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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240020i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240020i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>My Approach to Atrial Strain by Cardiac Magnetic Resonanc</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1418-9361</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9271-231X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Fonseca</surname><given-names>Rafael Almeida</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rochitte</surname><given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Coração</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva Costa</bold> • Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251. Postal code: <postal-code>01246-000</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>isabelabispo@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. </p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>26</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240020</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>08</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>09</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>09</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Assessment of left atrial strain (LAS) using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is gaining interest in cardiology as a novel parameter, as it quantifies the left atrium’s (LA) deformation throughout the cardiac cycle. Traditionally, LA function was inferred from left ventricular ejection fraction and LA volume. However, recent studies emphasize the prognostic significance of directly analyzing atrial function, particularly in atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure, and arterial hypertension. CMR provides a thorough evaluation of cardiac anatomy and function, enabling precise and reproducible measurement of atrial tissue deformation.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Left Atrium</kwd>
<kwd>Right Atrium</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
<kwd>Stran Imaging</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="16"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>In recent years, assessing the performance of the left atrium (LA) has become increasingly crucial for diagnosing and prognosing various diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Traditionally, evaluations were limited to morphological analyses of diameters and volumes, along with echocardiography using speckle tracking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, there is a growing emphasis on assessing the degree of deformation of the LA using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), which correlates well with echocardiographic data and provides prognostic information in different clinical scenarios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,</sup> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Left atrial strain (LAS), specifically, refers to the ability of the LA walls to stretch and shorten, indicating atrial pump function, which is a key indicator for adequate ventricular filling and, consequently, overall cardiac function. The assessment of LAS is recommended for patients requiring evaluation of diastolic dysfunction and those with cardiac amyloidosis, atrial fibrillation (AF), arterial hypertension, and heart failure, among other comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The best-known technique for CMR assessment is feature tracking imaging (FTI), which will be detailed further on in this article.</p>
<sec>
<title>My Approach</title>
<p>In order to evaluate LAS, 2D steady-state free procession (SSFP) cine resonance images must be acquired in the longitudinal axes. The longitudinal axis is used as a quantitative parameter for the degree of atrial deformation. There are two different methods for analyzing left atrial longitudinal strain (LALS), as described in the literature:</p>
<list list-type="alpha-lower">
<list-item><p><bold>12-segment</bold> analysis: 4 and 2 chambers (most used);</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>15-segment</bold> analysis: 4, 2 and 3 chambers.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>One of the software options available for analysis is CVI42® (Circle Cardiovascular Imaging Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada, Version 5.13.5), and it has been used in this article. In this analysis, cine resonance images are imported into the software, and the contours of the LA’s endocardium and epicardium are manually delineated in selected longitudinal axes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The software automates contour propagation, with the possibility of manual adjustments for tracing correction. Special attention should be given to excluding the LA appendage and pulmonary veins during contour delineation. In the three-chamber view, the aortic root should be excluded from the analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). After tracing and adjusting, the software automatically calculates the LALS, LA radial strain (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), and the strain rate. These metrics indicate the magnitude and rate of LA deformation, respectively.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>LA longitudinal strain analysis by FTI. (A;B) four-chamber view, (A) diastole and (B) systole. (C) graphical analysis of the longitudinal strain of the four-chamber plane. (D;E) two-chamber view, (D) diastole and (E) systole. (F) graphical analysis of the longitudinal strain rate.