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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240021i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240021i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Idiopathic Mitral and Aortic Subvalvular Aneurysm in a Young Patient</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-8832-5671</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Laydner</surname>
						<given-names>João Pedro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>obtaining financing</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5575-9354</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Siciliano</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4551-7823</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael Castro da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7046-8707</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Felix</surname>
						<given-names>Alex dos Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-0272-4904</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dutra</surname>
						<given-names>Maximiliano Freire</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: João Pedro Laydner •</bold> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia. Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. Postal code: <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – BrazilE-mail: <email>jpmlaydner@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>23</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>37</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20240021</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>07</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Left ventricular aneurysms are primarily caused by coronary artery disease. Among them, there are also less common types, such as those located in the subvalvular regions of idiopathic origin. This article describes the case of a patient with a history of aortic subvalvular and Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm repairs who developed a new mitral subvalvular aneurysm.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Heart Aneurysm</kwd>
				<kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
				<kwd>Aortico-Ventricular Tunnel</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Left ventricular aneurysms primarily result from coronary artery disease, often as a complication following acute myocardial infarction. Other non-ischemic cardiac causes include arrhythmogenic heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and myocarditis. Notable systemic causes include Chagas disease, tuberculosis, syphilis, and HIV, among others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A rarer entity is the idiopathic mitral subvalvular aneurysm, first described in Africa in the 1960s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case Report</title>
			<p>Male Afro-descendant patient, 17 years old, with a history of treatment for aneurysm in the left ventricular outflow tract and ruptured aneurysm of the Sinus of Valsalva, both repaired in 2018 with two percutaneous devices. Since the procedure, the patient had moderate aortic reflux, secondary to the anatomical distortion caused by the Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm and was maintained under clinical treatment.</p>
			<p>Four years after the procedure, he began experiencing progressive dyspnea and declined overall condition, and sought emergency care to investigate the symptoms. Anamnesis gathered no fever, chest pain, syncope or palpitations.</p>
			<p>The patient performed a transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiogram, which demonstrated enlarged left cavities, mild systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle and severe aortic reflux, progressively worsened compared to previous exams. Additionally, a mitral subvalvular aneurysm was identified, located on the lateral wall of the left ventricle, distorting the mitral annulus and posterior leaflet anatomy. This resulted in a noticeable regurgitant jet emanating from the aneurysm cavity and traversing the posterior leaflet, which appeared perforated, likely due to trauma from the jet (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). This particular mitral subvalvular aneurysm had not been reported in any previous examinations, making it a new finding in the current investigation.</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Within the top-row images, the mitral subvalvular aneurysm is evident, located near the lateral wall of the left ventricle, with and without color Doppler. The lower-row images exhibit a device adjacent to the Sinuses of Valsalva and severe aortic reflux.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240021-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Considering ischemic disease as the primary cause of aneurysms related to the left ventricle, the patient underwent cardiac tomography angiography with analysis of the coronary arteries and aorta, revealing no lesions and preserved anatomy and patency. Additionally, an aneurysm in the supravalvular aortic region, partially occluded with a percutaneous prosthesis and containing contrast and parietal thrombus, was identified (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Moreover, another device was observed in the left ventricular outflow tract, below the aortic valve plane, where a previous aneurysm was repaired, hindering visualization of the cavity or flow, likely due to thrombosis.