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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240030i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240030i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Patent Foramen Ovale: An Unusual Cause of Refractory Hypoxemia</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7979-2543</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Miranda</surname><given-names>Inês</given-names></name>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8414-7434</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Strong</surname><given-names>Christopher</given-names></name>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7069-7304</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Póvoa</surname><given-names>Pedro</given-names></name>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>analysis</role>
<role>interpretation of the data</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Unidade Local de Saúde Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Egas Moniz</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Egas Moniz, Unidade Local de Saúde Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa – Portugal</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Unidade Local de Saúde Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Santa Cruz</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Cruz, Unidade Local de Saúde Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisboa – Portugal</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Unidade Local de Saúde Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital São Francisco Xavier</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Francisco Xavier, Unidade Local de Saúde Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa – Portugal</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">NOVA Medical School</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
<institution content-type="original">NOVA Medical School, Lisboa – Portugal</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Inês Miranda</bold> • Unidade Local de Saúde de Lisboa Ocidental, EPE. Rua da Junqueira, 126. Postal code: <postal-code>1300-344</postal-code>. Lisboa – Portugal. E-mail: <email>issilva@ulslo.min-saude.pt</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Marco Lofrano-Alves</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>26</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240030</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>17</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>26</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>27</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Patent Foramen Ovale</kwd>
<kwd>Hypoxia</kwd>
<kwd>Pulmonary Artery</kwd>
<kwd>Respiratory Insufficiency</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="2"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="11"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case Report</title>
<p>We report the case of a 70-year-old woman with a history of cryptogenic ischemic stroke for which she underwent intravenous fibrinolysis with no neurological sequelae. She had no known history of pulmonary or heart disease.</p>
<p>Approximately 1.5 years later, she presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with a one-week history of cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath. She denied fever, chest pain, orthopnea, or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.</p>
<p>Upon admission, she was normotensive with a heart rate of 90 bpm, eupneic despite a peripheral O<sub>2</sub> saturation level of 90%, and apyretic. The remaining physical examination was unremarkable, except for basal crackles on pulmonary auscultation. Initial arterial blood gas (ABG) on O<sub>2</sub> at 1L/min via nasal cannula showed a pH of 7.46, pCO<sub>2</sub> of 36 mmHg, HCO<sub>3</sub> of 26 mmHg, pO<sub>2</sub> of 61 mmHg, SaO<sub>2</sub> of 91%, and lactate of 1.3 mmol/L.</p>
<p>Initial blood work showed no anemia as well as raised troponin, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, and inflammatory biomarkers. A broad respiratory pathogens polymerase chain reaction panel was negative for SARS-CoV-2, but parainfluenza virus was detected. Chest X-ray showed no pleural effusion or consolidations. Chest CT angiography ruled out pulmonary embolism. However, it showed mild ground-glass opacities with central distribution and atelectasis of the lung bases.</p>
<p>Her type 1 respiratory failure progressively worsened during her 24-hour stay in the ED, with no objective cause — an ABG showing a pO<sub>2</sub> of 54 mmHg on a 60% Venturi mask (P/F ratio = 90). However, she had no significant signs of increased work of breathing. At that time, she was admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU).</p>
<p>She was started on high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy in the ICU and titrated to 90%/50L. She showed gradual improvement, allowing weaning from the HFNC, but still had significant oxygen requirements.</p>
<p>No other microorganisms were isolated (urinary antigen tests, blood cultures), and serologic tests for autoimmune diseases were negative.</p>
<p>A high-resolution chest CT scan was performed at 72 hours (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). It showed areas of consolidation in the lower lobes, particularly at the bases, with air bronchogram. However, there was no clinical evidence of bacterial infection.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Chest CT scan (transversal plane): areas of consolidation with air bronchogram in lower lobes</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240030-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Because of the cryptogenic cause of respiratory failure and chest CT findings that were not proportional to the severity of hypoxemia, a transthoracic echocardiogram bubble study was performed (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f2">Video 1</xref>). It showed non-dilated cardiac cavities, mild left ventricular septal hypertrophy, preserved left and right systolic function, no significant valvular regurgitation, and no apparent macroscopic defect of the interatrial septum. However, the passage of many contrast bubbles (&gt; 30) shortly after entering the right atrium raised the suspicion of a patent foramen ovale (PFO).</p>
