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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240022i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240022i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>What do Cardiologists Expect Regarding Echocardiogram in Aortopathies</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-5766-3541</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martinhago</surname>
						<given-names>Gustavo de Azevedo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Andrade</surname>
						<given-names>Alan Rodrigues</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Correia</surname>
						<given-names>Vinicius Machado</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santiago</surname>
						<given-names>Jose Augusto Duncan</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Dias</surname>
						<given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1116-6554</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Madrini</surname>
						<given-names>Vagner</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Coração</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vinicius Machado Correia</bold> • Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração. Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal code: <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>. Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>viniciusmachado7@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>37</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20240022</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The echocardiogram is an available and essential imaging tool for the evaluation of thoracic aortic diseases. This examination plays a significant role in the identification and diagnosis, as well as the follow-up of chronic cases. Its availability, portability, cost-effectiveness, and the absence of exposure to radiation or contrast make it an important tool for monitoring patients with known aortopathy, who usually require serial examinations for follow-up. Although it is inferior in the total and detailed characterization of the aorta in all its sections compared to aortic angiotomography or angioresonance, the echocardiogram allows for functional assessment of the aortic valve and valve apparatus. In acute aortopathies, it also enables the evaluation of complications and can be performed on hemodynamically unstable patients. This article will discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of the applicability of the echocardiogram in the context of aortopathies.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Aorta</kwd>
				<kwd>Aortic Diseases</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="22"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="19"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		
				<p>
					<fig id="f11">
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf11.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			
		<sec>
			<title>Echocardiogram in Aortopathies</title>
			<p>The echocardiogram is a crucial imaging tool for assessing the thoracic aorta and related diseases, being widely used for outpatient evaluation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Given its broad availability in cardiological practice and the absence of screening recommendations for aortopathy in the general population, as well as the largest number of cases being asymptomatic and the high morbidity and mortality associated with the condition, this exam plays a vital role in identification and diagnosis. This is especially true for cases involving the proximal portions of the ascending thoracic aorta, which are better characterized using echocardiography. The exam's availability, portability, cost-effectiveness, and lack of radiation or contrast exposure make it invaluable for monitoring patients with known aortopathy, who often require regular follow-up exams. While echocardiography is not as comprehensive as CT angiography or magnetic resonance angiography for aortic assessment, it provides functional evaluation of the aortic valve and apparatus. In acute aortopathies cases, it can also assess complications, being feasible even in hemodynamically unstable patients. The main uses of echocardiography in aortopathy settings are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
			<p>The thoracic aorta artery (TAA) is divided into the ascending aorta (which includes the aortic root, sinuses of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, and the tubular portion of the ascending aorta), the aortic arch (which extends from the origin of the brachiocephalic artery to the origin of the left subclavian artery), and the descending thoracic aorta, as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) can fully evaluate the ascending aorta and, in patients with an adequate window, the aortic arch, primarily viewed through the suprasternal window, which should be routinely included in all echocardiographic examinations. TTE can also visualize parts of the descending thoracic aorta and the proximal portion of the abdominal aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> To achieve a more thorough evaluation of the entire TAA, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) can be used, with limitation only in assessing the distal portion of the descending thoracic aorta, due to an echocardiographic blind spot created by the air column in the trachea, which lies between the esophagus and this segment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The echocardiographic windows and parts of the aorta visualized in each of them are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Aorta and its portions; rPA: Right pulmonary artery. Excerpt from Erbel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Echocardiographic views of the aorta</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="50%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"><bold>TTE</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Parasternal long and short axis</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Ascending and descending thoracic aorta</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Apical four chambers</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Descending thoracic aorta</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Apical two chambers and/or long axis</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Descending thoracic aorta</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Suprasternal</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Arch, ascending and descending thoracic aorta</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Subcostal</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Abdominal aorta (part of the ascending aorta)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
							<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"><bold>TEE</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">High esophagus long and short axis</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Ascending thoracic aorta</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Aortic long and short axis</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Descending thoracic aorta and aortic arch</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN1">
						<p>Excerpt from Evangelista et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> TTE: Transthoracic echocardiography; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Echocardiogram in Chronic Aortopathies</title>
