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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240032i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240032i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Cardiac Tumors: Recognition Is Essential!</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0477-480X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gripp</surname><given-names>Eliza de Almeida</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3945-8858</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Jácome</surname><given-names>Bruna Zanforlin</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-5266-692X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Araujo e Silva</surname><given-names>Anna Esther</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2726-9216</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Dias</surname><given-names>Fernanda Baptista Ribeiro</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8671-8980</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Almeida</surname><given-names>Bruna Barbosa Chagas de</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2959-1874</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rabischoffsky</surname><given-names>Arnaldo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pró-Cardíaco</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Eliza Gripp</bold> • Hospital Pró-Cardíaco. Rua General Polidoro, 192. Postal code: <postal-code>22280-003</postal-code>. Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil E-mail: <email>elizagripp@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>26</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240032</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>17</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>06</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>06</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Although cardiac tumors are rare and often found accidentally, they can be associated with constitutional, cardiac, or embolic symptoms and, thus, must always be considered in diagnostic hypotheses. Three-dimensional Doppler echocardiography and contrast enhancement are additional diagnostic resources and can help determine the most appropriate surgical approach, when necessary.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Heart Neoplasms</kwd>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Three-Dimensional Echocardiography</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="2"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="27"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
	
<p><fig id="f1">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-gf01.tif"/>
</fig></p>

<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Cardiac tumors can be classified as primary or secondary (metastatic), benign or malignant, and asymptomatic or symptomatic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The incidence of clinically diagnosed primary cardiac tumors is approximately 1.380/100 million individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Primary tumors are rare and approximately 75% are benign, the majority being myxomas and fibroelastomas, with the remaining 25% being malignant. Of malignant tumors, 90% are sarcomas. The metastatic diseases that most often affect the heart are lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and breast cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Studying them in detail is essential for correct diagnosis. In a series of 149 patients, the sensitivity of two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography for detecting a tumor previously confirmed by histopathology was 93.3% at a size of 0.5-1.0 cm<sup>2</sup>, while that of 2D transesophageal Doppler echocardiography was 96.8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Regarding current echocardiographic techniques, 3D Doppler echocardiography is an improvement over 2D, providing more detailed information about the appearance of the tumor, its exact location, its relationship with adjacent structures, whether there is a cleavage plane between the tumor and the structures, and whether there is a pedicle. If surgery is indicated, these preoperative data are important for determining the most appropriate approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Contrast-enhanced ultrasound plays an important role in cardiac mass assessment, since it indicates the presence of vascularization. For example, since metastatic tumors are hypervascularized, the flash-replenishment technique will cause the tumor to shine brightly due to filling with contrast agent. Another example is when thrombi must be differentiated from myxomas: since thrombi are avascular they will not be penetrated by the agent, whereas myxomas, despite being poorly vascularized, will show some penetration (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f2">Video 1</xref>). It is important to highlight that fibroelastomas are also avascular and will not be penetrated by contrast agents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<media id="f2" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m01.mp4">