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240020-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Longitudinal strain analysis of the LA in a three-chamber view by FTI. (A) diastole and (B) systole. (C) graphical analysis of the longitudinal strain of the three-chamber plane. (D) graphical analysis of the longitudinal strain rate of the three-chamber plane.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240020-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>LA radial strain analysis by FTI. (A;B) four-chamber view, (A) diastole and (B) systole. (C) graphical analysis of the radial strain of the four-chamber plane, and (D) graphical analysis of the radial strain rate of the four-chamber plane. (F;G) two-chamber view, (F) diastole and (G) systole. (H) graphical analysis of the radial strain of the two-chamber plane, and (I) graphical analysis of the radial strain rate of the two-chamber plane.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240020-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The LALS graphic images allow for the analysis of three aspects of LA deformation: reservoir function (total deformation), booster pump function (active deformation), and conduit function (passive deformation). These functions correspond to various stages of the cardiac cycle where the LA acts as a reservoir, receiving blood from the pulmonary veins; a conduit, transporting blood to the left ventricle (LV) due to pressure differences caused by the opening of the mitral valve; and a booster pump, aiding atrial systole at the end of LV diastole.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Additionally, it is recommended to evaluate the LA function, which can be automated using the same software by calculating the ejection fraction in biplanar mode in four chambers. For calculation purposes, it is necessary to trace the atrial contours from which the values will be extracted: maximum LA volume at the end of ventricular systole and minimum LA volume. Based on this information, the software will provide atrial ejection fraction values.</p>
<p>The same software also evaluates the right atrium strain by performing the contour analysis in the longitudinal plane in four chambers. The software automatically provides longitudinal and radial strain values (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><title>Radial and longitudinal strain analyses of the right atrium FTI. (A;B) longitudinal strain in the four-chamber plane, (A) diastole and (B) systole. (C) graphical analysis of the longitudinal strain of the four-chamber plane, and (D) graphical analysis of the longitudinal strain rate of the four-chamber plane. (E;F) radial strain in the four-chamber plane, (E) diastole and (F) systole. (G) graphical analysis of the radial strain of the four-chamber plane, and (H) graphical analysis of the radial strain rate of the four-chamber plane.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240020-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Analysis and Interpretation</title>
<p>Interpreting LA performance requires consideration of both anatomical and functional variables. However, caution is advised in the quantitative analysis of these parameters due to limited data in the literature regarding corresponding values across different modalities and software used for this purpose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>A study evaluated 43 patients and 11 volunteers who underwent CMR and echocardiography to compare LAS values using different post-processing software (Medis and CVI by CMR), and the averages found were:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Reservoir function: CMR – Medis 34.7% ± 11.9%; CMR – CVI 43.8 ± 16.7%; echocardiography: 35.0± 10.5%;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Booster-pump function: CMR – Medis 14.4± 5.0%; CMR – CVI: 17.7± 5.3%; echocardiography: 15.3± 4.5%</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Conduit Function: CMR – Medis 20.3± 8.8%; CMR – CVI: 26.1± 13.3%; echocardiography: 19.7± 8.1%.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>This study showed a good correlation between the different CMR and echocardiography, as well as between the different software analyzed by CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, due to the variations between them, we still recommend that sequential assessments of the same patient be carried out using the same modality and software.</p>
<p>A study with 114 healthy volunteers, using the CVI with feature tracking technique to quantify normal values of LA strain, showed mean reservoir function values of 39.13 ± 9.27%, conduit function of 25.15 ± 8.34%, and contractile function of 13.99 ± 4.11%. This study found no significant differences when comparing both genders, but it did observe reduced values of the conduit and booster pump components with advanced age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Studies on different diseases show:</p>
<sec>
<title>Heart failure:</title>
