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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240026i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240026i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to Evaluate Systemic Venous Congestion: VExUS Protocol</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-8253-7535</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Salgado</surname>
						<given-names>Angelo Antunes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6900-4964</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bernardo</surname>
						<given-names>Marcos Paulo Lacerda</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-9564-7435</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Netto</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Melo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content and figure production</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pro-Cardiaco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Pro-Cardiaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Diagnóstico Avançado</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Teresópolis</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Diagnóstico Avançado (CDA), Teresópolis, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Sure-Libanês Brasília</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sure-Libanês Brasília, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital DF Star</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital DF Star, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Angelo Antunes Salgado</bold> • Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Avenida 28 de Setembro, 77. Postal Code: 20550-900. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil E-mail: <email>angeloasalgado@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>16</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>37</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20240026</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract abstract-type="graphical">
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: My Approach to Evaluate Systemic Venous Congestion: VExUS Protocol</title>
							<p>IVC: inferior vena cava.</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240026-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</abstract>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The use of non-invasive tools for analyzing systemic venous congestion in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit has been gaining increasing popularity for diagnosis, estimating the severity of congestion, and providing prognostic estimates. Patients with systemic congestion are more likely to develop renal dysfunction compared to those without congestion. In this review, the authors demonstrate how to perform systemic congestion analysis, its potential limitations, and its practical and objective applicability.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Ultrasonography</kwd>
				<kwd>Pathology</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="12"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The systemic venous congestion evaluation in outpatients and critical care patients is subject to several limitations. Clinical analysis of volume overload, the evaluation of the diameter and phasicity of the inferior vena cava (IVC), as well as measurement of central venous pressure by invasive methods, are not always dependable in representing the patient’s real volume status. This pressure can be distorted by different factors, such as high pulmonary artery pressure, right ventricular dysfunction, valve dysfunction, inadequate patient position, use of invasive ventilation or non-invasive positive airway pressure (CPAP), and partial obstruction of the catheter, among others. As a result, the development of more reliable methods, preferably non-invasive, fast, low-cost, practical and which better inform patients of their real volume status, is extremely essential for clinical management and prognostic definition.</p>
			<p>In 2020, the Canadian group led by Dr. William Beaubien-Souligny and Dr. Philippe Rola<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> created a systemic venous congestion grading system for the non-invasive assessment of volemia, using the evaluation of the diameter of the IVC and the flows of the suprahepatic vein, portal vein and renal interlobar vein. Through a system of flow characteristics, it could be shown whether the patient had no congestion (grade zero), mild congestion (grade 1), moderate congestion (grade 2) or severe congestion (grade 3), with an important impact on clinical treatment and prognosis. This non-invasive model for analyzing systemic congestion was named VExUS (<italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic>).</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Physiology of Systemic Congestion</title>
				<p>Critically ill patients who are developing organ dysfunction may be experiencing low flow to the organ (systemic arterial hypotension model) or venous congestion (right heart dysfunction model). Understanding what causes the organ to fail is extremely important, as treatment is differentiated. Patients with renal failure and elevated nitrogenous wastes due to hypotension will benefit from volume infusion and vasopressors. In contrast, patients with renal congestion (and, therefore, edema in the organ, causing its dysfunction) will benefit from the use of diuretics.</p>