<label>Video 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Use of an ultrasound contrast agent in suspected left atrial myxoma. Note that immediately after the flash (high mechanical index), microbubble destruction occurs. Since the tumor is vascularized, it will be filled by the ultrasound contrast agent. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_01.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<p>Myxomas are the most common benign tumors in adults, probably originating from precursor mesenchymal cells. The symptoms range from fever and arrhythmia to dyspnea caused by the mass obstructing the inlet, with behavior similar to that of severe mitral stenosis (tumor plop).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Their presentation varies, including a lobular, ovoid, multilobular, solitary, or heterogeneous mass with a smooth or irregular surface, and internal points of calcification or hemorrhaging. They are most commonly located in the oval fossa of the left atrium (75%), being anchored or not by a pedicle to the interatrial septum (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f3">Videos 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="other" rid="f4">3</xref>). Small tumors are more friable and tend to embolize. Larger tumors have a smoother surface, with a grape-cluster appearance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Fifteen percent of myxomas involve the right atrium and 5% involve the right and left ventricle<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f3">Videos 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="other" rid="f4">3</xref>).</p>
<media id="f3" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m02.mp4">
<label>Video 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Using the X-plane mode, the tumor is visualized in different planes, confirming its location in the interatrial septum, close to the oval fossa, which is compatible with myxoma. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_02.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<media id="f4" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m03.mp4">
<label>Video 3</label>
<caption><title>In three-dimensional zoom, the myxoma can be seen attached to the interatrial septum in the mid-septum by a broad base but without a pedicle. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_03.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_03.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<p>Regarding diagnosis, contrast-enhanced ultrasound will show some penetration in myxomas after the flash-replenishment technique, since they are poorly vascularized (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f2">Video 1</xref>). They may be associated with the Carney complex, a mutation in the PRKAR1A gene, chromosome 17q24, which results in myxomas, hyperpigmented skin lesions, endocrine hyperactivity, ductal adenomas of the breast, schwannomas, Sertoli cell tumors, and osteochondromyxomas. Diagnosis of this syndrome requires 2 major clinical criteria or 1 major criterion and a positive family history.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>In the absence of mitral valve disease or atrial fibrillation without left atrial enlargement, the presence of an internal mass suggests myxoma. Treatment is surgical, although incomplete resection results in a 2-5% recurrence rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Intraoperative transesophageal Doppler echocardiography is essential for determining that the tumor has been completely resected. Thereafter, annual 2D transthoracic echocardiography is necessary.</p>
<p>Papillary fibroelastomas are rare, round heart tumors, whose etiology is not yet well defined, although they are associated with areas involving endothelial damage. They represent 10% of cardiac tumors and are the most common valve tumors; data suggest that they have surpassed myxomas in resected tumor masses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Papillary fibroelastomas occur mainly in adults (average age 60 years). When exposed to saline solution, they look like a sea anemone. The most affected valves are the aortic (44%), mitral (35%), and tricuspid (15%) (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f5">Video 4</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> They are often found on the ventricular aspect of the mitral valve and the aortic aspect of the aortic valve (downstream).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<media id="f5" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m04.mp4">
<label>Video 4</label>
<caption>
<title>The 4-chamber plane in 2-dimensional echocardiography shows an echogenic intracardiac focus associated with a rounded septal cusp in the tricuspid valve, which is compatible with fibroelastoma. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_04.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_04.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<p>Pulmonary fibroelastomas are rare and occur in &lt; 8% of cases with edges, presenting a &quot;shimmering&quot; appearance (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f6">Video 5</xref>). They are often small (&lt; 20 mm), but tumors measuring 70 mm have been reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Although the majority of fibroelastomas are located in the heart valves, 20% can be found in other locations, such as the left ventricular outflow tract<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f7">Video 6</xref>).</p>
<media id="f6" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m05.mp4">
<label>Video 5</label>
<caption>
<title>2D echocardiography in the transgastric plane showing the right ventricular outflow tract. The pulmonary valve is well visualized, with the fibroelastoma attached to one of its valves by a pedicle. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_05.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_05.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<media id="f7" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m06.mp4">
<label>Video 6</label>
<caption>