<media id="f2" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240030-m01.mp4">
<label>Video 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_01.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<p>A transesophageal echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f3">Videos 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="other" rid="f4">3</xref>) showed detachment and tunneling of the fossa ovalis membrane with an almost continuous right-to-left shunt and a very significant, immediate, continuous bubble contrast passage after injection of agitated saline. There were no other obvious defects of the interatrial septum.</p>
<media id="f3" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240030-m02.mp4">
<label>Video 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_02.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<media id="f4" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240030-m03.mp4">
<label>Video 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_03.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_03.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<p>A Swan-Ganz right heart catheterization (RHC) performed 10 days after ICU admission documented the absence of pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary artery pressure of 15 mmHg) with normal right and left filling pressures. Cardiac output was preserved. The Qp/Qs ratio was 1.5.</p>
<p>Patient underwent transcatheter closure of PFO with a CeraFlex™ PFO Occluder (25 × 30 mm) (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f5">Video 4</xref>). She was on a 60% Venturi mask at the time. Subsequent echocardiographic follow-up showed no residual shunt. After the procedure, her respiratory failure improved significantly. She was discharged home with no need for ambulatory oxygen therapy.</p>
<media id="f5" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240030-m04.mp4">
<label>Video 4</label>
<caption>
<title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_04.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_04.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<p>Although we can conclude the primary cause of severe persistent hypoxemia was the open PFO with right-to-left shunt, the acute viral respiratory infection also contributed, not only as a mechanism for the shunt but also as a factor contributing to hypoxemia.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>PFO occurs in 25–30% of the general population, with a higher prevalence in patients with cryptogenic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Noninvasive diagnosis can be done by an echocardiogram (transthoracic/transesophageal) bubble contrast study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>PFO-mediated hypoxemia occurs when deoxygenated venous blood from the right atrium enters and mixes with oxygenated arterial blood in the left atrium. Patients with an intracardiac right-to-left shunt may experience intense hypoxemia disproportionate to the underlying primary lung disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Hypoxemia associated with PFO usually occurs secondary to right-to-left shunt in the presence of pulmonary hypertension. However, hypoxemia in the absence of pulmonary hypertension is less common. This condition has been reported in the medical literature and is thought to be because of abnormal anatomic features that promote right-to-left shunt through the atrial septal defect, such as prominent Eustachian valve, Ebstein anomaly, or a right atrial mass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>In this clinical report, we assume that the acute viral respiratory infection may have transiently elevated pulmonary artery pressures (both directly and through hypoxemia), reversing the right-to-left shunt through the large PFO, leading to disproportionately severe hypoxemia. Had the RHC been performed earlier, the hemodynamic results may have been different.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>PFO closure for systemic hypoxemia remains controversial. To date, only small studies have been conducted, with conflicting results regarding hypoxemia and functional improvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Successful closure in these cases requires not only acceptable periprocedural and long-term risk (known as &quot;procedural success&quot;) but also complete reversal of the shunt and resolution of hypoxemia (known as &quot;clinical success&quot;).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Therefore, the risk-benefit ratio and physiologic considerations must be carefully considered before choosing percutaneous device closure as a treatment modality for hypoxemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In a subset of patients, particularly in the absence of severe pulmonary hypertension, percutaneous PFO closure may result in a significant improvement of dyspnea and hypoxemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Physicians should be aware of the association between right-to-left shunting and hypoxemia, as removal of the shunt may result in decreased oxygen requirements. Although removal of the shunt appeared to improve blood oxygenation in this patient, further research is needed to inform practice in this clinical setting.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240030</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Forame Oval Patente: Uma Causa Incomum de Hipoxemia Refratária</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7979-2543</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Miranda</surname><given-names>Inês</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>análise</role>