				<p>In patients with systemic volume overload, this process of dysfunction occurs not only at the renal level but throughout the body. It can also cause congestive hepatopathy and congestive enteropathy, among other things, worsening the patient’s prognosis if there is no rapid resolution of the condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>VExUS can be used as an important tool for grading systemic congestion secondary to increased central venous pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>VExUS Technical Considerations</title>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Apnea: Respiratory apnea should be performed whenever possible throughout the VExUS protocol in order to obtain perfect flows. This detail is particularly important when obtaining renal interlobar vein flows due to their small diameter and accentuated “leakage” of the image during the respiratory cycle. Obtaining apnea is not always possible in unstable patients.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Electrocardiogram (ECG): A clear and clean electrocardiographic signal is essential for differentiating the waves of the suprahepatic vein, particularly in defining the S and D waves.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Use of transducers: the sectorial transducer is used to obtain the image of the IVC. However, both the sectorial and convex transducers can be used to analyze visceral flows.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Flow velocities: As these are veins with low-velocity flow, it is important to reduce the filter and adjust the color scale to identify the vessels better or to select presets that already use a lower velocity scale (Example: renal arteries preset).</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>VExUS Components</title>
				<p>In order to carry out the VExUS, a flowchart must be followed, which will allow the degree of venous congestion to be estimated from patients with no congestion (grade 0) to severe congestion (grade 3). The first factor to evaluate is the IVC. If it has a diameter of 2 cm or more, there may be some degree of congestion and the suprahepatic, portal and renal interlobar veins should be evaluated. In this regard, five steps are followed:</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Step 1: Evaluation of the IVC</title>
					<p>During the VExUS evaluation, the initial analysis of the IVC becomes the primary factor in defining between patients who do not have congestion (grade zero) and those in whom congestion may be present (congestion grades 1, 2 or 3).</p>
					<p>IVC analysis will preferably be carried out subcostally, with the index pointed at 12 o’clock, with a longitudinal view of the IVC flowing into the right atrium. For patients unable to use the subcostal window, IVC analysis can be performed through the transhepatic window, especially in patients with drains in the subcostal region, with the index at 12 o’clock, through the middle axillary line (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Image acquisition points for evaluating the VExUS. A – Subcostal projection, with the index at 12 o’clock, pointed at the patient’s head: longitudinal visualization of the IVC draining into the RA. Sometimes, in this same projection, it is possible to visualize the suprahepatic vein (which drains into the IVC) and the portal vein (hyperrefringent walls). B – Middle axillary line projection, with the index at 12 o’clock, pointed towards the patient’s head: visualization of the suprahepatic vein (blue flow on color Doppler, hepatofugal, towards the IVC) and the portal vein (red flow on color Doppler, hepatopetal, towards the liver). C – Middle axillary line projection (slightly lower than projection B), with index at 12 o’clock, pointed towards the patient’s head: visualization of the renal interlobar vein in the cortical region (flow obtained by reducing the color Doppler scale). PV: portal vein; SH: suprahepatic vein; IVC: inferior vena cava; RA: right atrium; RI: renal interlobar vein.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240026-gf02.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>With the patient in expiratory apnea, the IVC is measured 2 cm before it flows into the right atrium. The size of the IVC will serve as a reference for whether or not to proceed with the VExUS flowchart. If the size of the IVC is less than 2 cm, it is considered that there is no systemic congestion, and the VExUS is graded 0 (no congestion). If the size is equal to or greater than 2 cm, there may be evidence of congestion, and the analysis of the other components (suprahepatic vein, portal vein and renal interlobar vein) should be continued.</p>
					<p>Pitfalls: one of the problems with IVC analysis is that it is not standardized for the patient’s body surface. Short individuals are expected to have IVCs with smaller diameters than taller individuals, which limits the adoption of a single size for analysis. In addition, athletes and young people may have IVCs with increased diameters, without there necessarily being systemic hypervolemia. The isolated evaluation of the IVC for the diagnosis of volume status is subject to different problems since patients on ventilation prostheses can have increased IVC diameters without necessarily having significant congestion.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Step 2: Evaluation of the Suprahepatic Vein</title>
					<p>The suprahepatic vein is analyzed using pulsed Doppler and can be performed subcostally or transhepatically (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>). The speed of the color Doppler should be readjusted to 30-40 cm/s to visualize better the flow of the vessel, which is generally of low velocity, preferably selecting the most vertical vein for better analysis. It is extremely important to use the ECG to correctly identify the phases of the cardiac cycle and the corresponding venous waves.</p>
					<p>In patients in sinus rhythm, the suprahepatic vein shows four classic curves on pulsed Doppler:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> <bold>S wave</bold>, present immediately after the R wave on the ECG, with a negative and dominant pattern, which occurs due to right atrial relaxation and pulling of the tricuspid annulus towards the cardiac apex during ventricular systole; <bold>V wave,</bold> which may be absent, generally has a positive pattern and occurs when the tricuspid annulus returns to its initial diastolic position; <bold>D wave</bold>, which is associated with the T wave of the ECG and has a negative pattern, being less wide than the S wave, occurs due to the opening of the tricuspid valve and passive inflow of blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and <bold>A wave</bold>, associated with the P wave of the ECG, with a positive pattern, occurs due to atrial contractility and retrograde flow of blood to the suprahepatic vein (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Flow Patterns in the Suprahepatic Vein</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup width="50%">