			<p>During standard examinations, aortic diameters should be measured at the level of the aortic annulus, sinuses of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta. For standardization, measurements should be taken from the external part of the anterior wall to the internal part of the posterior wall at the end of diastole in TTE. Conversely, in TEE, where the probe is positioned behind the heart, measurements should be taken from the external face of the posterior wall to the internal face of the anterior wall.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The only exception is the measurement of the aortic annulus diameter, which, by convention, is taken from the inner surface of one wall to the other mid-systole, when the aortic valve leaflets are open. Measurements must be taken across he long axis parasternal window, with the aorta perpendicular to the probe for optimal image quality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Measurement of the aortic ring mid-systole (1), from inner wall to inner wall, and sinuses of Valsalva (2), sinotubular junction (3), and ascending tubular aorta (4) during end diastole. LA: Left atrium; RPA: Right pulmonary artery. Excerpt from De Backer, Muiño-Mosquera and Campens7 and Goldstein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Normal aortic diameters vary based on the patient's age, sex, body surface area, and height. Diameters above 40 mm are generally considered to be increased. However, for patients significantly taller or shorter than average, these values must be adjusted. Several methods have been suggested to adjust measurements, including the indexed aortic size,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> which is the aortic diameter divided by body surface area, applied to a nomogram that classifies aneurysm size as low, medium, or high risk. More recently, the ratio between aortic size and height has been shown to be equivalent to the indexed aortic size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Aneurysms</title>
			<p>True aortic aneurysms are defined as a dilation of the aortic segments exceeding 50% of the expected value for that segment or 50% larger than the adjacent healthy segment, with an intact aortic wall, meaning all layers of the wall surround the entire aorta. They should be described by their size, location, and morphology (fusiform or saccular). Fusiform aneurysms, the most common type, involve symmetrical dilation affecting the entire aortic circumference, while saccular aneurysms are characterized by localized dilation. False aneurysms, or pseudoaneurysms, result from bleeding within the aortic wall, leading to a periaortic hematoma that is contiguous with the aortic lumen. These can occur due to trauma, infection, or contained rupture of an aortic aneurysm, dissection, or penetrating ulcer.</p>
			<p>Aortic root aneurysms, the portion best evaluated by TTE, are the most common, accounting for over 60% of all thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs), followed by descending aortic aneurysms (35%) and aortic arch aneurysms (less than 10%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> They can be caused by hereditary diseases, congenital conditions, multifactorial degenerative issues, previous aortic dissection, inflammatory diseases, and infections. For patients with genetic diseases and a bicuspid aortic valve, which tend to affect the proximal portions of the TAA (except for Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV), TTE may be sufficient for screening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> According to AHA recommendations, TTE should be performed on all patients with TAA dilation at the time of diagnosis to evaluate valve anatomy, valve function, and thoracic aorta diameters. TTE is also recommended for periodic follow-up in this group, alongside CT and MRI.</p>
			<p>In patients with aortic root aneurysms accompanied by functional aortic insufficiency, several parameters should be assessed to determine the mechanism of insufficiency. This evaluation is crucial for deciding the appropriate surgical procedure, particularly whether valve-sparing strategies are viable, and should be conducted before any damage to the valve apparatus occurs. They speak in favor of functional aortic regurgitation with an anatomically normal aortic valve: <list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p>Dimensions of the ring, sinus of Valsalva, sinotubular junction and tubular aorta;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Leaflet coaptation height (tenting): maximum protodiastolic distance between the tip of the leaflets and the plane of the ring between 0.8 and 10 mm;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Sinotubular junction/aortic annulus ratio &gt; 1.6 mm (mismatch between the dimensions of the junction and the annulus).</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
			<p>It has been demonstrated by La Canna et al. that the mismatch between junction and annulus is even more important than the isolated dimensions of the portions of the ascending TAA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Furthermore, factors such as significant calcification or wide fenestrations in the leaflets are parameters that indicate impairment of the valve apparatus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Focal Diseases</title>
			<p>Atherosclerotic plaques can be visualized using echocardiography as irregular, heterogeneous images or hyperrefringent calcified foci attached to the endothelial layer of the vessel, often accumulating at the sinotubular junction and aortic arch. Plaques thicker than 5 mm, with mobile or prominent parts, ulcerations greater than 2 mm, and non-calcified plaques are associated with a higher risk of stroke, either spontaneously or during invasive procedures and open-heart surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Bicuspid Aortic Valve</title>
			<p>During the examination of a patient with a bicuspid aortic valve (congenital condition that affects 1 to 2% of the population), in addition to the routine assessment of parameters related to valve function and investigation of aortic insufficiency and stenosis, the TAA must be carefully evaluated. The diameters must be described as mentioned above, as the literature indicates that 20 to 84% have an associated TAA aneurysm. The descending aorta and arch must also be carefully examined in search of narrowing and acceleration of flow in the isthmus region, to rule out associated aortic coarctation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Echocardiography in Acute Aortic Syndromes</title>
			<p>Acute aortic syndromes (AAS) encompass a group of conditions with high morbidity and mortality, typically resulting from the loss of aortic wall integrity. These conditions are mainly formed by a triad: aortic dissection, aortic intramural hematoma, and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Population studies suggest an incidence of AAS of 2.6–3.5 cases per 100,000 person-years, with 80% of these cases being aortic dissection, 15% intramural hematoma, and 5% penetrating aortic ulcer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<fig id="f3">