<p>Patients with cardiac insufficiency and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction showed a significant reduction in LALS during early and late diastolic filling. These results indicate changes in the subendocardial fibers, since these fibers are arranged mainly in the longitudinal axis in the anatomy of the LA. The reduction in LALS and change in the minimum indexed volume of the LA are shown to be independent predictive factors for the onset of heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A recently published study evaluated LALS in patients with cardiac insufficiency with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), both ischemic and non-ischemic, and without AF. It showed that patients had reduced LALS rates. Reservoir function, ejection fraction and extent of late enhancement were independent predictors of major adverse cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Reservoir and conduit functions were shown to be independent outcome predictors in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, even after adjustment for clinical, laboratory and CMR variables (including late enhancement).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,</sup> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:</title>
<p>Patients diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy underwent evaluation with CMR, echocardiography, and cardiopulmonary testing, and reservoir and conduit function were significantly higher in patients who achieved more than 80% of their maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max). Reservoir, conduit and booster pump functions were significantly associated with the occurrence of AF in these patients (P&lt;0.05).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Cardiac Amyloidosis:</title>
<p>Patients with cardiac amyloidosis exhibit lower LA strain values compared to those of healthy individuals or patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. LA longitudinal strain (LALS) values did not differ between amyloidosis subtypes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In a recent publication, Tan et al. observed that in patients with light chain amyloidosis, impairment of atrial reservoir function assessed by CMR is an independent and additional factor for all-cause mortality, even when compared to other classic CMR findings (such as late enhancement).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Atrial fibrillation:</title>
<p>Assessment of the LA in patients with AF is crucial, with recurrence being classically related to increased LA volumes. Benjamin et al. evaluated a total of 80 patients who underwent AF ablation, of whom 26% had recurrence after ablation. In this population, the reservoir function assessed by CMR was one of the independent predictors of recurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Patients with AF or diastolic dysfunction often exhibit reduced LAS, and feature-tracking cardiac magnetic resonance (FT-CMR) analysis has enabled the differentiation of patients with early-stage diastolic dysfunction before the onset of reduced atrial and ventricular ejection fractions from those with advanced-stage dysfunction or AF, serving as an early marker in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Coronary artery disease:</title>
<p>Initial patient studies evaluated the role of LA strain in those with coronary disease. Nayyar et al. studied patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome who underwent CMR an average of 4 days after the event and observed that reservoir function and booster pump function were associated with worse clinical outcomes. There was a significant increase in major cardiovascular events in those patients with reservoir function values lower than 19.2% and booster-pump function lower than 9.7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p></sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Arterial hypertension:</title>
<p>Compared to healthy volunteers, patients with arterial hypertension, with or without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), had significantly reduced both the LA reservoir and conduit functions. However, the booster pump function, an auxiliary function of the LA, remained preserved in patients without LVH, which may suggest an intermediate stage between the group with LVH and the controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>The assessment of LA strain has also been conducted in other dysfunctions, such as myocarditis, diabetes mellitus, and obstructive sleep apnea. Still, there is limited data in the literature regarding these populations. Similarly, the evaluation of right atrial strain, despite being a potentially valuable tool for providing diagnostic and prognostic information, especially in the pediatric population, still requires further validation studies, as most of the available data in the literature come from observational studies with a small number of patients.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Assessing LA function with CMR is a promising approach that can provide prognostic insights in patients with heart failure, AF, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arterial hypertension, and cardiac amyloidosis. The relevance of this technique is growing, but further validation studies are necessary to establish its routine clinical application. The limited availability of software for analysis remains a barrier that needs to be addressed for more widespread adoption.