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Normal pattern – Type 1</td>
										<td align="left">the amplitude of the S wave is greater than that of the D wave.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Slightly abnormal pattern – Type 2</td>
										<td>the amplitude of the S wave is smaller than that of the D wave since atrial emptying will occur predominantly in diastole.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Severely abnormal pattern – Type 3</td>
										<td>inversion of the S wave, which acquires a positive pattern, while the D wave maintains its negative pattern.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Pitfalls: The waves of the suprahepatic veins can show alterations during various pathological states. The A wave can be absent in patients with arrhythmias, especially during atrial fibrillation or flutter. However, this does not hinder the analysis of the VExUS, since the S and D waves are little affected. S waves may have reduced or even inverted amplitudes (positive character) in patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation since the S wave occurs physiologically during ventricular systole. The presence of tricuspid reflux causes systemic congestion, which should not be confused with volume overload. In the presence of severe tricuspid regurgitation, the grading of VExUS (absolute value) will be impaired. Nevertheless, the evaluation of portal vein and renal interlobar vein flows will be less compromised. It can be used to understand the degree of systemic congestion, especially during patient follow-up. In addition, in cases of severe functional tricuspid regurgitation, there is an improvement in the evolution of VExUS and tricuspid regurgitation itself as congestion decreases.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Step 3: Evaluation of the Portal Vein</title>
					<p>Pulsed Doppler analysis of the portal vein can be performed with a sectorial or convex transducer. The portal vein is best visualized through the transhepatic window, with the index at 12 o’clock, but it can also be seen subcostally (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>). As this is a vessel with a low-velocity flow, the color Doppler speed must be adjusted to 20-30 cm/s.</p>
					<p>The portal vein, unlike the suprahepatic vein, has thicker walls and an upward flow (reddish on the color scale) with a continuous or slightly pulsating pattern since it is isolated from the systemic circulation by the hepatic sinusoids.</p>
					<p>The suprahepatic veins, on the other hand, have no visible walls and a bluish flow on color Doppler, heading towards the IVC.</p>
					<p>With the gradual increase in systemic venous pressure due to the congestive process, dilation of the sinusoidal vessels occurs, transmitting systemic venous pulsatility to the portal system. The greater the systemic congestion, the greater the sinusoidal dilation and, therefore, the pulsatility transmitted (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Flow Patterns in the Portal Vein</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup width="50%">
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Normal pattern – Type 1</td>
										<td align="left">the hepatic sinusoids are preserved, with a flow oscillation of less than 30%.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Slightly abnormal pattern – Type 2</td>
										<td>there is dilation of the sinusoidal vessels with a flow oscillation of between 31 and 50%.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Severely abnormal pattern – Type 3</td>
										<td>the dilation of the sinusoidal vessels is extremely marked, with significant transmission of the systemic venous pulsation to the portal vein, with an oscillation higher than 50%.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The cyclical oscillation of the portal vein flow (percentage oscillation of the portal vein flow, considering its maximum and minimum value) will give the pulsatility fraction, which is calculated by the formula: peak speed – minimum speed/peak speed x 100.</p>
					<p>Pitfalls: In patients with liver disease, especially cirrhotic ones, due to the greater resistance of the hepatic sinusoids, even in situations of significant congestion, there will be no transmission of pulsatility, limiting the use of VExUS in this population. Young, healthy patients without any comorbidities can have portal vein pulsatility of more than 50%, without meaning congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Step 4: Evaluation of the Renal Interlobar Vein</title>
					<p>Because it is encapsulated, the kidney does not transmit the pulsatility of the central veins, resulting in a generally continuous venous flow. However, as systemic congestion progresses, the kidney becomes edematous, and the flow pattern becomes biphasic or, in more severe cases, monophasic (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Flow Patterns in the Renal Interlobar Vein</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup width="50%">
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Normal pattern – Type 1</td>
										<td align="left">continuous venous flow throughout the cardiac cycle.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Slightly abnormal pattern – Type 2</td>
										<td>bi-phasicity of venous flow, with 1 systolic peak and 1 diastolic peak.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Severely abnormal pattern – Type 3</td>