				<label>Figure 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>a) Regular aorta; b) classic aortic dissection, resulting from the rupture of the medium layer that generates two lumens (false and true), separated by a flap; c) intramural aortic hematoma; d) penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, formed from an ulcerated atherosclerotic plaque that reaches the internal elastic lamina of the media layer. Adapted from Bossone and Eagle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf03.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Given the high morbidity and mortality associated with AAS, it is crucial to achieve a quick and accurate diagnosis. Delay in recognizing these conditions is linked to increased mortality, with a 1% rise in the mortality rate for each hour of delay in definitive treatment (surgical correction), according to the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Diagnosis of AAS can be multimodal, utilizing techniques like computed tomography (the most common method for diagnosing aortic dissection), magnetic resonance imaging, and echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Both TTE and TEE provide not only anatomical details of aortic involvement but also essential functional information for proper surgical planning. This includes assessing the mechanism and severity of aortic valve insufficiency, myocardial contractility changes that may suggest coronary artery involvement, and the presence of pericardial effusion, which can lead to hemodynamic compromise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The sensitivity and specificity of echocardiography in diagnosing AAS vary depending on the method used (transthoracic or transesophageal) and the segment of the aorta examined.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> For TTE, sensitivity and specificity range from 77-80% and 93-96%, respectively, while diagnosing the ascending aorta dissection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, for the descending aorta, the accuracy decreases, with sensitivity and specificity ranging from 31-55% and 60-83%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Nonetheless, as demonstrated by Evangelista et al., using contrast can significantly enhance the accuracy of TTE in evaluating both ascending and descending aortic dissections, potentially matching the sensitivity and specificity of the transesophageal method for diagnosing ascending aortic dissections.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The TTE can reach sensitivity and specificity of 99% and 89%, respectively, in addition to a negative predictive value of 99%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> provides a summary of the accuracy for the main imaging methods available for diagnosing SAA as well as its complications.</p>
			<table-wrap id="t2">
				<label>Table 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Comparison of the Diagnostic Accuracy of the Main Imaging Modalities in AASs</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="20%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
							<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">ECOTT</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">ECOTE</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">AngioCT</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">AngioMRI</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Ascending aortic dissection</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Aortic arch dissection</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Descending aortic dissection</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Intramural hematoma</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Penetrating aortic ulcer</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Aortic valve morphology and function</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Dynamic flap view</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Dimensions of the aortic lumen</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">False lumen thrombosis</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Ventricular function</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Hemodynamic assessment</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">—</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Assessment of coronary involvement</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Assessment of involvement of aortic branches</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN2">
						<p>Adapted from Evangelista et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> AAS: acute aortic syndromes.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Echocardiographic Evaluation in Aortic Dissection</title>
			<p>The diagnosis of a classic aortic dissection is made by demonstrating an intimal flap dividing the aorta into two lumens: a true and a false one. Often, the false lumen can be detected by color Doppler, but this may be not the case for thrombosis and retrograde dissection<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4B</xref>). Identification of the true lumen is extremely important, as it helps understanding aortic involvement and its potential complications, as well as aids in surgical planning, if this is the indicated treatment option.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Some echocardiographic signs help in this differentiation. In general, the true lumen tends to have a smaller diameter and undergoes systolic expansion, while the false lumen has a larger diameter and undergoes systolic compression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<fig id="f4">
				<label>Figure 4</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Intimal flap dividing the aortic root into two lumens, one true and the other false (a). The use of color Doppler can help identify the true lumen, as in the case of image (b) of a patient with abdominal aortic dissection. Adapted from Evangelista et al.1 LV: left ventricle.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf04.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>As previously mentioned, the TTE is especially useful for an adequate assessment of the root and proximal portion of the ascending aorta, while the TEE allows visualization of the entire thoracic aorta, except for the distal portion of the ascending aorta and the proximal portion of the aortic arch.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The point of intimal laceration can be identified in approximately 78-100% of cases using the transesophageal method. It is usually located in the proximal portion of the ascending aorta in type A dissections and just after the origin of the left subclavian artery in type B dissections. Lacerations with diameters greater than 7-10 mm are typically easy to identify by 2D echocardiography<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). Secondary communications between the two lumens can be observed by echocardiography, and these must be differentiated from the main laceration points. Some anatomical studies suggest that these communications, often seen in the descending aorta on color Doppler, represent the origin of intercostal or visceral arteries and generally have a diameter smaller than 3 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<fig id="f5">
				<label>Figure 5</label>
				<caption>