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of Funding </bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study. </p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study Association </bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240020</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Como Eu Faço o Strain Atrial por Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1418-9361</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9271-231X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Fonseca</surname><given-names>Rafael Almeida</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rochitte</surname><given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva Costa</bold> • Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251. CEP: <postal-code>01246-000</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>isabelabispo@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>O strain do átrio esquerdo (AE), avaliado por ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC), é um parâmetro emergente de interesse na cardiologia que mede a deformação do AE durante o ciclo cardíaco. Tradicionalmente, a função do AE era avaliada indiretamente por meio da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e do volume do AE. No entanto, estudos recentes têm destacado o valor prognóstico da análise direta da função atrial, especialmente em condições como fibrilação atrial (FA), insuficiência cardíaca e hipertensão arterial. A RMC oferece uma avaliação detalhada da anatomia e função cardíaca, incluindo a capacidade de medir a deformação tecidual atrial com alta precisão e reprodutibilidade.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Átrio Esquerdo</kwd>
<kwd>Átrio Direito</kwd>
<kwd>Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Imagem Stran</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>O desempenho do átrio esquerdo (AE) tem crescente importância nos últimos anos no diagnóstico e prognóstico de diversas patologias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Classicamente, os parâmetros de avaliação limitavam-se as análises morfológicos dos diâmetros e volumes e da ecocardiografia com <italic>speckle tracking.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> De modo mais recente, a avaliação do grau de deformação do AE pela ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) vem ganhando destaque, com boa correlação os dados ecocardiográficos e fornecendo informações prognósticas em diferentes cenários clínicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>O <italic>strain</italic> atrial esquerdo (SAE), especificamente, refere-se à capacidade de alongamento e encurtamento das paredes do AE, um indicador da função de bomba atrial, crucial para o enchimento ventricular adequado e, consequentemente, para a função cardíaca global. A aplicação do estudo do SAE é recomendada para pacientes com necessidade de avaliação de disfunção diastólica e para pacientes com amiloidose cardíaca, fibrilação atrial (FA), hipertensão arterial, insuficiência cardíaca, dentre outras comorbidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A técnica mais conhecida para avaliação pela RMC é conhecida por <italic>feature tracking imaging (FTI)</italic> e será pormenorizada neste artigo.</p>
<sec>
<title>Como Eu Faço</title>
<p>Para avaliar o SAE, é necessário adquirir imagens de cineressonância 2D <italic>steady-state free procession</italic> (SSFP) nos eixos longitudinais. O eixo longitudinal é utilizado como parâmetro quantitativo do grau da deformação atrial. Há duas formas diferentes, descritas na literatura, para a análise do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal atrial esquerdo (SLAE): </p>
<list list-type="alpha-lower">
<list-item><p>Análise de <bold>12 segmentos</bold>: 4 e 2 câmaras (mais utilizada); </p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Análise de <bold>15 segmentos</bold>: 4, 2 e 3 câmaras.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Uma das opções de software disponíveis para a análise é o CVI42® (<italic>Circle Cardiovascular Imaging Inc., Calgary, AB, Canadá, Versão 5.13.5</italic>), e o utilizamos neste artigo. Nesta análise são adicionadas as imagens de cinerressonância no software e realizados o delineamento dos contornos do endocárdio e epicárdio do AE de forma manual nos eixos longitudinais selecionados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). A propagação dos contornos acontece de modo automatizado pelo software e ajustes manuais podem ser necessários para a correção do traçado. Pontos de atenção no delineamento dos contornos incluem a exclusão do apêndice atrial esquerdo e das veias pulmonares. No plano três câmaras, deve-se excluir a raiz da aorta da análise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). Após a realização do traçado e ajustes, o software faz o cálculo automático do SLAE, strain radial atrial esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>) e da taxa de deformação. O <italic>strain</italic> e o <italic>strain</italic> rate traduzem a magnitude e a taxa de deformação atrial esquerdo, respectivamente.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Análises do strain longitudinal do AE por FTI. (A;B) plano quatro câmaras, (A) diástole e (B) sístole. (C) análise gráfica do strain longitudinal do plano quatro câmaras. (D;E) plano duas câmaras, (D) diástole e (E) sístole. (F) análise gráfica do strain longitudinal rate.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240020-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Análises de strain longitudinal do AE em plano três câmaras por FTI. (A) diástole e (B) sístole. (C) análise gráfica do strain longitudinal do plano três câmaras. (D) análise gráfica do strain rate longitudinal do plano três câmaras.