										<td>monophasicity of interlobar venous flow, with only 1 peak, usually diastolic.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>When grading the VExUS, analysis of the renal interlobar vein is extremely important, as it is the vein most closely correlated with progression to renal failure in patients with marked systemic congestion, compared to alterations observed in the suprahepatic vein or portal vein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Due to the proximity of the artery/vein, the flow of the parenchymal arteries is visualized above the baseline, and the venous flow is visualized below it.</p>
					<p>To analyze the interlobar vein, it is necessary to record the flow in the renal cortical area, reducing the color Doppler speed scale to 20 cm/s in order to better visualize the flow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>Pitfalls: In nephropathic patients, especially those with end-stage renal disease and already on dialysis, interlobar vein flows may be altered, limiting the use of this parameter in the VExUS analysis due to the pathological alteration of the renal parenchyma.</p>
					<p>Another frequent cause of error is confusion between the renal vein, located in the region of the renal hilum, and the interlobar veins, located in the cortical region, since the renal vein has the characteristics of a central vein and, therefore, has a physiologically pulsatile flow.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Step 5: Integrate the Data and Grade VExUS</title>
					<p>Once the flow types have been obtained, the data is integrated, and the degree of congestion is established (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>). Congestion is then graded as:</p>
					<disp-quote>
						<p><bold>Grade 0 –</bold> No congestion: IVC with a diameter of less than 2 cm.</p>
						<p><bold>Grade 1 –</bold> Mild congestion: IVC with a diameter equal to or greater than 2 cm and without type 3 alterations, with the possibility of type 1 or 2 alterations.</p>
						<p><bold>Grade 2 –</bold> Moderate congestion: IVC with a diameter equal to or greater than 2 cm and with a type 3 alteration.</p>
						<p><bold>Grade 3 –</bold> Severe congestion: IVC with a diameter equal to or greater than 2 cm and with at least two type 3 alterations.</p>
					</disp-quote>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Using VExUS in Clinical Practice</title>
			<p>Systemic congestion: VExUS can be used to diagnose, quantify and help treat patients with systemic congestion. By grading how congested an individual is, it can be established whether there is a need to suspend, reduce or intensify the use of diuretics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Patients with heart failure, with elevated creatinine levels due to renal failure as a result of systemic congestion, will benefit from more aggressive doses of diuretics, with a reduction in renal edema and subsequent improvement in nephron function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Therefore, in this patient model, with VExUS, we can define the cause of the nephropathy: whether it is due to low output due to relative hypotension (the need to use vasopressors and inotropes) or whether it is due to systemic congestion (the need to use of diuretics).</p>
			<p>Fluid-tolerance: another use for VExUS is to evaluate volume status and systemic venous congestion to help with volume resuscitation therapies. Too much volume administration can cause venous hypertension and organ dysfunction due to edema. Fluid responsiveness consists of an increase in stroke volume or cardiac output of at least 10% after fluid administration. Patients who have a low VExUS sore (0 or 1) are usually fluid-responsive, but this is not always the case, and sometimes even patients with a low score can be intolerant of fluids. For practical purposes, during volume replacement, left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) flow can be evaluated to estimate stroke volume, and VExUS can be performed to evaluate fluid tolerance. Regardless of the increase in cardiac output with fluid administration, VExUS helps us to determine how much this additional volume may be causing systemic congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Future proposals are being put forward to define whether patients with VTI above 18 cm would fall into the “hot” pattern and below 18 cm into the “cold” pattern, VExUS 0 or 1 into the “dry” pattern, and VExUS 2 or 3 into the “wet” pattern of heart failure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Proposed combination of Frank-Starling curves with Diamond-Forrester profiles. In place of preload, the VExUS score is on the X-axis. In place of stroke volume, the LVOT VTI is on the Y-axis. Two patients with profile 3 are retreated. For patient 1, the increase in preload (after a passive leg-raising maneuver) moves the patient up the Frank-Starling curve. For patient 2, the increase in preload shows little change in LVOT and a large increase in venous congestion markers (VExUS). SV: stroke volume (ejected volume); LVOT VTI: flow in the left ventricular outflow tract’s integral (velocity x time); CVP: central venous pressure; VExUS: venous excess ultrasound; EPP: passive leg elevation. Adapted from Kenny et al.<italic>12</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240026-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>VExUS is a recent tool that can help evaluate systemic venous congestion and tolerance to fluid therapy. As it is an easy-to-perform test, it can be incorporated into the daily use of POCUS, with an important diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic impact.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any t hesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<p>Sources of Funding</p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240026</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como Faço Avaliação da Congestão Venosa Sistêmica: Protocolo VExUS</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-8253-7535</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Salgado</surname>
						<given-names>Angelo Antunes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6900-4964</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bernardo</surname>