<role>interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8414-7434</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Strong</surname><given-names>Christopher</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>análise</role>
<role>interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7069-7304</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Póvoa</surname><given-names>Pedro</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>análise</role>
<role>interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Egas Moniz, Unidade Local de Saúde Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa – Portugal</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Cruz, Unidade Local de Saúde Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisboa – Portugal</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Francisco Xavier, Unidade Local de Saúde Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa – Portugal</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
<institution content-type="original">NOVA Medical School, Lisboa – Portugal</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Inês Miranda</bold> • Unidade Local de Saúde de Lisboa Ocidental, EPE. Rua da Junqueira, 126. CEP: <postal-code>1300-344</postal-code>. Lisboa – Portugal. E-mail: <email>issilva@ulslo.min-saude.pt</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marco Lofrano-Alves</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Forame Oval Patente</kwd>
<kwd>Hipóxia</kwd>
<kwd>Artéria Pulmonar</kwd>
<kwd>Insuficiência Respiratória</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato de Caso</title>
<p>Relatamos o caso de uma mulher de 70 anos com histórico de acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico criptogênico, para o qual foi submetida à fibrinólise intravenosa sem sequelas neurológicas. Ela não tinha histórico conhecido de doença pulmonar ou cardíaca.</p>
<p>Aproximadamente 1,5 ano depois, ela se apresentou ao Departamento de Emergência (DE) com um histórico de uma semana de tosse, fadiga e falta de ar. Ela negou febre, dor no peito, ortopneia ou dispneia paroxística noturna.</p>
<p>Na admissão, ela estava normotensa com uma frequência cardíaca de 90 bpm, eupneica, apesar de uma saturação periférica de O<sub>2</sub> de 90%, e apirética. O exame físico restante estava normal, exceto por crepitações basais na ausculta pulmonar. A gasometria arterial inicial (GSA) com O<sub>2</sub> a 1L/min via cânula nasal mostrou um pH de 7,46, pCO<sub>2</sub> de 36 mmHg, HCO<sub>3</sub> de 26 mmHg, pO<sub>2</sub> de 61 mmHg, SaO<sub>2</sub> de 91% e lactato de 1,3 mmol/L.</p>
<p>Os exames de sangue iniciais demonstraram ausência de anemia e níveis elevados de troponina, fragmento N-terminal do peptídeo natriurético tipo B e biomarcadores inflamatórios. Um painel amplo de reação em cadeia da polimerase para patógenos respiratórios foi negativo para SARS-CoV-2, mas detectou o vírus parainfluenza. A radiografia de tórax não mostrou derrame pleural ou consolidações. A angiotomografia de tórax descartou embolia pulmonar, mas demonstrou leves opacidades em vidro fosco com distribuição central e atelectasia das bases pulmonares.</p>
<p>Sua insuficiência respiratória tipo 1 piorou progressivamente durante sua estadia de 24 horas no DE, sem causa objetiva — uma gasometria arterial mostrou um pO2 de 54 mmHg com máscara de Venturi a 60% (razão P/F = 90). No entanto, ela não apresentava sinais significativos de aumento do trabalho respiratório. Naquele momento, ela foi admitida em uma unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI).</p>
<p>Ela iniciou a terapia com oxigênio em cânula nasal de alto fluxo (CNAF) na UTI, titulada para 90%/50L. Ela mostrou uma melhora gradual, permitindo o desmame da CNAF, mas ainda apresentava necessidade significativa de oxigênio.</p>
<p>Nenhum outro microrganismo foi isolado (testes de antígenos urinários, hemoculturas), e os testes sorológicos para doenças autoimunes foram negativos.</p>
<p>Uma tomografia computadorizada de tórax de alta resolução foi realizada após 72 horas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>). Ela mostrou áreas de consolidação nos lobos inferiores, particularmente nas bases, com broncograma aéreo. No entanto, não havia evidência clínica de infecção bacteriana.</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>TAC de tórax: áreas de consolidação com broncograma aéreo nos lobos inferiores</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240030-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Devido à causa criptogênica da insuficiência respiratória e aos achados da tomografia de tórax que não eram proporcionais à gravidade da hipoxemia, foi realizado um estudo com bolhas no ecocardiograma transtorácico (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f7">Vídeo 1</xref>). Ele mostrou cavidades cardíacas não dilatadas, hipertrofia leve do septo ventricular esquerdo, função sistólica preservada à esquerda e à direita, sem regurgitação valvular significativa e sem defeito macroscópico aparente do septo interatrial. No entanto, a passagem de muitas bolhas de contraste (&gt; 30) logo após a entrada no átrio direito levantou a suspeita de um forame oval patente (FOP).</p>
<media id="f7" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240030-m01.mp4">
