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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240012i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240012i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Use of a 3D Printer in the Prototyping of an Anatomical Model of the Human Heart with Morphophysiological Alterations</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Freitas</surname><given-names>Kaio Gomes de</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Lana</surname><given-names>Ana Laura Barros</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9498-2305</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Vinícius Lana</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9100-8961</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Quintão</surname><given-names>Melissa Araújo Ulhôa</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Afya Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Ipatinga</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Ipatinga</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Afya Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Ipatinga, Ipatinga, MG – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Kaio Gomes Freitas</bold> • Afya Ipatinga – Rua João Patrício de Araújo, 179. Postal Code: <postal-code>35164-251</postal-code>. Ipatinga, MG – Brazil E-mail: <email>kaiofreitas131@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>28</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240012</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>27</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>09</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>Three-dimensional (3D) printing has a wide range of applications, including medicine and medical education. It presents itself as an alternative to traditional teaching-learning methods of human morphophysiology.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objectives:</title>
<p>To report the initial experience in prototyping a 3D-printed anatomical model of the human heart with valvular heart disease, as well as its potential use in the active teaching-learning process in human morphophysiology.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>This is an experimental, descriptive study developed in three distinct stages: 1) Selection of the morphofunctional structure for manufacturing the 3D part; 2) design and adaptation of the object in 3D computer-aided design (CAD) software; and 3) printing and application of the prototype. Models extracted from the Thingiverse website, simulating cardiac structures, were used.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>A cardiac prototype was 3D-printed to illustrate morphophysiological changes, including aortic stenosis and mitral insufficiency, modeled on the aortic and mitral valves, respectively.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>The valve diseases represented in the prototype accurately reflect the pathological changes used as the basis for the study, providing a detailed and precise view of the anatomy, which shows significant potential for enhancing the teaching-learning approaches in morphophysiology and medical pathology.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Three-Dimensional Printing</kwd>
<kwd>Proof of Concept Study</kwd>
<kwd>Medical Education</kwd>
<kwd>Anatomy</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="6"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="12"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process within the concept of rapid prototyping that involves creating objects by depositing materials in layers until the desired 3D form is achieved. Rapid prototyping encompasses various technologies used to produce physical objects from data generated by computer-aided design (CAD) systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>3D printing finds application in a wide array of fields, including space science, technology, medicine, and medical education.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Within medical education, it has proven effective in enhancing the teaching-learning process of human anatomy, as it extends its utility to clinical case studies, surgical technique planning, and the creation of highly accurate anatomical prototypes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>In this sense, the use of 3D printing for anatomical parts presents an alternative to traditional methods of teaching human morphophysiology, such as cadaver handling and dissection, and the use of two-dimensional images in textbooks and presentations, since it provides a detailed, precise, and relatively inexpensive means of representation, providing students with a faithful understanding of complex anatomical details.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Medical education has been progressively integrating active teaching-learning methodologies and updating traditional approaches. Against this backdrop, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of prototyping an anatomical human heart with valvular heart disease using 3D digital printing and its potential for enhancing the active teaching-learning process in human morphophysiology.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<p>This experimental, descriptive study aimed to report the initial experience of prototyping an anatomical model of the human heart with two morphophysiological changes using a 3D printer, with the purpose of creating a model for studying cardiac morphophysiology. The project was developed in three distinct stages: 1) Selection of the morphofunctional structure for manufacturing the 3D part; 2) design and adaptation of the object in 3D CAD software; and (3) printing and application of the prototype. Models extracted from the Thingiverse website, simulating cardiac structures, were used.</p>
<p>Aortic stenosis and mitral insufficiency were the cardiac pathologies chosen for prototype adaptation, as they are prevalent valve diseases in Brazil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and there were no 3D models available in the institution or in the Brazilian market depicting the reported morphophysiological changes.</p>