						<given-names>Marcos Paulo Lacerda</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-9564-7435</contrib-id>
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						<surname>Netto</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Melo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante e confecção das figuras</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6002"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Pro-Cardiaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Diagnóstico Avançado (CDA), Teresópolis, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sure-Libanês Brasília, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6002">
				<label>6</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital DF Star, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"><bold>Correspondência: Angelo Antunes Salgado</bold> • Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Avenida 28 de Setembro, 77. CEP: 20550-900. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil E-mail: angeloasalgado@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O uso de ferramentas não invasivas para a análise da congestão venosa sistêmica em pacientes críticos em setor de cuidados intensivos tem ganho cada vez mais adeptos para o diagnóstico, estimativa da gravidade da congestão e estimativa prognóstica. Pacientes com congestão sistêmica evoluem mais para disfunção renal comparativamente àqueles que não apresentam congestão. Nesta revisão, os autores demonstram como realizar a análise da congestão sistêmica, suas possíveis limitações e suas aplicabilidades de forma prática e objetiva.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Ultrassonografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Patologia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A avaliação da congestão venosa sistêmica nos pacientes ambulatoriais e em ambientes críticos está sujeita a diversas limitações. A análise clínica de sobrecarga volêmica, a avaliação do diâmetro e fasicidade da veia cava inferior (VCI), além da medida da pressão venosa central por métodos invasivos, nem sempre são fidedignos para representar o status volêmico real do paciente. Esta pressão pode estar falseada por diversos fatores, como pressão arterial pulmonar elevada, disfunção ventricular direita, disfunções valvares, posição inadequada do paciente, uso de ventilação invasiva ou de pressão positiva não invasiva (CPAP), obstrução parcial do cateter, entre outros. Com isso, o desenvolvimento de métodos mais fidedignos, de preferência não invasivos, rápidos, de baixo custo, práticos e que melhor informem o real estado volêmico dos pacientes, é extremamente essencial para o manejo clínico e definição prognóstica</p>
				<p>Em 2020, o grupo canadense liderado pelo Dr. William Beaubien-Souligny e Dr. Philippe Rola<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> criou um sistema de graduação de congestão venosa sistêmica para avaliação não invasiva da volemia, utilizando a avaliação do diâmetro da VCI e dos fluxos da veia supra-hepática, veia porta e veia interlobar renal. Através de um sistema de característica dos fluxos, poderia ser evidenciado se o paciente se apresentava sem congestão (grau zero), congestão leve (grau 1), congestão moderada (grau 2) ou congestão grave (grau 3), com importante impacto no tratamento clínico e no prognóstico. Esse modelo não invasivo de análise da congestão sistêmica foi nomeado de VExUS (<italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic>).</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Fisiologia da congestão sistêmica</title>
					<p>Pacientes críticos, que estejam desenvolvendo quadro de disfunção orgânica, podem estar apresentando baixo fluxo para o órgão (modelo hipotensão arterial sistêmica) ou congestão venosa (modelo disfunção cardíaca direita). Entender o que faz com que o órgão entre em falência é de extrema importância, visto que o tratamento se faz de forma diferenciada. Pacientes com insuficiência renal com elevação das escórias nitrogenadas pela hipotensão se beneficiarão de infusão de volume e vasopressores. Em contrapartida, pacientes que apresentam congestão renal (e, portanto, edema no órgão, causando a sua disfunção) irão se beneficiar de uso de diuréticos.</p>
					<p>Em pacientes com sobrecarga sistêmica de volume, esse processo de disfunção não ocorrerá apenas em nível renal, mas no organismo como um todo. Isso também pode causar hepatopatia congestiva e enteropatia congestiva, entre outros, piorando o prognóstico do paciente se não houver rápida resolução do quadro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O VExUS pode ser utilizado como importante ferramenta para graduação dessa congestão sistêmica secundária ao aumento da pressão venosa central.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Considerações técnicas do VExUS</title>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Apneia: a apneia respiratória deve ser realizada sempre que possível durante todo o protocolo VExUS para a perfeita obtenção dos fluxos. Este detalhe é particularmente importante na obtenção de fluxos de veias interlobares renais, devido ao seu pequeno diâmetro e acentuada “fuga” da imagem durante o ciclo respiratório. Em pacientes instáveis, a obtenção da apneia nem sempre é possível.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Eletrocardiograma (ECG): a utilização de sinal eletrocardiográfico claro e limpo é essencial para a diferenciação das ondas da veia supra-hepática, em particular na definição das ondas S e D.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Uso de transdutores: o transdutor setorial é utilizado para a obtenção da imagem da VCI. Porém tanto o transdutor setorial quanto o convexo podem ser utilizados para a análise dos fluxos viscerais.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Velocidades de fluxo: por se tratar de veias com fluxo de baixa velocidade, é importante reduzir o filtro e regular a escala de cores para melhor identificação dos vasos, ou a seleção de <italic>presets</italic> que já utilizam uma menor escala de velocidade (Exemplo: <italic>preset</italic> de artérias renais).</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Componentes do VExUS</title>