<title>2D transesophageal echocardiography in the 129º plane shows a round, mobile echogenic intracardiac focus attached to the basal septum of the left ventricle that is compatible with fibroelastoma. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_06.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_06.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<p>Fibroelastomas &gt; 1 cm are at greater risk of embolization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Three-dimensional echocardiography helps detect the pedicle and the tumor’s exact location when 2D echocardiography cannot<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>. 3D echocardiography helps distinguish it from other diagnoses, given that the pedicle differentiates it from Libman-Sacks endocarditis. Surgical resection is recommended for left-valve fibroelastomas greater than 1.0 cm due to the risk of embolization, which can cause stroke, acute myocardial infarction, or peripheral embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Although right-sided fibroelastomas are treated clinically, if the patient presents embolization or hemodynamically significant obstruction, surgical treatment is indicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>Lipomas, which represent 8% of benign cardiac tumors, begin occurring around 50 years of age. They consist of encapsulated fatty cells and can appear in any chamber in the subepicardial and endocardial regions. They can affect the interatrial septum, and differential diagnosis is based on lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>Fibromas and rhabdomyomas are the most common tumors in children, with multiple rhabdomyomas being found in more than 90% of cases among children at 1 year of age or in fetal echocardiography. Approximately half of the cases are associated with tuberous sclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> They are well-defined, rounded, hyperechoic, multiple tumors, often located in the ventricles. They have a good prognosis and tend to regress partially or completely (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f8">Video 7</xref>). Surgery is only indicated in patients with intractable arrhythmias, ventricle inflow or outflow obstruction, or heart failure. The presence of multiple masses and association with tuberous sclerosis excludes fibroma as a diagnosis.</p>
<media id="f8" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m07.mp4">
<label>Video 7</label>
<caption>
<title>2D longitudinal parasternal view showing masses of varying dimensions in the left and right ventricles and intramyocardial spaces, obstructing the left ventricle outflow tract, which is compatible with rhabdomyoma (Courtesy of Dr. Andrei Monteiro) Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_07.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_07.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<p>Fibromas are well-demarcated, hyperechogenic tumors with central calcification, being formed of fibroblasts and collagen fibers. They are located in the ventricular myocardium, the left ventricular free wall or the interventricular septum, mimicking hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. They may also be associated with familial adenomatous polyposis or Gorlin syndrome. Surgical resection is indicated due to the risk of sudden death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
<p>Of primary malignant tumors, sarcomas are the most common and aggressive, spreading into the chambers and pericardium. They include angiosarcomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, fibrosarcomas, and leiomyosarcomas. Age at presentation can vary from 1 to 76 years, with an average of 40 years. They can be lobulated, large, polypoid, or intramyocardial masses with a predilection for the right atrium extending to the inferior vena cava. Angiosarcomas can have calcification<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f9">Video 8</xref>). Rhabdomyosarcomas are the most commonly found sarcoma in children and, unlike other cardiac sarcomas, they are located in both the atria and ventricles. Osteosarcomas and undifferentiated sarcomas are found predominantly in the left chambers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The right atrium is the most common site for angiosarcomas, followed by the other chambers and the pericardium. Unlike other sarcomas, left atrial involvement is rare.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<media id="f9" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m08.mp4">
<label>Video 8</label>
<caption><title>2D echocardiography showing a large tumor with irregular edges infiltrating the myocardium and expanding into the left ventricular cavity, which is compatible with sarcoma. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_08.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_08.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<p>In addition to angiosarcomas, mesotheliomas should be highlighted among primary neoplasms of the pericardium. They manifest as diffuse lesions or a solitary fibrous tumor, which, in the pleura, usually presents as a well-defined nodular lesion. Metastases are more frequent than primary pericardial involvement, whereas secondary pericardial involvement most often arises from lung and breast neoplasms, lymphomas, leukemias, and melanomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
<p>Primary cardiac lymphomas originate from B cells, are aggressive, and are observed in immunosuppressed patients. They present non-specific symptoms and are mostly found in the right chambers as homogeneous, infiltrative masses, thickening the myocardial wall or invading the chambers and pericardium, causing effusion. Diagnosis occurs through biopsy of the mass (since they are located on the right side) or by pericardial fluid analysis. Treatment includes chemotherapy and radiotherapy (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f10">Videos 9</xref> and <xref ref-type="other" rid="f11">10</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