<p>To create this educational model, the authors searched for files suitable for 3D printing that depicted an anatomical human heart without morphophysiological changes. The Thingiverse open-source website was used to search and select available anatomical models. Next, a review of the literature was conducted on the mentioned pathologies using images from textbooks, medical teaching materials, and scientific articles to edit the aortic and mitral valves.</p>
<p>SolidWorks and MeshMixer software were used to model and adapt the aortic and mitral valves to represent aortic stenosis and mitral insufficiency, respectively. The Simplefly 3D and Cura 3D Ultimaker software were used to configure the design for printing. The prototype was created using a Creality 3D printer, model Ender-3, and 1.75mm white Polylactic Acid Filament (PLA).</p>
<p>Thingiverse files are available for free download at https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:3861544.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>A cardiac prototype was 3D-printed to illustrate morphophysiological changes, including aortic stenosis and mitral insufficiency, modeled on the aortic and mitral valves, respectively. The anatomical human heart prototype, sourced from Thingiverse, comprised six files representing various structures such as the atria, ventricles, heart valves (aortic, mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary), papillary muscles, and cardiac arteries and veins. Using SolidWorks and MeshMixer software, only the aortic and mitral valves were modeled to demonstrate the pathological changes. These structures were printed separately and then assembled to depict the beginning of isovolumetric contraction in the cardiac cycle, where all valves should be closed.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the process of creating the aortic valve model.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Representative model of Aortic Valve Stenosis. A: Anatomical model selected on Thingiverse; B: adjustments to portray aortic stenosis; in this model, nodular calcifications were added (red arrow), the cusps were thickened and distorted (green arrow), and the commissures were fused (blue arrow); C: final product after printing.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240012-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> represents the stages of construction of the mitral insufficiency specimen.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Representative model of Mitral Valve Insufficiency. A: Anatomical model selected on Thingiverse; B: adjustments to represent the mitral valve leaflets impairment; in this model the leaflets were thickened and displaced, preventing them from closing accordingly; C: final product after printing.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240012-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>For teaching purposes, the selected model was enlarged by 30% during the configuration and printing process. However, the heart valves did not fit into the prototype after printing, thus requiring a 10% size reduction and reprinting of those components. The final objects were then sanded and painted with PVA (polyvinyl acetate) craft paint. The final prototype required 608 grams of PLA filament and 113 hours and 42 minutes of printing time.</p>
<p>The final prototype (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), as well as the morphophysiological changes, demonstrated an anatomical correlation with two-dimensional photorealistic images and photographs of pathological specimens found in medical literature. This prototype was presented during a 3D printing workshop for medical students, faculty, and staff at the institution. Participants acknowledged that the ability to interact with the 3D printed model enhanced their understanding of anatomical structures, their spatial orientation, and anatomical topography, thereby facilitating the identification of morphophysiological variations.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>3D-printed anatomical human heart. A: Front view of the prototype after printing; B: heart valves.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240012-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>3D printing allows personalized objects to be manufactured quickly, with high precision in relation to the actual part and low cost. It is useful to medical education through its printed replicas for better visualization and understanding of the human anatomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> It presents itself as an alternative to traditional teaching-learning methods.</p>
<p>The final prototype created here allowed the visualization of complex anatomical details and a declared financial cost lower than plastic resin models found on the market. It is worth mentioning that plastic resin models do not allow customization in their morphology. Furthermore, the low depreciation and decharacterization of its anatomical morphophysiology over time stands out as a benefit, which is a limiting factor when using organic parts.</p>