					<p>Para a realização do VExUS é necessário que seja seguido um fluxograma que permitirá estimar o grau de congestão venosa, podendo ser considerado o paciente sem congestão (grau 0) até a congestão grave (grau 3). Para isso, o primeiro fator a ser avaliado é a VCI. Caso ela esteja com diâmetro igual ou maior que 2 cm, pode haver algum grau de congestão e as veias supra-hepáticas, porta e interlobar renal devem ser avaliadas. Neste sentido, seguem-se cinco passos:</p>
					<sec>
						<title>Passo 1: avaliação da VCI</title>
						<p>Durante a avaliação do VExUS, a análise inicial da VCI se torna fator primário para definir entre os pacientes que não apresentam congestão (grau zero) e aqueles em que a congestão pode estar presente (graus 1, 2 ou 3 de congestão).</p>
						<p>A análise da VCI se dará preferencialmente por via subcostal, com índex apontado para 12 horas, com a visão longitudinal da VCI desaguando no átrio direito. Para pacientes com impossibilidade do uso da janela subcostal, a análise da VCI poderá ser realizada pela janela trans-hepática, sobretudo em pacientes com drenos na região subcostal, com índex a 12 horas, através da linha axilar média (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f02002">
								<label>Figura 1</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Pontos de aquisição das imagens para avaliação do VExUS. A – Projeção subcostal, com índex a 12 horas, apontado para a cabeça do paciente: visualização longitudinal da VCI drenando no AD. Por vezes, nesta mesma projeção é possível visualizar a veia supra-hepática (que drena na VCI) e a veia porta (paredes hiperrefringentes). B – Projeção em linha axilar média, com índex a 12 horas, apontado para a cabeça do paciente: visualização de veia supra-hepática (fluxo azul ao Doppler colorido, hepatofugal, em direção à VCI) e da veia porta (fluxo vermelho ao Doppler colorido, hepatopetal, em direção ao fígado). C – Projeção em linha axilar média (discretamente inferior à projeção B), com índex a 12 horas, apontado para a cabeça do paciente: visualização de veia interlobar renal na região cortical (fluxo obtido com redução da escala do Doppler colorido) VP: veia porta; SH: veia supra-hepática; VCI: veia cava inferior; AD: átrio direito; IR: veia interlobar renal.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240026-gf02-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>Com o paciente em apneia expiratória, a medição da VCI é feita a 2 cm antes da sua desembocadura no átrio direito. O tamanho da VCI servirá como referência para prosseguir ou não no fluxograma do VExUS. Se o tamanho da VCI for menor que 2 cm, considera-se que não há congestão sistêmica, sendo o VExUS graduado em grau 0 (ausência de congestão). Caso o tamanho seja igual ou maior que 2 cm, pode haver evidência de congestão e deve-se prosseguir na análise dos demais componentes (veia supra-hepática, veia porta e veia interlobar renal).</p>
						<p>Armadilhas: um dos problemas na análise da VCI está relacionada à sua não padronização para a superfície corporal do paciente. Espera-se que indivíduos de estatura pequena tenham VCI de diâmetros menores do que indivíduos de estaturas maiores, o que limita a adoção de um tamanho único para a análise. Além disso, atletas e jovens podem ter VCI com diâmetros aumentados, sem que haja necessariamente hipervolemia sistêmica. A avaliação isolada da VCI para o diagnóstico da situação volêmica está sujeita a diversos problemas, visto que pacientes em prótese ventilatória podem apresentar diâmetros aumentados da VCI sem que estejam, necessariamente, com congestão significativa.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Passo 2: avaliação da veia supra-hepática</title>
						<p>A análise da veia supra-hepática é feita através do Doppler pulsado e pode ser realizada por via subcostal ou por via trans-hepática (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>). A velocidade do Doppler colorido deve ser reajustada para 30-40 cm/s para melhor visualização do fluxo do vaso, geralmente de baixa velocidade, selecionando preferencialmente a veia mais verticalizada para melhor análise. É de extrema importância o uso de ECG para a identificação correta das fases do ciclo cardíaco e das ondas venosas correspondentes.</p>
						<p>Nos pacientes em ritmo sinusal, a veia supra-hepática apresenta ao Doppler pulsado quatro curvas clássicas:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> <bold>onda S</bold>, presente logo após a onda R do ECG, de caráter negativo e dominante, que ocorre pelo relaxamento atrial direito e repuxamento do anel tricúspide em direção ao ápice cardíaco durante a sístole ventricular; <bold>onda V</bold>, podendo estar ausente, geralmente apresentando padrão positivo e ocorre quando o anel tricúspide volta à sua posição inicial diastólica; <bold>onda D</bold>, que está associada à onda T do ECG e apresenta padrão negativo, sendo menos ampla que a onda S, ocorre pela abertura da valva tricúspide e influxo passivo do sangue do átrio direito para o ventrículo direito e <bold>onda A</bold>, associada à onda P do ECG, de padrão positivo, ocorre pela contratilidade atrial e fluxo retrógrado do sangue para a veia supra-hepática (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
						<p>
							<table-wrap id="t1002">
								<label>Tabela 1</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Padrões de fluxo na veia supra-hepática</title>
								</caption>
								<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
									<colgroup width="50%">
										<col/>
										<col/>
									</colgroup>
									<tbody>
										<tr>
											<td align="left">Padrão normal – Tipo 1</td>
											<td align="left">a amplitude da onda S é maior do que a da onda D.</td>
										</tr>
										<tr>
											<td>Padrão levemente anormal – Tipo 2</td>
											<td>a amplitude da onda S é menor do que a da onda D, já que o esvaziamento atrial ocorrerá predominantemente na diástole.</td>
										</tr>
										<tr>