					<title>View of the descending aorta in the short axis using the transesophageal method. To the left, the true lumen (arrowhead) and the false lumen (asterisk), separated by the flap (arrow), can be identified. To the right, the laceration point is confirmed by the Color Doppler, which indicate the flow from the true lumen to the false one. Excerpt from Eissa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf05.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Among the possible complications of aortic dissections, pericardial effusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>) is notable, present in up to 40% of cases of type A dissections and accompanied by tamponade in 12% of such cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In this context, echocardiography is the best imaging technique to evaluate cardiac tamponade. Pericardial effusion is not always secondary to rupture of the false lumen into the pericardium; it may also be caused by irritation of the adventitia due to an aortic hematoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Periaortic hematoma is another reported complication associated with increased mortality and is best diagnosed by computed tomography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<fig id="f6">
				<label>Figure 6</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Image obtained through the transthoracic method, using the subcostal window. A flap in the aortic root (white arrow) can be seen, as well pericardial effusion causing compression in the right ventricle (black arrows). Excerpt from Evangelista et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> RV: right ventricle; Ao: aorta; LV : left ventricle.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf06.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Aortic insufficiency (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>) is also a frequent complication, occurring in approximately 40-76% of cases of type A dissection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Besides assessing the severity of regurgitation, echocardiography helps understand the mechanism of aortic insufficiency and assists surgeons in choosing the best surgical technique, whether it involves preservation or replacement of the aortic valve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<fig id="f7">
				<label>Figure 7</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Images obtained by TEE. To the left, the intimal flap near the valve plane can be observed, and to the right, the aortic valve insufficiency caused by the dissection. Adapted from D'Aloia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf07.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Coronary involvement due to aortic dissection can occur in around 10-15% of cases, with the right coronary artery being most affected. Alteration in ventricular segmental contractility helps in the diagnosis of this complication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The transesophageal method allows for the evaluation of the proximal portion of the coronary arteries and verification of their origin from the true or false lumen, as well as the presence of dissection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>However, echocardiography has limitations in evaluating aortic dissection, mainly due to artifacts that can create a false appearance of a dissection flap. The aortic wall can cause a reverberation artifact within the screening sector, simulating a dissection flap (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 8</xref>). Color Doppler can aid in differentiation, as a true flap will show two distinct areas of color flow, one for the true lumen and another for the false one. Besides, M-mode can also help by demonstrating independent movement of the true flap in relation to the aortic wall, unlike the false flap, which will present identical movement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<fig id="f8">
				<label>Figure 8</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Image obtained by the transthoracic method, using parasternal long axis window. A reverberation artifact is noted in the ascending aorta (red arrow) due to calcification at the sinotubular junction, which may simulate a dissection flap. Adapted from Bertrand et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf08.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Echocardiographic Evaluation of Intramural Aortic Hematoma</title>
			<p>Intramural hematoma is characterized by a thickening of the aortic wall with a concentric growth pattern, typically preserving the vessel's lumen. Diagnosing this condition can be challenging, as initial imaging tests can be normal in up to 12% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> While the transthoracic method is often not suitable for diagnosing this condition due to its low sensitivity, the transesophageal method offers better accuracy, though still inferior to computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The diagnostic criteria for intramural hematoma using the transesophageal method is defined as a thickening of the aortic wall &gt; 5 mm, and a cutoff point of &gt; 7 mm, which can be used for patients with severe atherosclerosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 9</xref>).</p>
			<fig id="f9">
				<label>Figure 9</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Images obtained by the transesophageal method can show thickening of the aortic wall (arrows). Adapted from Evangelista et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf09.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Echocardiographic Evaluation of Penetrating Atherosclerotic Aortic Ulcer</title>
			<p>Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer is defined as an ulceration of the atherosclerotic plaque that penetrates the inner layer of the aortic media. This condition can coexist with intramural hematoma, may be multiple and most commonly affects elderly individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Although it can be located in any aortic segment, it is more commonly found in the middle and distal portion of the descending thoracic aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Computed tomography is superior in identifying this condition, but the aortic ulcer can still be visualized using the transesophageal method, typically appearing as a crater with irregular edges associated with multiple intimal irregularities. Color Doppler can be useful to demonstrate turbulent flow within and at the ulcer entrance<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 10</xref>).</p>
			<fig id="f10">
				<label>Figure 10</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Images obtained by the transesophageal method showing atherosclerotic ulcers penetrating the aortic wall. Adapted from Evangelista et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf10.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Echocardiography plays an essential role in the multimodal assessment of aortopathies. Like other imaging techniques, this method has both strengths and limitations. The clinician's understanding of the method is crucial, as its precise application can provide significant answers and complement information from other techniques. This improves patient care within the complexity of acute and chronic thoracic aorta conditions.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Correia</surname>
						<given-names>Vinicius Machado</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santiago</surname>
						<given-names>Jose Augusto Duncan</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Dias</surname>