<media id="f10" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m09.mp4">
<label>Video 9</label>
<caption>
<title>2D echocardiography in the aortic valve plane, showing heterogeneous masses with no tricuspid valve involvement in the right atrium, which is compatible with cardiac lymphoma. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_09.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_09.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<media id="f11" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m10.mp4">
<label>Video 10</label>
<caption>
<title>2D echocardiography in the transverse plane of the left ventricle, showing myocardial infiltration by the lymphoma. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_10.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_10.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<p>Mesotheliomas, which are rare, highly aggressive, and have a poor prognosis, generally originate in the pericardium in cases presenting with pericardial effusion. They appear predominantly in men, around the fifth or sixth decade of life. Treatment is palliative.</p>
<p>Although cardiac metastases are 20-40 times more common than primary malignant tumors, the heart is relatively less affected by metastatic disease than other organs. Metastatic tumors can invade directly by contiguity or via hematogenous routes, pulmonary veins (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f12">Videos 11</xref>, <xref ref-type="other" rid="f13">12</xref>, <xref ref-type="other" rid="f14">13</xref>), or the lymphatic system. Lung, breast, and esophageal carcinomas are the most common types to metastasize to the heart,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> but melanomas, renal cell carcinomas, and gynecological malignancies can also do so. Melanomas commonly metastasize to the pericardium or myocardium. In these cases, the tumors are vascularized and contrast-enhanced ultrasound will corroborate the diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<media id="f12" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m11.mp4">
<label>Video 11</label>
<caption>
<title>2D transesophageal echocardiography on a 41º plane, showing a mass inside the left atrium compatible with metastasis of a primary breast tumor. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_11.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_11.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<media id="f13" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m12.mp4">
<label>Video 12</label>
<caption>
<title>Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in TrueVue mode detailing the irregularity of the mass’ surface (highly mobile structures with a high risk of embolization). Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_12.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_12.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<media id="f14" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m13.mp4">
<label>Video 13</label>
<caption>
<title>Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in TrueVue mode showing a tumor invading the left atrium through the right pulmonary vein. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_13.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_13.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<p>Cardiac involvement through metastasis should be suspected in patients with a known malignancy and cardiovascular symptoms, such as conduction disturbance, valve dysfunction, or heart failure. Treatment of such cases must be individualized.</p>
<p>Differential diagnosis of intracavitary masses should always be considered, such as a thrombus in the left ventricular apex, which will be easily differentiated with contrast-enhanced ultrasound due to lack of penetration (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f15">Video 14</xref>). Another extremely important finding is a lack of segmental changes in the apical region; in this case, diagnosis of a tumor mass must be considered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
<media id="f15" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m14.mp4">
<label>Video 14</label>
<caption>
<title>2D echocardiography performed with contrast-enhanced ultrasound. The contrast agent did not penetrate the apical region, which, along with contractility changes in this region, is compatible with a thrombus. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_14.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_14.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<p>Echocardiography is essential for screening and monitoring possible complications, given that chemotherapy can cause cardiac dysfunction. Blood flow through the left ventricle can be obstructed due to tumor size and location (e.g., myxomas), or embolization can occur (e.g., fibroelastomas and metastatic tumors, such as breast tumors).</p>
<p>Three-dimensional echocardiography offers important data for surgical planning, in addition to facilitating differential diagnosis. Contrast-enhanced-ultrasound helps analyze the cardiac mass, determining whether it is hypervascularized (indicating malignant tumors) or poorly vascularized (indicating myxoma) or avascular tumors, such as fibroelastoma and thrombus. The integrated use of these techniques is essential to achieve correct diagnosis when assessing cardiac masses.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240032</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Tumores Cardíacos: O Reconhecimento É Fundamental!