											<td>Padrão gravemente anormal – Tipo 3</td>
											<td>inversão da onda S, que adquire um padrão positivo, enquanto a onda D mantém seu padrão negativo.</td>
										</tr>
									</tbody>
								</table>
							</table-wrap>
						</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f01002">
								<label>Figura Central</label>
								<caption>
									<title>: Como Faço Avaliação da Congestão Venosa Sistêmica: Protocolo VExUS</title>
									<p><italic>VCI: veia cava inferior.</italic></p>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240026-gf01-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>Armadilhas: as ondas das veias supra-hepáticas podem apresentar alterações durante vários estados patológicos. A onda A pode estar ausente em pacientes com arritmias, principalmente durante a fibrilação ou <italic>flutter</italic> atriais. No entanto, isso não atrapalha a análise do VExUS, visto que as ondas S e D são pouco afetadas. Ondas S podem estar com amplitudes reduzidas ou mesmo invertidas (caráter positivo) em pacientes com regurgitação tricúspide grave, já que a onda S ocorre fisiologicamente durante a sístole ventricular. A presença de refluxo tricúspide causa congestão sistêmica, o que não deve ser confundido com sobrecarga volêmica. Na presença de regurgitação tricúspide grave, a graduação do VExUS (valor absoluto) estará prejudicada. Entretanto, a avaliação dos fluxos da veia porta e veia interlobar renal estarão menos comprometidos e poderão ser utilizados no entendimento do grau de congestão sistêmica, principalmente no acompanhamento do paciente. Além disso, nos casos de regurgitação tricúspide grave funcional, observa-se a melhora evolutiva do VExUS e da própria regurgitação tricúspide com a redução da congestão.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Passo 3: avaliação da veia porta</title>
						<p>A análise da veia porta pelo Doppler pulsado pode ser realizada com o transdutor setorial ou convexo. A veia porta é mais bem visualizada pela janela trans-hepática, com o índex a 12 horas, mas pode ser evidenciada também por via subcostal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>). Por se tratar de vaso com fluxo de baixa velocidade, é necessário ajustar a velocidade do Doppler colorido para 20-30 cm/s.</p>
						<p>A veia porta, diferentemente da veia supra-hepática, apresenta paredes mais espessadas e fluxo com trajeto ascendente (avermelhado na escala de cores) e padrão contínuo ou levemente pulsátil, já que são isolados da circulação sistêmica pelos sinusoides hepáticos.</p>
						<p>Já as veias supra-hepáticas, não apresentam paredes visíveis e têm fluxo azulado ao Doppler colorido, direcionando-se à VCI.</p>
						<p>Com o aumento gradativo da pressão venosa sistêmica pelo processo congestivo, ocorre dilatação dos vasos sinusoidais, transmitindo a pulsatilidade venosa sistêmica para o sistema porta. Quanto maior for a congestão sistêmica, maiores serão a dilatação sinusoidal e, portanto, a pulsatilidade transmitida (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
						<p>
							<table-wrap id="t2002">
								<label>Tabela 2</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Padrões de fluxo na veia porta</title>
								</caption>
								<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
									<colgroup width="50%">
										<col/>
										<col/>
									</colgroup>
									<tbody>
										<tr>
											<td align="left">Padrão normal – Tipo 1</td>
											<td align="left">os sinusoidais hepáticos estão preservados, com oscilação do fluxo menor que 30%.</td>
										</tr>
										<tr>
											<td>Padrão levemente anormal – Tipo 2</td>
											<td>ocorre dilatação dos vasos sinusoidais, com oscilação do fluxo entre 31 e 50%.</td>
										</tr>
										<tr>
											<td>Padrão gravemente anormal – Tipo 3</td>
											<td>a dilatação dos vasos sinusoidais é extremamente acentuada, com importante transmissibilidade da pulsação venosa sistêmica para a veia porta, com oscilação maior que 50%.</td>
										</tr>
									</tbody>
								</table>
							</table-wrap>
						</p>
						<p>A oscilação cíclica do fluxo da veia porta (percentual de oscilação do fluxo da veia porta, considerando seu valor máximo e mínimo) dará a fração de pulsatilidade, que é calculada pela fórmula: velocidade de pico – velocidade mínima/velocidade de pico x 100.</p>
						<p>Armadilhas: Nos pacientes hepatopatas, sobretudo cirróticos, devido à maior resistência dos sinusoides hepáticos, mesmo em situações de congestão significativa, não haverá transmissão da pulsatilidade, limitando a utilização do VExUS nessa população. Pacientes jovens hígidos, sem nenhuma comorbidade, podem ter pulsatilidade da veia porta superior a 50%, sem significar congestão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Passo 4: avaliação da veia interlobar renal</title>
						<p>Por ser encapsulado, o rim não transmite a pulsatilidade das veias centrais, resultando em um fluxo venoso geralmente contínuo. No entanto, à medida que a congestão sistêmica evolui, o rim se torna edemaciado e o padrão de fluxo passa a ser bifásico ou, em casos mais graves, monofásico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
						<p>
							<table-wrap id="t3002">
								<label>Tabela 3</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Padrões de fluxo na veia interlobar renal</title>
								</caption>
								<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
									<colgroup width="50%">
										<col/>
										<col/>
									</colgroup>
									<tbody>
										<tr>
											<td align="left">Padrão normal – Tipo 1</td>
											<td align="left">fluxo venoso contínuo durante todo o ciclo cardíaco.</td>
										</tr>
										<tr>
											<td>Padrão levemente anormal – Tipo 2</td>
											<td>bifasicidade do fluxo venoso, com 1 pico sistólico e 1 pico diastólico.</td>
										</tr>
										<tr>
											<td>Padrão gravemente anormal – Tipo 3</td>
											<td>monofasicidade do fluxo venoso interlobar, com 1 pico apenas, geralmente diastólico.</td>