						<given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1116-6554</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Madrini</surname>
						<given-names>Vagner</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Vinicius Machado Correia</bold> • Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração. Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP: <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>. Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>viniciusmachado7@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O ecocardiograma é uma ferramenta de imagem disponível e imprescindível para avaliação das doenças da aorta torácica. O exame tem papel importante na identificação e diagnóstico, além do acompanhamento em casos crônicos. A disponibilidade, a portabilidade, o custo-efetividade e a ausência de exposição à radiação ou contraste o colocam como ferramenta importante para o seguimento de pacientes com aortopatia conhecida, que usualmente requerem exames seriados para acompanhamento. Apesar de ser inferior na caracterização total e detalhada da aorta em todas as suas porções, em comparação com a angiotomografia ou angiorressonância da aorta, o exame permite avaliação funcional da valva aórtica e do aparato valvar. Nas aortopatias agudas, permite também a avaliação de complicações, além de ser exame passível de realização em pacientes hemodinamicamente instáveis. Neste artigo serão abordados aspectos teóricos e práticos da aplicabilidade do ecocardiograma no cenário das aortopatias.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Aorta</kwd>
				<kwd>Doenças da Aorta</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			
				<p>
					<fig id="f22">
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf11-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			
			<sec>
				<title/>
				<sec>
					<title>Ecocardiograma nas aortopatias</title>
					<p>O ecocardiograma é uma das ferramentas de imagem disponíveis e indispensáveis para a avaliação da aorta torácica e das doenças associadas, sendo o método de imagem mais utilizado para essa finalidade em pacientes ambulatoriais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Considerando a ampla disponibilidade do exame ecocardiográfico na rotina cardiológica, a falta de recomendações para rastreamento de aortopatias na população geral, assim como o fato de que a maioria dos casos de aortopatias são assintomáticos e a elevada morbimortalidade associada à condição, este exame desempenha um papel importante na identificação e diagnóstico, principalmente nas porções mais proximais da aorta torácica ascendente, que são melhor caracterizadas pelo ecocardiograma. Além disso, a disponibilidade, portabilidade, custo-efetividade e ausência de exposição à radiação ou contraste, torna o exame uma ferramenta importante para o acompanhamento de pacientes com aortopatia conhecida, que geralmente requerem exames seriados para acompanhamento. Apesar de ser inferior na caracterização total e detalhada da aorta em todas as suas porções, em comparação com a angiotomografia ou angiorressonância da aorta, o ecocardiograma permite avaliação funcional da valva aórtica e do aparato valvar. Em casos de aortopatias agudas, o exame permite também a avaliação de complicações, além de ser realizável em pacientes hemodinamicamente instáveis. Os principais usos do ecocardiograma no contexto das aortopatias estão resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f22">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
					<p>A artéria aorta torácica (AAT) se divide em aorta ascendente (que inclui a raiz aórtica, os seios de Valsalva, a junção sinotubular e a porção tubular da aorta ascendente), arco aórtico (que se inicia na origem da artéria braquiocefálica e vai até a origem da artéria subclávia esquerda) e aorta torácica descendente, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 1</xref>. O ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) é capaz de avaliar integralmente a aorta ascendente e, em pacientes com janela adequada, o arco aórtico, visualizado principalmente pela janela supraesternal, que deve ser incluída de rotina em todos os exames ecocardiográficos. Além disso, o ETT permite a visualização de partes da aorta torácica descendente e da aorta abdominal em sua porção proximal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Para uma avaliação mais abrangente de toda a AAT, o ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) pode ser utilizado, apresentando limitação apenas em um ponto cego ecocardiográfico na porção distal da aorta torácica descendente, ocasionado por um artefato da coluna de ar no interior da traqueia, entre o esôfago e o segmento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As janelas ecocardiográficas e as partes da aorta visualizadas em cada uma delas estão descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
					<fig id="f12">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Aorta e suas porções; rPA: artéria pulmonar direita. Retirado de Erbel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Planos ecocardiográficas da aorta</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"><bold>ETT</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Paraesternal eixo longo e curto</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Aorta ascendente e torácica descendente</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Apical quatro câmaras</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Aorta torácica descendente</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Apical duas câmaras e/ou eixo longo</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Aorta torácica descendente</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Supraesternal</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Arco, ascendente e torácica descendente</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Subcostal</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Aorta abdominal (parte da aorta ascendente)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
									<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"><bold>ETE</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Esôfago alto eixo longo e curto</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Aorta torácica ascendente</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Aórtico eixo longo e curto</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Aorta torácica descendente e arco aórtico</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Retirado de Evangelista et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> ETT: ecocardiograma transtorácico; ETE: ecocardiograma transesofágico.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ecocardiograma nas aortopatias crônicas</title>
					<p>Durante a realização de um exame padrão, os diâmetros aórticos devem ser avaliados ao nível do ânulo aórtico, seios de Valsalva, junção sinotubular e aorta ascendente. Por padronização, no ETT, as medições são feitas da parte externa da parede anterior até a parte interna da parede posterior ao final da diástole cardíaca. Em contrapartida, no ETE o probe é posicionado atrás do coração, e a medição é feita da face externa da parede posterior até a face interna da parede anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A única exceção é a medição do diâmetro do ânulo aórtico, que, por convenção, é feita da face interna de uma parede à outra, no meio da sístole, quando os folhetos da valva aórtica estão abertos. As medições devem ser realizadas na janela paraesternal eixo longo, com a aorta passando perpendicularmente ao probe, o que permite uma melhor qualidade da imagem (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