</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0477-480X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gripp</surname><given-names>Eliza de Almeida</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3945-8858</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Jácome</surname><given-names>Bruna Zanforlin</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-5266-692X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Araujo e Silva</surname><given-names>Anna Esther</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2726-9216</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Dias</surname><given-names>Fernanda Baptista Ribeiro</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8671-8980</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Almeida</surname><given-names>Bruna Barbosa Chagas de</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2959-1874</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rabischoffsky</surname><given-names>Arnaldo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Eliza Gripp</bold> • Hospital Pró-Cardíaco. Rua General Polidoro, 192. CEP: <postal-code>22280-003</postal-code>. Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil E-mail: <email>elizagripp@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>

<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>Embora tumores cardíacos sejam raros e frequentemente encontrados de forma acidental, podem estar associados a sintomas constitucionais, cardíacos ou embólicos. Portanto, esses sintomas devem ser sempre considerados nas hipóteses diagnósticas para auxiliar na sua diferenciação. O ecodopplercardiograma tridimensional (3D) e o agente de realce ultrassonográfico apresentam-se como recursos diagnósticos adicionais e podem ajudar a determinar a melhor abordagem cirúrgica, caso seja indicada.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Neoplasias Cardíacas</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
	<p><fig id="f16">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</p>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>Os tumores cardíacos podem ser divididos em primários ou secundários (metastáticos), benignos ou malignos e assintomáticos ou sintomáticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A incidência de tumores primários cardíacos clinicamente diagnosticados é de aproximadamente 1.380/100 milhões de indivíduos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os tumores primários são raros e aproximadamente 75% são benignos, sendo a maioria mixoma e fibroelastoma, e os outros 25% são malignos. Entre os tumores malignos, 90% são sarcomas. Os tumores metastáticos que mais afetam o coração são o adenocarcinoma de pulmão, o carcinoma de células escamosas, o linfoma e o câncer de mama.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Estudá-los detalhadamente é fundamental para o diagnóstico correto. Em uma série de 149 pacientes, a sensibilidade da ecografia bidimensional (2D) para detecção de tumor confirmado pelo histopatológico foi de 93,3% para um tamanho entre 0,5 e 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup>, enquanto o ecodopplercardiograma transesofágico (ETE) 2D apresentou sensibilidade de 96,8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em relação às técnicas ecocardiográficas vigentes, a ecocardiografia (ECO) tridimensional (3D) tem um valor incremental à ECO 2D, fornecendo informações mais detalhadas sobre o aspecto do tumor, sua localização exata, sua relação com as estruturas adjacentes, se existe plano de clivagem entre o tumor e as estruturas e se ele apresenta pedículo. Esses dados pré-operatórios são importantes para a escolha da abordagem cirúrgica, caso seja indicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os agentes de realce ultrassonográfico (ARU) apresentam papel importante na avaliação de massas cardíacas, pois indicam a presença de vascularização. Por exemplo, como os tumores metastáticos são hipervascularizados, o uso do <italic>flash</italic> permite observar o preenchimento do tumor intensamente pelo ARU. Outro exemplo a ser citado são os casos em que há dúvida diagnóstica entre trombo ou mixoma; o trombo é avascular, portanto, não apresentará preenchimento, enquanto o mixoma, apesar de pouco vascularizado, apresentará algum preenchimento (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f17">Vídeo 1</xref>). É importante ressaltar que, como o fibroelastoma é um tumor avascular, não será preenchido pelo ARU.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<media id="f17" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m01.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 1</label>
<caption><title>Uso de agente de realce ultrassonográfico em suspeita de mixoma atrial esquerdo. Observe que, imediatamente após o flash (índice mecânico alto), ocorre a destruição de microbolhas. Como o tumor apresenta vascularização, este será preenchido pelo ARU. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_01.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
<p>Mixomas são considerados os tumores benignos mais comuns em adultos, provavelmente provenientes dos precursores das células mesenquimais. Os sintomas variam de febre e arritmias a dispneia causada pela massa que obstrui a via de entrada, com comportamento similar ao da estenose mitral grave (<italic>tumor plop</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os mixomas podem se apresentar de diversas formas: massa lobular, ovoide, multilobular, solitária, heterogênea, com superfície lisa ou irregular e com pontos de calcificação ou hemorragia em seu interior. São mais comumente localizados na fossa oval no átrio esquerdo (75%), presos ou não por um pedículo ao septo interatrial (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f18">Vídeos 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="other" rid="f19">3</xref>). Os tumores pequenos são mais friáveis e tendem à embolização. Os tumores maiores apresentam superfície mais lisa, com aparência de cacho de uva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Mixoma com envolvimento do átrio direito ocorre em 15% dos casos, e com envolvimento de ventrículo direito (VD) e esquerdo (VE) ocorre em 5%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f18">Vídeos 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="other" rid="f19">3</xref>).</p>