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240020-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Análises de strain radial do AE por FTI. (A;B) plano quatro câmaras, (A) diástole e (B) sístole. (C) análise gráfica do strain radial do plano quatro câmaras e (D) análise gráfica do strain radial rate do plano quatro câmaras. (F;G) plano duas câmaras, (F) diástole e (G) sístole. (H) análise gráfica do strain radial do plano duas câmaras e (I) análise gráfica do strain radial rate do plano duas câmaras.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240020-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A partir das imagens gráficas do SLAE é possível extrair a análise de três aspectos da deformação do AE: função de reservatório (correspondendo à deformação total), função contrátil (correspondendo à deformação ativa) e função de conduto (correspondendo à deformação passiva). Essas funções representam as diferentes etapas do ciclo cardíaco na qual o AE tem a função de reservatório para a drenagem das veias pulmonares, servindo de conduto para a passagem do fluxo até o ventrículo esquerdo (VE) por diferença de pressão causada pela abertura das cúspides mitrais e por fim de função contrátil, com a sístole atrial ocorrendo no final da diástole do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Adicionalmente, recomenda-se a avaliação da função atrial esquerda que pode ser de modo automatizado pelo mesmo software a partir do cálculo da fração de ejeção no modo biplanar em quatro câmaras. São necessários para o cálculo traçar os contornos atriais e deste serão extraídos os valores: volume máximo do AE no fim da sístole ventricular e o volume mínimo do AE. A partir dessas informações, o software fornecerá os valores da fração de ejeção atrial.</p>
<p>Com o mesmo software é possível ainda a avaliação do <italic>strain</italic> do átrio direito por meio da realização dos contornos no plano longitudinal em quatro câmaras. De modo automatizado o software fornece os valores do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal e radial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption><title>Análises de strain radial e longitudinal do átrio direito por FTI. (A;B) strain longitudinal no plano quatro câmaras, (A) diástole e (B) sístole. (C) análise gráfica do strain longitudinal do plano quatro câmaras e (D) análise gráfica do strain longitudinal rate do plano quatro câmaras. (E;F) strain radial no plano quatro câmaras, (E) diástole e (F) sístole. (G) análise gráfica do strain radial do plano quatro câmaras e (H) análise gráfica do strain radial rate do plano quatro câmaras.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240020-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Análise e Interpretação</title>
<p>O desempenho do AE deve ser interpretado levando-se em consideração tanto as variáveis anatômicas quanto as funcionais. Deve-se ter cautela na análise quantitativa desses parâmetros uma vez que há dados limitados na literatura sobre valores correspondente em diferentes modalidade e software utilizados para este fim.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Um estudo avaliou 43 pacientes e 11 voluntários que foram submetidos a RMC e ecocardiografia para comparação de valores do <italic>strain</italic> do AE utilizando diferentes softwares de pós-processamento (<italic>Medis</italic> e <italic>CVI</italic> pela RMC), os valores médios encontrados foram:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Função de reservatório: RMC – Medis 34,7% ± 11,9%; RMC – CVI 43,8 ± 16,7%; ecocardiografia: 35,0± 10,5%;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Função contrátil: RMC – Medis 14,4± 5,0%; RMC – CVI: 17,7± 5,3%; ecocardiografia: 15,3± 4,5%;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Função de conduto: RMC – Medis 20,3± 8,8%; RMC – CVI: 26,1± 13,3%; ecocardiografia: 19,7± 8,1%.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Esse estudo mostrou boa correlação entre diferentes RMCs e ecocardiografia, bem como boa correlação entre os diferentes softwares analisados pela RMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Entretanto, as variações existentes entre eles ainda nos fazem recomendar que avaliações sequenciais de um mesmo paciente sejam feitas da mesma forma (modalidade e software).</p>
<p>Estudo com 114 voluntários saudáveis, utilizando o CVI pela técnica de <italic>feature tracking</italic> para quantificação dos valores normais do <italic>strain</italic> do AE, mostrou valores médios da função de reservatório de 39,13 ± 9,27%, de conduto 25,15 ± 8,34% e contrátil 13,99 ± 4,11%. Neste estudo, não se observaram diferenças significativas quando comparados ambos os gêneros e notou-se valores reduzidos dos componentes de conduto e contrátil com a idade avançada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Estudos nas diferentes patologias mostram:</p>
<sec>
<title>Insuficiência cardíaca:</title>