					<fig id="f13">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Medida do anel aórtico no meio da sístole (1), de parede interna a parede interna, e seios de Valsalva (2), junção sinotubular (3) e aorta tubular ascendente (4) durante o fim da diástole. LA: Left atrium (átrio esquerdo); RPA: Right pulmonary artery. Retirado de De Backer, Muiño-Mosquera e Campens7 e Goldstein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>Os valores normais dos diâmetros aórticos variam com a idade, sexo, superfície corporal e altura do paciente. Diâmetros acima de 40 mm são, geralmente, considerados aumentados; no entanto, esses valores devem ser ajustados para pacientes muito mais altos ou muito mais baixos que a média populacional. Diversos métodos já foram sugeridos para ajuste das medidas, dentre eles o tamanho aórtico indexado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> definido como diâmetro aórtico dividido pela superfície corporal, com valor aplicado a um nomograma que classifica o tamanho do aneurisma entre baixo, médio e alto risco. Mais recentemente, a proporção entre o tamanho aórtico e a altura demonstrou ser equivalente ao tamanho aórtico indexado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Aneurismas</title>
					<p>Os aneurismas verdadeiros de aorta são definidos como uma dilatação dos segmentos da aorta que é mais de 50% maior que o valor esperado para aquele segmento ou 50% maior que o segmento saudável adjacente, com a parede aórtica intacta, isto é, envolvendo todas as camadas da parede ao longo de toda a sua extensão. Eles devem ser descritos pelo tamanho, localização e morfologia (fusiforme ou sacular). Os aneurismas fusiformes, o tipo mais comum, ocorrem quando há dilatação simétrica com acometimento de toda a circunferência aórtica. Já os saculares são caracterizados por uma dilatação focal. Os aneurismas falsos ou pseudoaneurismas surgem devido a um sangramento na parede aórtica, resultando em um hematoma periaórtico que se mantém em continuidade com o lúmen aórtico. Eles podem ser causados por trauma, infecção ou ruptura contida de um aneurisma aórtico, dissecção ou úlcera penetrante.</p>
					<p>Os aneurismas de raiz aórtica, que, como já mencionado, são a porção mais bem avaliada pelo ETT, são os mais comuns, representando mais de 60% de todos os AAT, seguidos pelos aneurismas de aorta descendente (35%) e de arco aórtico (menos de 10%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Eles podem ser causados por doenças hereditárias, condições congênitas, fatores degenerativos multifatoriais, dissecção aórtica prévia, doenças inflamatórias e infecciosas. Em pacientes com doenças genéticas e valva aórtica bicúspide, condições que afetam preferencialmente as porções proximais da AAT (com exceção da síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos tipo IV), o ETT pode ser suficiente para rastreamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Conforme recomendado pela AHA, o ETT deve ser realizado em todos os pacientes com dilatação da AAT no momento do diagnóstico, a fim de avaliar a anatomia valvar, a função valvar e os diâmetros da aorta torácica. Além disso, o ETT é considerado uma opção, juntamento com a tomografia e a ressonância magnética, para o acompanhamento periódico nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
					<p>Em pacientes com aneurisma de raiz aórtica e insuficiência aórtica funcional associada, é importante avaliar alguns parâmetros para determinar o mecanismo da insuficiência. Essa avaliação pode ter impacto na escolha do procedimento cirúrgico, incluindo a viabilidade de estratégias de <italic>valve sparing</italic>, e o momento para realizar o procedimento, já que essas estratégias devem ser adotadas antes que ocorra dano ao aparato valvar. Falam a favor de regurgitação aórtica funcional com valva aórtica anatomicamente normal: <list list-type="order">
							<list-item>
								<p>Dimensões do anel, seio de Valsalva, junção sinotubular e aorta tubular;</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Altura de coaptação dos folhetos (<italic>tenting</italic>): distância protodiastólica máxima entre a ponta dos folhetos e o plano do anel entre 0,8 e 10 mm;</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Relação junção sinotubular / ânulo aórtico &gt; 1,6 mm (<italic>mismatch</italic> entre as dimensões da junção e do anel).</p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</p>
					<p>Já foi demonstrado por La Canna <italic>et al.</italic> que o <italic>mismatch</italic> entre a junção e o ânulo é ainda mais importante que as dimensões isoladas das porções da AAT ascendente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Além disso, fatores como calcificação importante ou fenestrações largas nos folhetos são parâmetros que indicam comprometimento do aparato valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Doenças focais</title>
					<p>Placas ateroscleróticas podem ser identificados utilizando o ecocardiograma como imagem irregular, heterogênea ou foco calcificado hiper-refringente aderido à parte endotelial do vaso. Elas frequentemente se acumulam na junção sinotubular e no arco aórtico. Placas com espessura superior a 5 mm, com parte móvel ou proeminente, com ulceração maior que 2 mm e placas não calcificadas, estão associadas a maior risco de acidente vascular encefálico (AVC), seja espontâneo ou durante procedimentos invasivos e cirurgia cardíaca aberta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Valva aórtica bicúspide</title>
					<p>Durante o exame de um paciente com valva aórtica bicúspide, uma condição congênita que afeta de 1 a 2% da população, além da avaliação rotineira dos parâmetros relacionados à função valvar e pesquisa de insuficiência e estenose aórtica, a AAT deve ser cuidadosamente avaliada. Os diâmetros devem ser descritos conforme mencionado anteriormente, já que a literatura indica que 20 a 84% dos pacientes têm aneurisma de AAT associado. A aorta descendente e arco também devem ser examinados com cautela em busca de estreitamento e aceleração do fluxo na região do istmo, para descartar a coarctação da aorta associada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ecocardiograma nas síndromes aórticas agudas</title>