</p>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>In the left image, the yellow arrow indicates the mitral subvalvular aneurysm. In the right image, two hyperdense devices from previous percutaneous corrections can be seen: the first (*) is located next to the Sinuses of Valsalva; the second, just below, is in the left ventricular outflow tract.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240021-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Blood samples were collected to rule out systemic causes. The exams evidenced slightly increased inflammatory markers, negative blood cultures, unaltered autoimmune markers and negative serologies, as described below (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Laboratory Tests</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="25%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Leukocytes</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">13,000/mm<sup>3</sup></th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">ASLO</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">109 Ui/mL (up to 250)</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="top">VHS</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">34 mm</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">HIV</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">Non-reactive</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="top">C-reactive protein 3.2</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">mg/dL</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">Treponema pallidum antibodies</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">Not detected</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="top">FAN</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">Non-reactive</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">Rheumatoid factor</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">Non-reactive</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="top">Bartonella and <break/>Coxiella Burnetii PCR</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">Negative</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">Epstein Barr and <break/>Cytomegalovirus IgM</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">Negative</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<attrib>Source: authors. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; FAN: Anti-nuclear factor; VHS: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ASLO: antistreptolysin O antibody.</attrib>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>After initial clinical compensation, the patient underwent surgery on August 01, 2022, with resection of the mitral subvalvular aneurysm, patch repair and placement of a mitral mechanical prosthesis #29. Furthermore, the Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm was excluded with a bovine pericardium patch, and an aortic mechanical prosthesis #23 was placed. The mitral valve fragment was sent for culture and deemed negative for endocarditis. Post-operative control exams showed normal functioning prostheses, a well-positioned patch and moderate systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle.</p>
			<p>The extensive etiological investigation with negative results resulted in a diagnosis of idiopathic mitral subvalvular aneurysm.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Idiopathic subvalvular aneurysm of the left ventricle is a rare condition with uncertain etiologies. Its estimated incidence is around 34 cases for every 10,000 cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It appears to have an epidemiological correlation with people of African descent, as it was described for the first time in Africa, in the Bantu population.</p>
			<p>The first descriptions come from two series of cases, published in 1962 by Abrahams et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and in 1965 by Chesler et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> with the mitral subvalvular as the main affected region. In the case series published by Chesler et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> all patients were young (not older than 42), which may suggest the congenital nature of the disease. Of the six cases studied, only one was described in the subaortic region and five in the subaortic region, either below the anterior or posterior leaflet. From their histopathological analyses, the authors observed no evidence of syphilis, tuberculosis, or rheumatic activity and noted thinned aneurysm walls. This led to the postulation that a weakness in the left ventricular wall in the atrioventricular groove region, when subjected to chronically increased intracavitary pressure, could lead to herniation of the wall and the formation of the aneurysm.</p>
			<p>As previously described, left ventricular aneurysms are primarily ischemic, mainly after acute myocardial infarction. Exclusion of coronary artery disease is always the first step, whether aided by coronary angiography or CT angiography. In the latter cases, in addition to excluding coronary artery disease, it is also possible to evaluate the origin and course of the coronary arteries, excluding ischemia caused by anomalous origin or fistulas.</p>