<media id="f18" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m02.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 2</label>
<caption><title>O uso da ferramenta X-Plane permite que o tumor seja visualizado em planos diferentes, confirmando sua localização no septo interatrial, próximo da fossa oval, sendo compatível com mixoma. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_02.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
<media id="f19" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m03.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 3</label>
<caption><title>Com o zoom 3D, é possível observar o mixoma preso ao septo interatrial na porção média do septo, sem pedículo, por uma base ampla. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_03.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_03.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
<p>Em relação ao seu diagnóstico, o ARU mostrará preenchimento após o <italic>flash</italic> porque o mixoma é um tumor pouco vascularizado (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f17">Vídeo 1</xref>). Pode estar associado ao complexo de Carney, uma mutação no gene PRKAR1A, cromossomo 17q24, que causa mixomas, lesões de pele hiperpigmentadas, hiperatividade endócrina, adenoma ductal de mama, <italic>schwannomas</italic>, tumor de células de Sertoli e osteocondromixoma. O diagnóstico dessa síndrome requer a presença de dois critérios clínicos maiores ou um critério maior e história familiar positiva para essa condição.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>Na ausência de doença valvar mitral ou fibrilação atrial sem aumento atrial esquerdo, a presença de uma massa em seu interior sugere o diagnóstico de mixoma. O tratamento é cirúrgico, embora exista recorrência em 2 a 5% dos casos devido a ressecção incompleta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O ETE intraoperatório é fundamental para avaliar se houve ressecção total do tumor. Depois, avaliação anual com ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) 2D é necessária.</p>
<p>Fibroelastomas papilares são tumores cardíacos raros, arredondados, cuja etiologia ainda não está bem definida, embora estejam correlacionados com áreas que apresentam lesão endotelial. Eles correspondem a 10% dos casos de tumores cardíacos e são os tumores valvares mais comuns; os dados sugerem que esses tumores superaram os mixomas em massas tumorais ressecadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Predominam em adultos com idade média de 60 anos. Quando expostos a solução salina, apresentam uma aparência de <italic>sea anemone</italic>. As valvas cardíacas mais acometidas são a aórtica (44%), mitral (35%) e tricúspide (15%) (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f20">Vídeo 4</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Esses tumores são frequentemente encontrados na face ventricular da valva mitral e na face aórtica da valva aórtica (<italic>downstream</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<media id="f20" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m04.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 4</label>
<caption><title>ECO 2D, no plano apical quatro câmaras, evidencia massa ecogênica associada à cúspide septal da valva tricúspide, arredondada, compatível com fibroelastoma. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_04.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_04.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
<p>O fibroelastoma pulmonar é raro e ocorre em menos de 8% dos casos com as bordas, apresentando aparência de shimmering (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f21">Vídeo 5</xref>). Costuma ser pequeno (menor que 20 mm), mas tumores de 70 mm já foram relatados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Embora a maioria dos fibroelastomas esteja localizada nas valvas cardíacas, 20% podem ser encontrados em outras localizações, como na via de saída do VE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f22">Vídeo 6</xref>).</p>
<media id="f21" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m05.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 5</label>
<caption><title>ECO 2D, no plano transgástrico, evidenciando a via de saída do VD. A valva pulmonar pode ser bem visualizada com o fibroelastoma preso em uma de suas válvulas por um pedículo. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_05.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_05.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
<media id="f22" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m06.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 6</label>
<caption><title>ECO transesofágica 2D, no plano 129°, evidencia massa ecogênica, arredondada, presa ao septo basal do VE, com mobilidade compatível com fibroelastoma. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_06.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_06.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
