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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240023i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240023i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Transesophageal Echocardiography in Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Pre-Intervention “Toll”?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2720-8595</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Santis</surname><given-names>Antonio de</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name><surname>Magalhães</surname><given-names>Francisco Monteiro de Almeida</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de SÃ£o Paulo</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Coração</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">SÃ£o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de SÃ£o Paulo, Instituto do Coração, SÃ£o Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio de Santis</bold> • Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code: <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>antonio.santis@einstein.br</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>28</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240023</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Transesophageal Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Valve Diseases</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="6"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>Aortic stenosis (AS) has become one of the most relevant valve diseases in cardiology care due to its increasing prevalence, resulting from the positive relationship between the preeminently degenerative etiology and global population aging. In Brazil, we highlight an epidemiological scenario characterized by an etiopathogenic coexistence: rheumatic fever and bicuspid valve disease in younger patients and calcific (degenerative) etiology in elderly patients. Regarding the natural history, AS leads to elevated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in its symptomatic phase, with unfavorable prognosis when it is not diagnosed correctly and without timely intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Echocardiography is still a fundamental tool for diagnosis, allowing both evaluation of etiological characteristics and grading of AS severity using parameters such as aortic valve area, transvalvular pressure gradient, and peak aortic jet velocity. However, there are still questions related to the best window for acquiring echocardiographic data. Is the transesophageal window a necessary “toll” for all patients with AS for whom intervention is planned? In general, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has the potential to provide superior image quality to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in the evaluation of posterior cardiac structures close to the esophagus, for example, the mitral valve. In this case, the greater distance between these structures and the echocardiographic transducer might make evaluation through the transthoracic window difficult. However, the anterior anatomical topography of the aortic valve allows adequate analysis by TTE in most patients, thus avoiding exposure to sedation and possible complications of the transesophageal modality. Data from the literature have shown that TTE and TEE are comparable, mainly in the anatomical and etiological characterization of AS, with compatible results in estimating the valve area.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nonetheless, there is evidence that the determination of the hemodynamic severity of AS, expressed by the transvalvular pressure gradient and aortic jet velocity, may be underestimated in TEE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Variations in blood volume and preload, conditioned by the fasting and sedation required for the exam, could justify these particularities in transesophageal evaluation.</p>
<p>The combination of wide availability, reasonable cost, non-invasiveness, and high accuracy make TTE a first-choice diagnostic method in the evaluation of patients with AS, without requiring routine use of pre-intervention TEE. However, it is worth noting that care practice may require supplementary examination through the transesophageal window in some situations: (i) limited and unfavorable thoracic windows, which are common in patients with obesity or patients with lung diseases and thoracic deformities; (ii) diagnostic doubt with disagreement between complementary exams and clinical assessment; (iii) suspicion of infectious endocarditis associated with AS, in which TEE also allows assessment of local complications such as fistulas and abscesses in the mitral-aortic region; (iv) association of AS with other valve diseases (multivalvular disease); (v) planning for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), especially when there are limitations to the use of computed tomography. It is worth emphasizing that TAVR has been established as the preferred method for intervention in elderly patients with degenerative AS, requiring a detailed pre-procedure assessment using imaging methods in order to define feasibility and make it possible to choose the best type of prosthesis. Ideally, computed tomography angiography of the thoracic-abdominal aorta and ilio-femoral system with assessment of the aortic valve plane is the exam of choice for planning transcatheter intervention. However, situations where AS coexists with significant chronic kidney disease, with restricted use of iodinated contrast, may limit the use of computed tomography angiography and require transesophageal evaluation. In fact, several publications have demonstrated that TEE and computed tomography are comparable in estimating aortic valve ring measurements for TAVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>In conclusion, there is no need to perform TEE systematically in patients with AS who are candidates for intervention. Any eventual “tolls” used by some services with the routine requirement of pre-intervention transesophageal assessment for all cases of AS should be replaced by individualized indications founded on good clinical sense.</p>