			<p>Several cardiac causes can also lead to ventricular aneurysms. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the mid-ventricular region's involvement can lead to the development of an apical aneurysm due to increased pressure gradients in that area. Similarly, Chagas disease can cause apical aneurysms by affecting the ventricular wall in that region. Patients with myocarditis may exhibit a spectrum of ventricular function impairment, ranging from asymptomatic to cardiogenic shock. In more severe cases, extensive myocardial involvement with inflammation and cavity remodeling can occur, potentially resulting in aneurysms in various locations. Furthermore, infectious endocarditis with abscess formation and subsequent fistulization into the cavity can mimic subvalvular aneurysms, especially in the mitral-aortic curtain region.</p>
			<p>A mitral subvalvular aneurysm can compromise valve function, leading to varying degrees of reflux, either due to distortion of the leaflets’ anatomy or the valve ring itself. In this case, there was anatomical distortion and perforation of the posterior leaflet. We hypothesize that the flow from the aneurysm caused a jet lesion to the posterior leaflet, weakening it and resulting in perforation, leading to severe regurgitation into the left atrium.</p>
			<p>The patient had a history of percutaneous repair of a Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm and another aneurysm in the left ventricular outflow tract, supporting Chesler et al.'s hypothesis that the disease's pathophysiology involves ventricular wall weakening and subsequent aneurysm formation. Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> also confirmed the histopathological finding in their case, showing fibrous tissue with a thin myocardium layer. Another unique aspect of our case is that the patient has two subvalvular aneurysms in different locations (previous aortic; current mitral), which has not been previously described. The Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, addressed in this surgery with a patch, further supports the notion that the patient has some reduction in ventricular and/or aortic wall resistance, predisposing them to these cavities’ formation.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Left ventricular subvalvular aneurysm is a rare condition with unclear pathophysiological mechanisms, which can manifest with a range of clinical presentations, from incidental findings to heart failure with marked valve dysfunction. Ruling out treatable causes is crucial to halt its progression and determine the anatomical and functional implications to provide the most effective therapeutic approach.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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				<mixed-citation>5 Chen CC, Hsiung MC, Wei J, Chang WT, Yin WH, Young MS. Mitral Annular Subvalvular Left Ventricular Aneurysm. Echocardiography. 2005;22(5):434-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2005.04016.x.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240021</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Aneurisma Subvalvar Mitral e Aórtico Idiopáticos em Paciente Jovem</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-8832-5671</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Laydner</surname>
						<given-names>João Pedro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5575-9354</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Siciliano</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4551-7823</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael Castro da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7046-8707</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Felix</surname>
						<given-names>Alex dos Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-0272-4904</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dutra</surname>
						<given-names>Maximiliano Freire</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: João Pedro Laydner</bold> • Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia. Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. CEP: 22240-006. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil E-mail: <email>jpmlaydner@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Aneurismas do ventrículo esquerdo tem a doença arterial coronariana como sua principal etiologia. Dentre eles, existem tipos mais raros, como aqueles nas regiões subvalvares de origem idiopática. Nesse artigo, descrevemos o caso de um paciente com histórico de correção de um aneurisma subvalvar aórtico e outro no Seio de Valsalva, que se apresenta com novo aneurisma subvalvar mitral.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Aneurisma Cardíaco</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência da Valva Mitral</kwd>
				<kwd>Túnel Aorticoventricular</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Os aneurismas do ventrículo esquerdo têm como principal etiologia a doença arterial coronariana, sendo normalmente uma complicação após infarto agudo do miocárdio. Causas não isquêmicas cardíacas incluem a cardiopatia arritmogênica, miocardiopatia hipertrófica e miocardite. Dentre as causas sistêmicas, destacam-se a Doença de Chagas, tuberculose, sífilis, HIV, entre outras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Existe uma entidade mais rara, que é o aneurisma subvalvar mitral idiopático, descrito pela primeira vez na década de 1960 na África.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato do caso</title>