<p>Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca e fração de ejeção do VE preservada apresentaram redução significativa do SLAE durante o enchimento diastólico precoce e tardio. Estes resultados indicam alteração nas fibras do subendocárdio, uma vez que, na anatomia do AE, estas fibras estão dispostas principalmente no eixo longitudinal. A redução no SLAE e a alteração do volume indexado mínimo do AE mostram-se como fatores preditores independentes para a instalação de insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Estudo recente publicado, avaliou o SLAE em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr), isquêmica e não isquêmica, e sem FA e observou que os pacientes apresentaram índices de SLAE reduzidos. A função de reservatório, fração de ejeção e a extensão realce tardio foram preditores independentes de eventos adversos cardiovasculares maiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> As funções de reservatório e de conduto mostraram-se como preditores independentes de desfecho em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada, mesmo após o ajuste para variáveis clínicas, laboratoriais e da RMC (incluindo o realce tardio).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Cardiomiopatia hipertrófica:</title>
<p>Pacientes com diagnósticos de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica foram avaliados com RMC, ecocardiograma e teste cardiopulmonar, e nesta população observou-se que a função de reservatório e de conduto foram significativamente maiores em pacientes que alcançaram mais de 80% do VO2 máximo. As funções de reservatório, de conduto e contrátil foram significativamente associadas à ocorrência de FA nesses pacientes (P&lt;0,05).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Amiloidose Cardíaca:</title>
<p>Pacientes com amiloidose cardíaca apresentam valores reduzidos de <italic>strain</italic> do AE quando comparados a valores de pacientes saudáveis ou pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica. Os valores de SLAE não foram diferentes entre os subtipos de amiloidose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em publicação recente, Tan et al. Observaram que, com pacientes com amiloidose de cadeias leves (AL), o comprometimento da função de reservatório atrial avaliada por RMC é um fator independente e adicional para mortalidade por todas as causas, mesmo quando comparados a outros achados clássicos da RMC (como realce tardio).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Fibrilação atrial:</title>
<p>A avaliação do AE em pacientes com FA é de extrema importância, sendo classicamente relacionada à recorrência a volumes aumentados do AE. Benjamin et al. avaliaram um total de 80 pacientes que foram submetidos a ablação de FA, dos quais 26% apresentaram recorrência após a ablação. Nesta população, a função de reservatório avaliada pela RMC foi um dos preditores independentes de recorrência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Pacientes com FA ou disfunção diastólica apresentam redução do SAE, e a análise por FT-RMC possibilitou a discriminação de pacientes com disfunção diastólica em estágio inicial, antes da presença de frações de ejeção atrial e ventricular reduzidas, daqueles pacientes com disfunção diastólica em estágio avançado ou com FA, sendo um marcador precoce nestes pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Doença arterial coronária:</title>
<p>Estudos iniciais em pacientes avaliaram o papel do <italic>strain</italic> do AE em pacientes com doença coronária. Nayyar et al. estudaram pacientes com diagnósticos de síndrome coronariana aguda que foram submetidos a RMC com média de 4 dias após o evento e observaram que a função de reservatório e a função contrátil foram associadas a pior evolução clínica. Houve um aumento significativo de eventos cardiovasculares maiores naqueles pacientes com valores de função de reservatório menor que 19,2% e contrátil menor 9,7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Hipertensão arterial:</title>
<p>Pacientes com hipertensão arterial com ou sem hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo (HVE) quando comparados com voluntários saudáveis, a função de reservatório e função de conduto do AE mostraram-se significativamente reduzidas. O mesmo achado não se observou com a função contrátil, auxiliar do AE, que se manteve preservada em pacientes sem HVE, o que pode sugerir que seja um estágio intermediário entre o grupo com HVE e controles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>O strain do AE foi avaliado ainda em outras patologias como miocardite, diabetes mellitus, apneia obstrutiva do sono, dentre outras populações, mais ainda com poucos dados em literatura. Do mesmo modo, a avaliação do <italic>strain</italic> do átrio direito apesar de se mostrar uma ferramenta com grande potencial de fornecer informações diagnósticas e prognósticas, especialmente na população pediátrica, ainda carece de mais estudos de validação uma vez que a maioria dos dados disponíveis na literatura são oriundos de estudos são observacionais, com número pequeno de pacientes estudados.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusões</title>
<p>A função atrial esquerda avaliada pela RMC é uma ferramenta promissora que pode incorporar informações prognósticas em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, FA, cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, hipertensão arterial e amiloidose cardíaca. Sua aplicabilidade é crescente, sendo necessários mais estudos de validação desta metodologia para sua utilização na prática diária. A baixa disponibilidade dos softwares que permitem a análise é uma barreira a ser vencida para seu uso em larga escala.</p>
</sec>
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<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica </bold></p>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação. </p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>