manobras de reanimação, pois não interferem nas mesmas.</p>
					<p>Protocolos como o <italic>Focused Echocardiographic Evaluation in Resuscitation</italic> (FEER)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e o <italic>Focused Echocardiographic Evaluation in Life Support</italic> (FEEL)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> consideram apenas o coração. O protocolo <italic>Cardiac Arrest Ultra-Sound Exam</italic> (CAUSE)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> acrescenta a realização da USIE pulmonar à avaliação ecocardiográfica inicial durante a RCP. O protocolo <italic>Cardiac Arrest Sonographic Assessment</italic> (CASA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> além do coração e pulmões, inclui, em caso de indicação clínica, a realização da USIE abdominal através do protocolo <italic>Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma</italic> (FAST),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> em busca de evidências de líquido livre na cavidade, secundário à ruptura de aneurisma da aorta abdominal ou gravidez ectópica, por exemplo. O protocolo <italic>Sequential Echographic Scanning Assessing Mechanism</italic> (SESAME),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> inicialmente concebido para pacientes com choque extremamente grave ou PCR iminente, foi rapidamente ampliado para incluir a situação de PCR estabelecida. SESAME é um protocolo multiórgãos que explora o coração, pulmão, abdômen e veias proximais profundas dos membros inferiores ao utilizar um único transdutor (micro convexo) para adquirir todas as imagens, assim otimizando o tempo do exame e do diagnóstico. O protocolo <italic>Global Ultrasound Check for the Critically Ill</italic> (GUCCI)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> foi concebido para o uso da ultrassonografia no cenário de insuficiência respiratória aguda, choque circulatório e PCR e inclui procedimentos guiados por ultrassom. Similarmente ao protocolo SESAME, também propõe uma abordagem holística gradual ao integrar as USIEs cardíaca, pulmonar, vascular e abdominal.</p>
					<p>O protocolo <italic>Core Ultrasound in Resuscitation</italic> (CURE)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> combina a USIE cardíaca com a ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE), após a obtenção de via aérea definitiva. O CURE objetiva possibilitar a redução do intervalo entre as compressões por meio da visualização dinâmica e contínua da RCP, direcionando os socorristas para uma melhoria das compressões torácicas. Além disso, ainda contempla uma melhor visualização cardíaca, incluindo a avaliação aórtica. A ETE parece ter superioridade na PCR uma vez que não interfere nas manobras de RCP; entretanto, por ser de difícil acesso na maioria das vezes, a ecocardiografia transtorácica é a mais utilizada.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Como nós fazemos</title>
					<p>Na nossa prática, para a realização da USIE durante a RCP, adotamos como base os protocolos CASA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e GUCCI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e realizamos algumas adaptações (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura Central</xref>). Inicialmente, salientamos que toda a equipe deve estar ciente de que a USIE será utilizada. A USIE está indicada, principalmente, nos casos de PCR em AESP ou assistolia e deve ser executada, preferencialmente, por um médico capacitado que não esteja participando ativamente na condução das manobras de reanimação, assim mantendo a dinâmica da RCP.</p>
					<p>O equipamento de USIE deve ser posicionado ao lado do leito, preferencialmente contralateral aos profissionais que estão realizando as compressões torácicas para não prejudicar a dinâmica do revezamento entre eles. Lembramos que, em todos os casos, a USIE cardíaca deve ser realizada no intervalo de tempo em que ocorre a interrupção das compressões torácicas para a verificação do pulso central e deve durar 5–10 segundos, para não atrasar a retomada das compressões torácicas; ao passo que as USIEs pulmonar, abdominal e vascular devem ser realizadas durante as compressões torácicas e a ventilação. Todos os esforços devem ser voltados para elucidar a causa da PCR. O algoritmo USIE na PCR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura Central</xref>) sistematiza os passos necessários para determinar a causa da PCR:</p>