				<p>Paciente do sexo masculino, de 17 anos, afrodescendente, com histórico de tratamento de aneurisma em via de saída de ventrículo esquerdo e aneurisma roto do Seio de Valsalva, corrigidos em 2018 com dois dispositivos percutâneos. Desde o procedimento, o paciente possuía refluxo aórtico moderado, secundário à distorção anatômica ocasionada pelo aneurisma do Seio de Valsalva, e foi mantido em tratamento clínico.</p>
				<p>Quatro anos após o procedimento, o paciente começou a apresentar dispneia progressiva e queda do estado geral, levando-o a procurar atendimento de emergência e ser internado para investigação dos sintomas. Na anamnese, ele negou febre, dor torácica, síncope ou palpitações.</p>
				<p>O paciente foi submetido a ecocardiograma transtorácico e transesofágico, os quais demonstraram aumento de cavidades esquerdas, disfunção sistólica leve do ventrículo esquerdo e refluxo aórtico grave, piorando evolutivamente em comparação aos exames anteriores. Além disso, foi identificada a presença de um aneurisma subvalvar mitral, localizado na parede lateral do ventrículo esquerdo, distorcendo a anatomia do anel mitral e do folheto posterior. Como resultado, observou-se um jato regurgitante significativo, oriundo da cavidade do aneurisma, atravessando o folheto posterior, que se encontrava perfurado, provavelmente por lesão traumática do jato (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). O aneurisma subvalvar mitral encontrado não estava descrito em nenhum dos exames prévios, sendo um achado novo na investigação atual.</p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Nas imagens da fileira superior, a presença do aneurisma subvalvar mitral é evidente, localizado junto à parede lateral do ventrículo esquerdo, tanto com quanto sem Doppler colorido. As imagens da fileira inferior apresentam um dispositivo adjacente aos Seios de Valsalva, além do refluxo aórtico grave.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240021-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Considerando a doença isquêmica como a principal etiologia dos aneurismas relacionados ao ventrículo esquerdo, o paciente realizou angiotomografia cardíaca com análise das coronárias e aorta, as quais mostraram-se livre de lesões e com anatomia e trajeto preservados. Ademais, identificou-se também a presença de aneurisma localizado na região supra valvar aórtica, ocluído parcialmente com prótese percutânea, apresentando ainda contraste e trombo parietal no seu interior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). Além disso, nota-se a presença de outro dispositivo, localizado na via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo, abaixo do plano valvar aórtico, onde foi corrigido aneurisma prévio, não sendo possível visualizar cavidade ou fluxo nessa topografia, provavelmente por estar trombosado.</p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Na imagem à esquerda, a flecha amarela indica o aneurisma subvalvar mitral. Na imagem à direita, nota-se dois dispositivos hiperdensos das correções percutâneas prévias: o primeiro (*), localizado junto aos Seios de Valsalva; o segundo, logo abaixo, encontra-se na via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240021-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Para descartar causas sistêmicas, foram coletadas amostras de sangue. Os exames da chegada apresentaram discreta elevação de marcadores inflamatórios, hemoculturas negativas, marcadores autoimunes sem alterações e sorologias também negativas, descritas abaixo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Leucócitos</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">13.000/mm<sup>3</sup></th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">ASLO</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">109 Ui/mL (até 250)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">VHS</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">34 mm</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">HIV</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">Não reagente</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="top">Proteína C Reativa 3,2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">mg/dL</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">Anticorpos contra treponema pallidum</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">Não detectados</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">FAN</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">Não reagente</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">Fator reumatoide</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">Não reagente</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="top">PCR para Bartonella e Coxiella Burnetii</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">Negativos</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">IgM para Epstein Barr e Citomegalovírus</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">Negativos</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib>Fonte: autores. HIV: Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana; FAN: Fator anti-nuclear; VHS: velocidade de hemossedimentação; ASLO: anticorpo antiestreptolisina O.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Após a compensação clínica inicial, o paciente foi operado em 01/08/22, com ressecção do aneurisma subvalvar mitral, reparo com &quot;patch&quot; e colocação de prótese mecânica mitral número 29. Além disso, foi excluído o aneurisma do Seio de Valsalva com &quot;patch&quot; de pericárdio bovino e colocada uma prótese mecânica aórtica número 23. O fragmento da valva mitral foi enviado para cultura, com resultado negativo para endocardite. Exames de controle pós-operatórios mostravam próteses normofuncionantes, &quot;patch&quot; bem posicionado e disfunção sistólica moderada do ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