</body>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240023</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Ecocardiograma Transesofágico na Estenose Valvar Aórtica: Um Pedágio Pré-intervenção?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2720-8595</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Santis</surname><given-names>Antonio de</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name><surname>Magalhães</surname><given-names>Francisco Monteiro de Almeida</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">SÃ£o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de SÃ£o Paulo, Instituto do Coração, SÃ£o Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Antonio de Santis</bold> • Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP: <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>antonio.santis@einstein.br</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ecocardiografía Transesofágica</kwd>
<kwd>Estenose da Valva Aórtica</kwd>
<kwd>Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>A estenose aórtica (EAo) tornou-se uma das doenças valvares de maior relevância na cardiologia assistencial em razão de uma crescente prevalência, fruto da relação positiva entre a etiologia eminentemente degenerativa e a senescência populacional global. No Brasil, destacamos um cenário epidemiológico caracterizado por uma coexistência etiopatogênica: febre reumática e valvopatia bicúspide nos pacientes mais jovens e etiologia calcífica (degenerativa) nos idosos. Quanto à história natural, a EAo origina elevada morbimortalidade cardiovascular em sua fase sintomática, com prognóstico reservado quando não diagnosticada corretamente e sem intervenção no momento adequado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>A ecocardiografia ainda consiste em uma ferramenta fundamental para o diagnóstico ao permitir tanto a avaliação de características etiológicas quanto a graduação da severidade da EAo através de parâmetros como a área valvar aórtica, o gradiente pressórico transvalvar e a velocidade máxima do jato aórtico. Entretanto, ainda existem questionamentos relacionados à melhor janela para aquisição dos dados ecocardiográficos. A janela transesofágica seria um “pedágio” necessário para todos aqueles portadores de EAo nos quais se planeja intervir? De modo geral, o ecocardiograma transesofágico (ECOTE) tem potencial de proporcionar uma qualidade de imagem superior ao ecocardiograma transtorácico (ECOTT) na avaliação de estruturas cardíacas posteriores e próximas ao esôfago como, por exemplo, a valva mitral. Neste caso, a maior distância destas estruturas ao transdutor ecocardiográfico pode dificultar a apreciação através da janela transtorácica. Entretanto, a topografia anatômica mais anteriorizada da valva aórtica permite uma análise adequada pelo ECOTT na maioria dos pacientes, evitando-se exposição à sedação e eventuais complicações da modalidade transesofágica. Dados da literatura mostram que o ECOTT e o ECOTE são equiparáveis principalmente na caracterização anatômica e etiológica da EAo, com compatibilidade de resultados na estimativa da área valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Contudo, há evidências de que a determinação de gravidade hemodinâmica da EAo, expressa pelo gradiente pressórico transvalvar e pela velocidade do jato aórtico, pode ser subestimada pelo ECOTE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Variações de volemia e pré-carga, condicionadas pelo jejum e sedação necessários ao exame, poderiam justificar estas particularidades na avaliação transesofágica.</p>
<p>A combinação de alta disponibilidade, custo aceitável, não invasividade e elevada acurácia fazem do ECOTT um método diagnóstico de primeira escolha na avaliação de portadores de EAo, sem necessidade do uso rotineiro do ECOTE pré-intervenção. Todavia, vale salientar que a prática assistencial pode exigir complementação através da janela transesofágica em algumas situações: (i) janelas torácicas limitadas e desfavoráveis, comuns em pacientes obesos ou portadores de doenças pulmonares com deformidades torácicas; (ii) dúvida diagnóstica com dissociação entre exames complementares e avaliação clínica; (iii) suspeita de endocardite infecciosa associada à EAo, onde o ECOTE também permite avaliação de complicações locais como fístulas e abscessos da região mitroaórtica; (iv) associação de EAo com outras doenças valvares (doença multivalvar); (v) planejamento para troca valvar aórtica transcateter (TAVR), especialmente onde há limitações para uso da tomografia computadorizada. Vale ressaltar que a TAVR se consolidou como método preferencial para intervenção em pacientes idosos com EAo degenerativa, exigindo uma detalhada avaliação pré-procedimento através de métodos de imagem no intuito de definir exequibilidade e possibilitar a escolha do melhor tipo de prótese. Idealmente, a angiotomografia computadorizada da aorta torácica, abdominal e sistema ilíaco-femoral com avaliação do plano valvar aórtico é o exame de escolha para programação da intervenção transcateter. Entretanto, situações onde há coexistência de EAo com doença renal crônica significativa, com restrição ao emprego de contraste iodado, podem limitar a utilização da angiotomografia e demandar avaliação transesofágica. De fato, diversas publicações demonstram que o ECOTE e a tomografia computadorizada são equiparáveis na estimativa das medidas de anel valvar aórtico para realização de TAVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em conclusão, não há necessidade do ECOTE de forma sistemática para portadores de EAo candidatos à intervenção. Eventuais “pedágios” de alguns serviços com imposição rotineira da avaliação transesofágica pré-intervenção para todos os casos de EAo devem ser substituídos por indicações individualizadas e permeadas pelo bom senso clínico.</p>
</body>
</sub-article>
</article>