					<list list-type="order">
						<list-item>
							<p>Posicionar e ligar o equipamento de ultrassom e deixar o(s) transdutor(es) pronto(s) para uso (colocar o gel e desativar o <italic>freeze</italic>) enquanto as compressões torácicas estão sendo realizadas. Posicionar o transdutor na janela escolhida. Na ausência do gel, pode-se utilizar água destilada, soro fisiológico, clorexidina não alcoólica ou outras soluções não corrosivas, considerando sempre as orientações técnicas do fabricante de cada equipamento. Lembrar de sempre ativar a função para gravar os vídeos.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Em um tempo menor ou igual a 10 segundos, no intervalo de tempo em que ocorre a interrupção das compressões torácicas para a verificação do pulso central, obter o corte subcostal de 4 câmaras em busca do diagnóstico de tamponamento cardíaco, que é sugerido pela presença de derrame pericárdico associado ao colabamento do VD. Caso essas alterações estejam presentes, uma pericardiocentese guiada por ultrassom deve ser realizada. Caso esse não seja o diagnóstico, continuar a investigação.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Nos 2 minutos seguintes, enquanto as manobras de RCP estão sendo realizadas, analisar o vídeo obtido no passo anterior (caso ainda não tenha estabelecido o diagnóstico) e realizar USIE pulmonar para investigar pneumotórax; caso haja pneumotórax, a descompressão com agulha ou toracostomia pode ser considerada. A USIE pulmonar também pode ser usada para avaliar a ventilação pulmonar bilateral. A ausência de deslizamento pleural em apenas um hemitórax pode ser decorrente da intubação seletiva do pulmão contralateral.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Passados os 2 minutos de RCP, no intervalo de tempo para a checagem do pulso, caso ainda não tenha sido estabelecida a causa da PCR, colocar novamente o transdutor na janela subcostal ou apical, buscando obter o corte de 4 câmaras, no qual um VD dilatado e um VE relativamente menor sugerem o diagnóstico de embolia pulmonar, autorizando a realização de trombólise.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Nos 2 minutos seguintes, enquanto as manobras de RCP estão sendo realizadas, analisar o vídeo obtido no passo anterior (caso ainda não tenha feito o diagnóstico). Na suspeita de embolia pulmonar, a USIE vascular pode ser realizada nesse momento em busca de trombose, o que corrobora o diagnóstico.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Passados os 2 minutos de RCP, no intervalo de tempo para a checagem do pulso, caso ainda não tenha sido estabelecida a causa da PCR, efetuar novamente a USIE cardíaca através da janela paraesternal em busca de alguma movimentação cardíaca, que, estando presente e associada à atividade elétrica, confirma o diagnóstico de pseudo-AESP. Caso o paciente tenha recuperado a circulação espontânea e o coração esteja hiperdinâmico, a causa da PCR pode ter sido hipovolemia.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Nos 2 minutos seguintes, enquanto as manobras de RCP estão sendo realizadas, analisar o vídeo obtido no passo anterior e efetuar a USIE pulmonar e o protocolo e-FAST, visando o diagnóstico de hemotórax e/ou busca por líquido livre na cavidade abdominal, o que sugeriria a hipovolemia como causa da PCR.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Se nenhum desses achados estiverem presentes, buscar outras possíveis causas da PCR, nomeadamente: hipovolemia, hipóxia, acidose, hipocalemia, hipercalemia, hipotermia, trombose coronariana e toxinas.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A USIE desempenha um papel importante no diagnóstico, prognóstico e manejo terapêutico adequado em pacientes em PCR, especialmente em casos de assistolia e AESP. No entanto, ressaltamos que o seu uso não deve comprometer a prestação de cuidados sistemáticos, especialmente as compressões torácicas, nem a administração da desfibrilação elétrica quando indicada. Assim, a realização da USIE na RCP já é recomendada. No entanto, ainda não foi comprovado de forma conclusiva que o emprego da USIE reduz a mortalidade de pacientes em PCR.</p>
			</sec>
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				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
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