					<p>As síndromes aórticas agudas (SAA) compõem um grupo de condições caracterizadas por elevada morbimortalidade, geralmente causadas pela perda da integridade da parede aórtica. Essas condições são, essencialmente, formadas por uma tríade: dissecção aórtica, hematoma intramural aórtico e úlcera aterosclerótica penetrante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estudos populacionais sugerem uma incidência de SAA de 2,6 a 3,5 casos por 100.000 pessoas-ano e destes, dos quais 80% são dissecções aórticas, 15% hematomas intramurais e 5% úlceras penetrantes aórticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<fig id="f14">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>a) Aorta normal; b) clássica dissecção aórtica, resultante da ruptura da camada média, que gera a formação de dois lúmens, um falso e um verdadeiro, separados por um flap; c) hematoma aórtico intramural; d) úlcera aterosclerótica penetrante, formada a partir de uma placa aterosclerótica ulcerada que atinge a lâmina elástica interna da camada média. Adaptado de Bossone e Eagle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>Diante da elevada morbimortalidade das SAA, já discutida anteriormente, é crucial realizar um diagnóstico rápido e preciso. O atraso no reconhecimento dessas condições está associado ao aumento de mortalidade, com uma gradação de 1% na taxa de mortalidade a cada hora de atraso para o tratamento definitivo (correção cirúrgica), conforme relatado na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O diagnóstico das SAA pode ser realizado de forma multimodal, utilizando técnicas como a tomografia computadorizada, que é a mais empregada para identificar a dissecção aórtica, a ressonância magnética e a ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Tanto o ETT quanto o transesofágico são capazes de fornecer informações anatômicas do comprometimento aórtico e dados funcionais essenciais para um planejamento cirúrgico adequado. Isso inclui a avaliação do mecanismo e da severidade da insuficiência valvar aórtica, alterações segmentares da contratilidade miocárdica, que podem sugerir o envolvimento das artérias coronárias e a presença de derrame pericárdico, que pode resultar em comprometimento hemodinâmico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A sensibilidade e a especificidade do ecocardiograma nas SAA variam conforme o método utilizado (transtorácico ou transesofágico) e a porção da aorta estudada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Para o ETT, a sensibilidade e a especificidade variam de 77-80% e 93-96%, respectivamente, ao diagnosticar dissecção da aorta ascendente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Contudo, na avaliação da aorta descendente, a acurácia diminui, com os valores de sensibilidade variando de 31-55% e os de especificidade de 60-83%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Entretanto, conforme demonstrado por Evangelista <italic>et al.</italic>, o uso de contraste pode aumentar significativamente a acurácia do ETT tanto na avaliação de dissecções da aorta ascendente, quanto na aorta descendente, tornando-se comparável ao método transesofágico no diagnóstico de dissecções da aorta ascendente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O ETT pode alcançar sensibilidade e especificidade de 99% e 89%, respectivamente, além de um valor preditivo negativo de 99%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta um resumo da acurácia dos principais métodos de imagens disponíveis para o diagnóstico das SAA e suas complicações.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Comparação da acurácia diagnóstica das principais de modalidades de imagem nas SAA</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="20%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
									<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">ECOTT</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">ECOTE</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">AngioTC</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">AngioRM</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Dissecção da aorta ascendente</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Dissecção do arco aórtico</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Dissecção da aorta descendente</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Hematoma intramural</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Úlcera aórtica penetrante</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Morfologia e função valvar aórtica</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Visualização dinâmica do flap</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Dimensões do lúmen aórtico</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Trombose do falso lúmen</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Função ventricular</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Avaliação hemodinâmica</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">—</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CBBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Avaliação de envolvimento coronariano</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Avaliação de acometimento de ramos da aorta</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">+++</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Adaptado de Evangelista et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> SAA: síndromes aórticas agudas.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação ecocardiográfica na dissecção aórtica</title>
					<p>O diagnóstico de dissecção aórtica clássica é feito pela demonstração de um flap intimal que divide a aorta em dois lúmens, um verdadeiro e outro falso. O Doppler colorido é frequentemente utilizado para identificar o falso lúmen, mas pode estar ausente nos casos de trombose e dissecção retrógrada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 4A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">4B</xref>). A identificação do lúmen verdadeiro é de suma importância, pois auxilia na compreensão do acometimento aórtico e suas possíveis complicações, e no planejamento cirúrgico, caso esta seja a opção de tratamento indicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Alguns sinais ecocardiográficos auxiliam nesta diferenciação. No geral, o lúmen verdadeiro costuma apresentar menor diâmetro e sofre expansão sistólica, enquanto o lúmen falso apresenta maior diâmetro e sofre compressão sistólica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					<fig id="f15">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Flap intimal dividindo a raiz da aorta em dois lúmens, um verdadeiro e um falso (a). O uso do Doppler colorido pode auxiliar na identificação do verdadeiro lúmen, como na imagem (b) de um paciente com dissecção de aorta abdominal. Adaptado de Evangelista et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>Conforme mencionado anteriormente, o ETT é especialmente útil para uma avaliação adequada da raiz e porção proximal da aorta ascendente, enquanto o ETE possibilita uma visualização completa da aorta torácica, exceto na porção distal da aorta ascendente e proximal do arco aórtico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O ponto de laceração intimal pode ser identificado em cerca de 78-100% dos casos pelo método transesofágico, sendo comum encontrar essa laceração na porção proximal da aorta ascendente em dissecções do tipo A, e logo após a origem da artéria subclávia esquerda nas dissecções do tipo B. Lacerações com diâmetros maiores que 7-10 mm costumam ser facilmente identificáveis pela ecocardiografia 2D<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 5</xref>). Comunicações secundárias entre os dois lumens podem ser observadas pela ecocardiografia, e é importante diferenciá-las dos pontos de laceração principais. Alguns estudos anatômicos sugerem que estas comunicações, frequentemente vistas na aorta descendente pelo Doppler colorido, representam a origem de artérias intercostais ou viscerais e geralmente têm um diâmetro menor que 3 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<fig id="f16">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Visualização da aorta descendente no eixo curto pelo método transesofágico. À esquerda, é possível notar o lúmen verdadeiro (ponta da seta) e o lúmen falso (asterisco), separados pelo flap (seta). À direita, o ponto de laceração é confirmado com o uso do Doppler colorido, que mostra o fluxo do lúmen verdadeiro para o falso. Retirado de Eissa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf05-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>Entre as possíveis complicações das dissecções aórticas, devemos citar o derrame pericárdico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figura 6</xref>), que pode ocorrer em até 40% dos casos de dissecções do tipo A, com tamponamento presente em 12% desses casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, o ecocardiograma se destaca como a melhor técnica de imagem para avaliar o tamponamento cardíaco. Além disso, o derrame pericárdico nem sempre é secundário à ruptura do falso lúmen para o pericárdio, podendo ser causado também por uma irritação da adventícia produzida por algum hematoma aórtico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Outra complicação relatada é o hematoma periaórtico, associado com o aumento da mortalidade, mas que é melhor diagnosticado pela tomografia computadorizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<fig id="f17">