<label>Video 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_01.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<p>Um ecocardiograma transesofágico (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f8">Vídeos 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="other" rid="f9">3</xref>) mostrou descolamento e tunelamento da membrana da fossa oval com um <italic>shunt</italic> quase contínuo da direita para a esquerda e uma passagem de contraste de bolhas muito significativa, imediata e contínua após a injeção de solução salina agitada. Não havia outros defeitos evidentes no septo interatrial.</p>
<media id="f8" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240030-m02.mp4">
<label>Video 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_02.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<media id="f9" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240030-m03.mp4">
<label>Video 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_03.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_03.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<p>Uma cateterização cardíaca direita (CCD) de Swan-Ganz realizada 10 dias após a admissão na UTI documentou a ausência de hipertensão pulmonar (pressão média da artéria pulmonar de 15 mmHg) com pressões de enchimento normais à direita e à esquerda. O débito cardíaco estava preservado. A razão Qp/Qs foi de 1,5.</p>
<p>A paciente foi submetida ao fechamento percutâneo do FOP com um oclusor CeraFlex™ PFO (25 × 30 mm) (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f10">Vídeo 4</xref>). Ela estava usando uma máscara de Venturi a 60% na época. O acompanhamento ecocardiográfico subsequente não mostrou <italic>shunt</italic> residual. Após o procedimento, sua insuficiência respiratória melhorou significativamente. Ela recebeu alta para casa sem necessidade de oxigenoterapia ambulatorial.</p>
<media id="f10" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240030-m04.mp4">
<label>Video 4</label>
<caption>
<title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_04.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3702/2024-0030-video_04.mp4</ext-link></title>
</caption>
</media>
<p>Embora possamos concluir que a causa primária da hipoxemia grave e persistente foi o FOP aberto com <italic>shunt</italic> da direita para a esquerda, a infecção respiratória viral aguda também contribuiu, não apenas como um mecanismo para o <italic>shunt</italic>, mas também como um fator que contribui para a hipoxemia.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>O FOP ocorre em 25–30% da população geral, com uma prevalência maior em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral criptogênico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O diagnóstico não invasivo pode ser feito por um estudo de ecocardiografia contrastada com bolhas (transtorácica/transesofágica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>A hipoxemia mediada por FOP ocorre quando o sangue venoso desoxigenado do átrio direito entra e se mistura com o sangue arterial oxigenado no átrio esquerdo. Pacientes com um <italic>shunt</italic> esquerda-direita podem experimentar uma hipoxemia intensa desproporcional à doença pulmonar primária subjacente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>A hipoxemia associada ao FOP geralmente ocorre secundária ao <italic>shunt</italic> esquerda-direita na presença de hipertensão pulmonar. No entanto, a hipoxemia na ausência de hipertensão pulmonar é menos comum. Esta condição tem sido relatada na literatura médica e acredita-se que seja devido a características anatômicas anormais que promovem o <italic>shunt</italic> esquerda-direita através do defeito do septo atrial, como válvula de Eustáquio proeminente, anomalia de Ebstein ou uma massa no átrio direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Neste relato de caso, assumimos que a infecção respiratória viral aguda pode ter elevado temporariamente as pressões da artéria pulmonar (tanto diretamente quanto por meio da hipoxemia), revertendo o <italic>shunt</italic> esquerda-direita através do grande FOP, levando a uma hipoxemia desproporcionalmente grave. Se a CCD tivesse sido realizada mais cedo, os resultados hemodinâmicos poderiam ter sido diferentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>O fechamento do FOP para hipoxemia sistêmica permanece controverso. Até o momento, apenas pequenos estudos foram realizados, com resultados conflitantes em relação à hipoxemia e à melhora funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O fechamento bem-sucedido nesses casos requer não apenas um risco periprocedural e de longo prazo aceitável (conhecido como &quot;sucesso do procedimento&quot;), mas também a reversão completa do <italic>shunt</italic> e a resolução da hipoxemia (conhecido como &quot;sucesso clínico&quot;).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Portanto, a relação risco-benefício e as considerações fisiológicas devem ser cuidadosamente avaliadas antes de optar pelo fechamento percutâneo do FOP como modalidade de tratamento para a hipoxemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em um subconjunto de pacientes, particularmente na ausência de hipertensão pulmonar grave, o fechamento percutâneo do FOP pode resultar em uma melhora significativa da dispneia e da hipoxemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>Os médicos devem estar cientes da associação entre o <italic>shunt</italic> esquerda-direita e a hipoxemia, pois a remoção do <italic>shunt</italic> pode resultar na diminuição das necessidades de oxigênio. Embora a remoção do <italic>shunt</italic> pareça ter melhorado a oxigenação do sangue nesta paciente, mais pesquisas são necessárias para orientar a prática clínica nesse contexto.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
<p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