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<p>Fibroelastomas maiores que 1 cm apresentam maior risco de embolização.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A ECO 3D auxilia na detecção do pedículo e da sua exata localização quando a ECO 2D não for capaz de fornecer resultados claros<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>. A ECO 3D corrobora a diferenciação entre os diagnósticos, e a presença do pedículo diferencia o fibroelastoma da endocardite de Libman-Sacks. A ressecção cirúrgica é recomendada nos casos de fibroelastomas localizados nas valvas esquerdas maiores que 1,0 cm devido ao risco de embolização, uma vez que podem causar acidente vascular encefálico, infarto agudo do miocárdico ou embolismo periférico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Os fibroelastomas do lado direito são tratados clinicamente; porém, caso o paciente apresente embolização ou obstrução hemodinamicamente significativa, é indicado tratamento cirúrgico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os lipomas representam 8% dos tumores cardíacos benignos e ocorrem em pacientes adultos na faixa dos 50 anos ou idosos. Eles consistem em células gordurosas encapsuladas e podem surgir em qualquer cavidade cardíaca, em regiões subepicárdicas e endocárdicas. Esses tumores podem acometer o septo interatrial, e o diagnóstico diferencial tem como base a hipertrofia lipomatosa do septo interatrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em crianças, os fibromas e os rabdomiomas são os tumores mais comuns, uma vez que rabdomiomas múltiplos são encontrados em mais de 90% dos casos em crianças com 1 ano de idade ou no exame de ECO fetal. Aproximadamente metade dos casos estão associados a esclerose tuberosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Esses tumores são bem delimitados, arredondados, hiperecogênicos, múltiplos e frequentemente localizados nos ventrículos. Apresentam bom prognóstico e tendem a regredir totalmente ou parcialmente (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f23">Vídeo 7</xref>). A cirurgia somente é indicada em pacientes que apresentam arritmias intratáveis, obstrução dos fluxos de entrada ou saída dos ventrículos ou insuficiência cardíaca. A presença de múltiplas massas e sua associação com esclerose tuberosa excluem o diagnóstico de fibromas.</p>
<media id="f23" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m07.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 7</label>
<caption><title>Plano paraesternal longitudinal 2D evidenciando massas no interior do VE e direito e intramiocárdicas de dimensões variadas, causando obstrução da via de saída do VE, compatíveis com rabdomioma (cortesia do cirurgião cardíaco Andrei Monteiro). Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_07.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_07.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
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<p>Os fibromas são tumores bem demarcados, hiperecogênicos com calcificação central, formados por fibroblastos e fibras colágenas. Estão localizados no miocárdio do ventrículo, na parede livre do VE ou no septo interventricular, mimetizando miocardiopatia hipertrófica. Além disso, podem ter associação com polipose adenomatosa familiar ou síndrome de Gorlin. A ressecção cirúrgica é indicada devido ao risco de morte súbita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em relação aos tumores malignos primários, os sarcomas são os mais comuns e agressivos, espalhando-se no interior das cavidades e do pericárdio. Incluem angiossarcomas, rabdomiossarcomas, fibrossarcomas e leiomiossarcomas. A idade de apresentação varia de 1 a 76 anos, com média de 40 anos. Podem se apresentar como massas lobuladas, grandes, polipoides ou intramiocárdicas, com predileção pelo átrio direito, estendendo-se para a veia cava inferior. Os angiossarcomas podem ter calcificação<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f24">Vídeo 8</xref>). Os rabdomiossarcomas são os sarcomas mais encontrados em crianças e, ao contrário dos demais sarcomas cardíacos, têm localização em ambos os átrios e ventrículos. Os osteossarcomas e os sarcomas indiferenciados são encontrados predominantemente nas cavidades esquerdas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O átrio direito é o local mais frequente dos angiossarcomas, seguido das demais câmaras cardíacas e do pericárdio. Ao contrário dos demais sarcomas, o comprometimento do átrio esquerdo é raro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<media id="f24" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m08.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 8</label>
<caption><title>ECO 2D evidenciando tumor grande infiltrando o miocárdio, de bordas irregulares, expandindo-se para o interior da cavidade ventricular esquerda, compatível com sarcoma. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_08.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_08.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
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<p>Entre as neoplasias primárias do pericárdio, além do angiossarcoma, vale ressaltar os mesoteliomas, que se manifestam como lesões difusas, e o tumor fibroso solitário, que, como na pleura, costuma apresentar-se como lesão nodular bem delimitada. Assim como no coração, as metástases são mais frequentes do que o comprometimento primário no pericárdio. O comprometimento pericárdico secundário se origina com mais frequência de neoplasias pulmonares, mamárias, linfomas, leucemias e melanomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os linfomas cardíacos primários são originários de células B, apresentam evolução agressiva e são observados em pacientes imunossuprimidos. Apresentam sintomas inespecíficos e são encontrados com mais frequência nas cavidades direitas como massas homogêneas e infiltrativas, causando espessamento da parede miocárdica ou invadindo cavidades, como o pericárdio, causando derrame. O diagnóstico ocorre pela biópsia da massa, pois estão localizados do lado direito, ou por punção do líquido pericárdico. O tratamento inclui quimioterapia e radioterapia (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f25">Vídeos 9</xref> e <xref ref-type="other" rid="f26">10</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