				<p>Diante da extensa investigação etiológica, com resultados negativos, fechou-se o diagnóstico de aneurisma subvalvar mitral idiopático.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O aneurisma subvalvar idiopático do ventrículo esquerdo é uma entidade rara e de etiologia ainda incerta. Estima-se que sua incidência seja em torno de 34 casos a cada 10.000 doenças cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Parece ter correlação epidemiológica com afrodescendentes, visto ter sido descrito pela primeira vez na África, na população Bantu.</p>
				<p>As primeiras descrições partem de duas séries de casos, publicadas em 1962 por Abrahams et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e em 1965 por Chesler et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> tendo como região principal de acometimento a subvalvar mitral. Na série de casos publicada por Chesler et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> todos os pacientes eram jovens, com idade máxima de 42 anos, o que pode sugerir que tal patologia tenha um componente congênito. Dos seis casos descritos, apenas um foi descrito na região subaórtica e cinco na submitral, seja abaixo do folheto anterior ou posterior. Nas análises histopatológicas conduzidas pelos autores, notava-se ausência de sinais de sífilis, tuberculose ou atividade reumática, mostrando paredes finas do aneurisma. Assim, postulou-se que existiria uma fragilidade na parede do ventrículo esquerdo na região do sulco atrioventricular que, quando cronicamente submetidos ao aumento de pressão intracavitário, produziriam herniação da parede, dando origem ao aneurisma.</p>
				<p>Como descrito anteriormente, as causas mais comuns de aneurisma do ventrículo esquerdo são as isquêmicas, principalmente após infarto agudo do miocárdico. Exclusão de doença arterial coronariana é sempre o primeiro passo, seja com cineangiocoronariografia ou com angiotomografia. Nesses últimos casos, além de excluir coronariopatia, é possível também avaliar a origem e o trajeto das coronárias, excluindo-se isquemia causada por origem anômala ou fístulas.</p>
				<p>Existem também diversas causas cardíacas que podem cursar com aneurismas ventriculares. Na Miocardiopatia hipertrófica, quando existe acometimento da região médio-ventricular, pode ocorrer aneurisma apical secundário ao aumento dos gradientes de pressão nessa região. A Doença de Chagas também pode cursar com aneurismas apicais devido ao comprometimento da parede ventricular dessa região. Pacientes com diagnóstico de miocardite pode ter graus variados de comprometimento da função ventricular, desde assintomáticos até choque cardiogênico. Nos casos mais graves, acontece importante acometimento do miocárdio, com inflamação e remodelamento da cavidade, sendo aneurismas um achado possível em diversas localidades. Além disso, endocardite infecciosa com formação de abscesso e posterior fistulização para a cavidade, podem simular aneurismas subvalvares, especialmente na região da cortina mitro-aórtica.</p>
				<p>O aneurisma subvalvar mitral pode comprometer o funcionamento valvar, gerando graus variados de refluxo, seja por distorção da anatomia dos folhetos ou então do próprio anel valvar. Nesse caso, existia distorção anatômica e perfuração do folheto posterior. Acreditamos que o fluxo oriundo do aneurisma fez uma lesão por jato na cúspide posterior, levando ao seu enfraquecimento e consequente perfuração, gerando regurgitação grave para o átrio esquerdo.</p>
				<p>O paciente tinha histórico de correção percutânea de Aneurisma do Seio de Valsalva e outro aneurisma na via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo, favorecendo a hipótese de Chesler et al. de que a fisiopatologia da doença envolva o enfraquecimento das paredes ventriculares, com consequente formação de aneurismas. Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> corroboraram no achado histopatológico do seu caso, com presença de tecido fibroso com uma fina camada de miocárdio. Além disso, outra particularidade do nosso caso é o fato do paciente ter dois aneurismas subvalvares de localidades diferentes (aórtico prévio; mitral atual), fato até então não descrito nos estudos avaliados. O aneurisma do Seio de Valsalva, abordado com &quot;patch&quot; nessa cirurgia, corrobora ainda mais o fato do paciente ter alguma redução na resistência das paredes ventriculares e/ou aórtica a qual predisponha à formação dessas cavidades.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>O aneurisma subvalvar do ventrículo esquerdo é uma entidade rara com mecanismos fisiopatológicos não bem esclarecidos, o qual pode se apresentar com quadros clínicos diversos, desde achados ocasionais até quadros de insuficiência cardíaca com disfunção valvar importante. É importante excluir causas tratáveis para evitar sua evolução e identificar as repercussões anatômicas e funcionais para oferecer a melhor abordagem terapêutica.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>