						<label>Figura 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Imagem obtida pelo método transtorácico, utilizando a janela subcostal. Nota-se a presença de um flap na raiz da aorta (seta de cor branca) e a presença de derrame pericárdico, causando compressão no ventrículo direito (setas de cor preta). Retirado de Evangelista et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf06-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>A insuficiência aórtica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 7</xref>) também é uma complicação frequente, ocorrendo em cerca de 40-76% dos casos de dissecção do tipo A.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Além de estratificar a gravidade da regurgitação, a ecocardiografia permite compreender o mecanismo da insuficiência aórtica e auxilia o cirurgião na escolha da melhor técnica cirúrgica, que pode envolver a preservação ou a substituição da válvula aórtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
					<fig id="f18">
						<label>Figura 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Imagens obtidas por ETE. À esquerda, é possível visualizar o flap intimal próximo ao plano valvar, e à direita, a presença de insuficiência valvar aórtica causada pela dissecção. Adaptado de D'Aloia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf07-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>O acometimento coronariano pela dissecção aórtica pode ocorrer em cerca de 10-15% dos casos, sendo a artéria coronária direita mais afetada. A alteração da contratilidade segmentar ventricular auxilia no diagnóstico desta complicação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O método transesofágico permite avaliar a porção proximal das artérias coronárias, além de verificar se estas se originam do lúmen verdadeiro ou falso, e se há presença de dissecção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Entretanto, o ecocardiograma apresenta limitações na avaliação da dissecção aórtica, principalmente devido à presença de artefatos, que podem criar uma falsa aparência de um flap de dissecção. A parede aórtica pode gerar um artefato de reverberação dentro do setor de varredura, simulando um flap de dissecção (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figura 8</xref>). O Doppler colorido pode ajudar nesta diferenciação, pois um flap verdadeiro exibirá duas áreas distintas de fluxo de cores: uma para o lúmen verdadeiro e outra para o falso. Além disso, o modo M pode auxiliar ao demonstrar uma movimentação independente do flap verdadeiro em relação à parede aórtica, ao contrário do flap falso, que apresentará uma movimentação idêntica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
					<fig id="f19">
						<label>Figura 8</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Imagem obtida pelo método transtorácico, utilizando a janela paraesternal eixo longo. Nota-se um artefato de reverberação na aorta ascendente (seta vermelha) devido à calcificação na junção sinotubular, que pode simular um flap de dissecção. Adaptado de Bertrand et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf08-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação ecocardiográfica do hematoma aórtico intramural</title>
					<p>O hematoma intramural é caracterizado por um espessamento da parede aórtica com um padrão de crescimento concêntrico, geralmente mantendo o lúmen do vaso preservado. O diagnóstico desta condição pode ser desafiador, pois os exames de imagem iniciais podem ser normais em até 12% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O método transtorácico costuma não ser adequado para o diagnóstico desta condição devido à sua baixa sensibilidade, enquanto o método transesofágico possui melhor acurácia, porém ainda inferior à tomografia computadorizada e à ressonância magnética.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O critério diagnóstico do hematoma intramural pelo método transesofágico é definido como um espessamento da parede aórtica &gt; 5 mm, com um ponto de corte de &gt; 7 mm, em pacientes com aterosclerose severa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Figura 9</xref>).</p>
					<fig id="f20">
						<label>Figura 9</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Imagens obtida pelo método transesofágico mostrando espessamento da parede aórtica (setas). Adaptado de Evangelista et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf09-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação ecocardiográfica da úlcera aórtica aterosclerótica penetrante</title>
					<p>A úlcera aterosclerótica penetrante é definida como uma ulceração da placa aterosclerótica que penetra na lâmina interna da camada média aórtica. Esta condição pode coexistir com o hematoma intramural, podendo ser múltipla e mais comum em indivíduos idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Embora possa ocorrer em qualquer segmento aórtico, é encontrada com mais frequência na porção média e distal da aorta torácica descendente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A tomografia computadorizada apresenta superioridade na identificação dessa condição, no entanto, a úlcera aórtica pode ser visualizada pelo método transesofágico, apresentando caracteristicamente uma cratera com bordas irregulares associadas a múltiplas irregularidades da íntima. O Doppler colorido pode ser útil para demonstrar o fluxo turbulento dentro e no orifício de entrada da úlcera<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figura 10</xref>).</p>
					<fig id="f21">
						<label>Figura 10</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Imagens obtidas pelo método transesofágico, mostrando úlceras ateroscleróticas penetrando na parede aórtica. Adaptado de Evangelista et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240022-gf10-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A ecocardiografia desempenha um papel crucial na avaliação multimodal das aortopatias. Assim como outras modalidades de imagem, este método apresenta pontos fortes e limitações. O conhecimento do método pelo clínico é de suma importância, pois a precisa solicitação pode oferecer respostas importantes e complementar informações fornecidas por outras modalidades. Isso possibilita um cuidado mais eficaz para o paciente diante do cenário desafiador do tratamento das afecções agudas e crônicas da aorta torácica.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>