<media id="f25" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m09.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 9</label>
<caption><title>ECO 2D, no plano da valva aórtica, evidenciando massas heterogêneas sem acometimento valvar tricúspide no interior do átrio direito, compatível com linfoma cardíaco. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_09.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_09.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
<media id="f26" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m10.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 10</label>
<caption><title>ECO 2D, no plano transverso do VE, apresentando infiltração miocárdica pelo linfoma. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_10.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_10.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
<p>Os mesoteliomas, que são raros, altamente agressivos e apresentam prognóstico reservado, normalmente se originam do pericárdio e apresentam derrame pericárdico. Há predomínio no sexo masculino, em torno da quinta e da sexta década de vida. O tratamento é paliativo.</p>
<p>Embora as metástases cardíacas sejam de 20 a 40 vezes mais comuns do que os tumores primários malignos, o coração é relativamente menos afetado por doenças metastáticas em relação a outros órgãos. Os tumores metastáticos podem invadir, de forma direta, por contiguidade, por via hematogênica, por veias pulmonares (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f27">Vídeos 11</xref>, <xref ref-type="other" rid="f28">12</xref> e <xref ref-type="other" rid="f29">13</xref>) e por via linfática. Os carcinomas de pulmão, mama e esôfago são os que mais apresentam metástase para o coração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Outros que causam metástase são melanoma, carcinoma de células renais e tumores malignos ginecológicos. Os melanomas geralmente metastatizam para o pericárdio ou miocárdio. Nesses casos, os tumores são vascularizados, e o ARU irá corroboraro diagnóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<media id="f27" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m11.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 11</label>
<caption><title>ECO transesofágica 2D evidenciando, ao plano 41 graus, uma massa no interior do átrio esquerdo compatível com metástase de tumor primário de mama. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_11.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_11.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
<media id="f28" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m12.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 12</label>
<caption><title>ECO transesofágica 3D com TrueVue mostrando com detalhes a irregularidade da superfície da massa (estruturas altamente móveis com alto risco de embolização). Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_12.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_12.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
<media id="f29" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m13.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 13</label>
<caption><title>ECO transesofágica 3D com TrueVue demostrando o tumor invadindo o átrio esquerdo pela veia pulmonar direita. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_13.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_13.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
</media>
<p>O envolvimento cardíaco por metástase deve ser esperado em pacientes com doença maligna com sintomas cardiovasculares, gerando distúrbio de condução, disfunção valvar ou insuficiência cardíaca. O manejo nesses casos deve ser individualizado.</p>
<p>Os diagnósticos diferenciais de massas intracavitárias devem ser sempre cogitados, como, por exemplo, trombo em região apical do VE, o qual será facilmente diferenciado com o uso do ARU, pois não ocorrerá preenchimento (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f30">Vídeo 14</xref>). Outro dado de extrema importância é a ausência de alteração segmentar em região apical. Nesse caso, o diagnóstico de massa tumoral deve ser considerado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
<media id="f30" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240032-m14.mp4">
<label>Vídeo 14</label>
<caption><title>ECO 2D realizada com agente de realce ultrassonográfico (ARU). Ausência de preenchimento do ARU na região apical, com alteração de contratilidade nessa região, compatível com trombo. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_14.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0032_video_14.mp4</ext-link></title></caption>
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<p>O estudo ecocardiográfico é fundamental no rastreio e no acompanhamento das possíveis complicações, pois o próprio tratamento com uso de quimioterápicos pode causar disfunção cardíaca. A localização do tumor e o seu tamanho podem obstruir a via de entrada do VE, como é o caso dos mixomas, além de causar embolização, como os fibroelastomas e os tumores metastáticos, como os de mama.</p>
<p>O uso de ECO 3D oferece dados importantes para a estratégia cirúrgica, além de contribuir para diagnósticos diferenciais. O ARU auxilia na avaliação da massa cardíaca, caso seja hipervascularizada, para pensarmos em tumores malignos; pouco vascularizados, como o mixoma, ou avasculares, como fibroelastoma e trombos. O uso integrado dessas modalidades é fundamental para alcançar o diagnóstico correto no estudo de massas cardíacas.</p>
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<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado </bold> </p>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
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