										</tr>
									</tbody>
								</table>
							</table-wrap>
						</p>
						<p>Na graduação do VExUS, a análise da veia interlobar renal é de extrema importância, pois é a que mais se correlaciona com a evolução para insuficiência renal em pacientes com quadro de congestão sistêmica acentuada, em comparação com alterações observadas na veia supra-hepática ou na veia porta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Pela proximidade artéria/veia, o fluxo das artérias parenquimatosas é visualizado acima da linha de base, e o fluxo venoso visualizado abaixo dessa linha.</p>
						<p>Para a análise da veia interlobar, é necessário registrar o fluxo na área cortical renal, reduzindo a escala de velocidade do Doppler colorido para 20 cm/s, a fim de uma melhor visualização do fluxo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
						<p>Armadilhas: Nos pacientes nefropatas, principalmente com doença renal terminal e já em terapia dialítica, os fluxos da veia interlobar podem estar alterados, limitando a utilização desse parâmetro na análise do VExUS pela alteração patológica do parênquima renal.</p>
						<p>Outra causa frequente de erro é a confusão entre a veia renal, localizada na região do hilo renal, e as veias interlobares, localizadas na região cortical, uma vez que a veia renal apresenta características de uma veia central e, portanto, possui fluxo pulsátil de forma fisiológica.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Passo 5: integrar os dados e graduar o VExUS</title>
						<p>Após a obtenção dos tipos dos fluxos, os dados são integrados e o grau de congestão é estabelecido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>). Com isso, a congestão é graduada em:</p>
						<disp-quote>
							<p><bold>Grau 0 –</bold> Sem congestão: VCI com diâmetro inferior a 2 cm.</p>
							<p><bold>Grau 1 –</bold> Congestão leve: VCI com diâmetro igual ou maior que 2 cm e sem alterações do tipo 3, podendo ter alterações do tipo 1 ou 2.</p>
							<p><bold>Grau 2 –</bold> Congestão moderada: VCI com diâmetro igual ou maior que 2 cm e com uma alteração do tipo 3.</p>
							<p><bold>Grau 3 –</bold> Congestão acentuada: VCI com diâmetro igual ou maior que 2 cm e com pelo menos duas alterações do tipo 3.</p>
						</disp-quote>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Uso do VExUS na prática clínica</title>
				<p>Congestão sistêmica: o VExUS pode ser utilizado para estabelecer o diagnóstico, quantificação e auxiliar no tratamento dos pacientes com congestão sistêmica. Através da graduação de quanto um indivíduo se apresenta congesto, pode-se estabelecer se há necessidade de suspensão, redução ou intensificação do uso de diuréticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, com níveis de creatinina elevados por falência renal devido a processo de congestão sistêmica, irão se beneficiar de doses mais agressivas de diuréticos, com redução do edema renal e subsequente melhora no funcionamento dos néfrons.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Portanto, nesse modelo de paciente, podemos definir com o VExUS a causa da nefropatia: se é por baixo débito por hipotensão relativa (necessidade de uso de vasopressores e inotrópicos) ou se é por congestão sistêmica (necessidade de uso de diuréticos).</p>
				<p>Fluido-tolerância: outra utilidade do VExUS consiste na avaliação do estado volêmico e da congestão venosa sistêmica para auxiliar terapias de ressuscitação volêmica. Administração demasiada de volume pode causar hipertensão venosa e disfunção orgânica por edema. A fluido-responsividade consiste no aumento do volume sistólico ou no débito cardíaco em pelo menos 10% após a administração de fluidos. Pacientes que apresentam baixo grau do VExUS (0 ou 1) geralmente são fluido-responsivos, mas isso nem sempre ocorre e, por vezes, mesmo pacientes com escore baixo podem apresentar intolerância a fluidos. Para fins práticos, durante a reposição volêmica, pode-se avaliar o fluxo (VTI) da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE) para estimativa do volume sistólico e realizar o VExUS para avaliar a fluido-tolerância. Independentemente do aumento de débito cardíaco com administração de fluidos, o VExUS nos auxilia no quanto esse volume adicional pode estar causando congestão sistêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Propostas futuras estão sendo aventadas para definir se o paciente com VTI acima de 18 cm se enquadrariam no padrão “quente” e inferior a 18 cm no padrão “frio”, e VExUS 0 ou 1 no padrão “seco” e VExUS 2 ou 3 no padrão “úmido” de insuficiência cardíaca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Proposta de combinação das curvas de Frank-Starling com os perfis Diamond-Forrester. Em substituição à pré-carga, o escore VExUS no eixo X. Em substituição ao stroke volume, a VTI VSVE no eixo Y. Dois pacientes com perfil 3 são retratados. Para o paciente 1, o aumento da pré-carga (após manobra de elevação passiva das pernas) move o paciente para cima na curva de Frank-Starling. Para o paciente 2, o aumento da pré-carga mostra pouca alteração na VTI VSVE e um grande aumento nos marcadores de congestão venosa (VExUS). SV: stroke volume (volume ejetado); VTI VSVE: integral (velocidade x tempo) do fluxo na via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo; PVC: pressão venosa central; VExUS: venous excess ultrasound; EPP: elevação passiva das pernas. Adaptado de Kenny et al.<italic>12</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240026-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>O VExUS é uma ferramenta recente que pode auxiliar na avaliação da congestão venosa sistêmica e na tolerância à fluidoterapia. Por se tratar de um exame de fácil execução, pode ser incorporado ao uso diário do POCUS, com importante impacto diagnóstico, prognóstico e terapêutico.</p>
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					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
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					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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