<p>Similar results were obtained in the printing of a cardiac prototype with congenital pathologies, indicating that medical professionals do benefit from expanding their knowledge of heart disease by observing anatomy from various angles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Another study showed advantages in learning through a sequence of models created to illustrate cardiac embryonic development. 3D printed parts, in addition to being cost-effective, aid in understanding the perspective and depth of the model, which is not possible with textbooks or images.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>Research with medical students demonstrated that using 3D structures during study reduced erroneous interpretations of pathological structures compared to using two-dimensional images. Additionally, there was a significant improvement in structural and anatomical conceptualization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Thus, the use of 3D-printed cardiac models facilitates the understanding of complex structures, increasing learners’ engagement and confidence in relation to the pathology being studied.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The valve diseases depicted in the prototype accurately reflect the pathological changes used in the study, providing a detailed and precise view of the anatomy. The use of colors further aids in distinguishing between different structures, enhancing the learning experience. Therefore, 3D-printed structures have significant potential in teaching morphophysiology and medical pathology, offering a relatively cost-effective alternative to anatomical models made of plastic resin.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240012</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Original</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Uso da Impressora 3D na Prototipagem de um Modelo Anatômico do Coração Humano com Alterações Morfofisiológicas</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Freitas</surname><given-names>Kaio Gomes de</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Lana</surname><given-names>Ana Laura Barros</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9498-2305</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Vinícius Lana</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9100-8961</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Quintão</surname><given-names>Melissa Araújo Ulhôa</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Ipatinga</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Afya Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Ipatinga, Ipatinga, MG – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Kaio Gomes Freitas</bold> • Afya Ipatinga – Rua João Patrício de Araújo, 179. CEP: <postal-code>35164-251</postal-code>. Ipatinga, MG – Brasil E-mail: <email>kaiofreitas131@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Contexto:</title>
<p>A impressão tridimensional (3D) possui uma ampla gama de aplicações, incluindo medicina e educação médica. Apresenta-se como uma alternativa aos métodos tradicionais de ensino-aprendizagem de morfofisiologia humana.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivos:</title>
<p>Relatar a experiência inicial na prototipagem de um modelo anatômico do coração humano com valvopatias, confeccionado por impressão digital 3D, e sua potencial utilização no processo ensino-aprendizagem ativo na área de morfofisiologia humana.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Métodos:</title>
<p>Trata-se de um estudo descritivo experimental desenvolvido em três etapas distintas: 1) seleção da estrutura morfofuncional para a confecção da peça 3D; (2) desenho e adaptação do objeto em softwares de projeto auxiliado por computador (CAD) 3D; e 3) impressão e aplicação do protótipo. Utilizaram-se modelos que simulam estruturas cardíacas obtidos do website <italic>Thingiverse</italic>.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>Foi impresso um protótipo cardíaco no qual as válvulas aórtica e mitral foram modeladas para representar as alterações morfofisiológicas estenose aórtica e insuficiência mitral, respectivamente.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusões:</title>
<p>As valvopatias representadas satisfazem as alterações patológicas utilizadas como base para o estudo, oferecendo uma visão detalhada e precisa da anatomia, o que demonstra um grande potencial no ensino-aprendizagem de morfofisiologia e patologia médica.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd>Impressão tridimensional</kwd>
<kwd>Protótipo de Prova de Conceito</kwd>
<kwd>Educação médica</kwd>
<kwd>Anatomia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A impressão tridimensional (3D), também conhecida como manufatura aditiva, está inserida no conceito de prototipagem rápida e pode ser definida como a fabricação de objetos por meio da deposição de materiais em camadas até a formação do objeto 3D. O termo “prototipagem rápida” designa um conjunto de tecnologias utilizadas para fabricar objetos físicos a partir de fontes de dados gerados por sistemas de projeto auxiliados por computador (CAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>A impressão 3D tem uma ampla gama de aplicações, incluindo aplicações em ciência espacial, tecnologia, medicina e educação médica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Na educação médica, tem demonstrado viabilidade no processo de ensino-aprendizagem na área de anatomia humana, estendendo seu uso entre os campos de estudo dos casos clínicos, planejamento e técnicas cirúrgicas, por meio da criação de protótipos com grande acurácia de similaridade anatômica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Neste sentido, a impressão de peças anatômicas em 3D, apesar de ser um recurso novo de ensino, parece ser uma alternativa aos métodos tradicionais de ensino-aprendizagem de morfofisiologia humana (manuseio e dissecção de cadáveres e utilização de imagens bidimensionais em livros didáticos e em telas de projeção), uma vez que oferecem uma visão detalhada e precisa da anatomia e são relativamente baratas e reprodutíveis, proporcionando ao estudante a noção fiel de detalhes mais complexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>As metodologias de ensino-aprendizagem ativas, progressivamente, têm sido adotadas pelos cursos de medicina, atualizando assim os métodos de ensino-aprendizagem tradicionais. Levando isso em consideração, o objetivo deste manuscrito foi analisar a viabilidade do processo de prototipagem de um coração humano anatômico com valvopatias confeccionado por impressão digital 3D e sua potencial utilização no processo ensino-aprendizagem ativo na área de morfofisiologia humana.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Metodologia</title>
<p>Trata-se de um estudo descritivo experimental cujo objetivo é relatar a experiência inicial na prototipagem de um modelo anatômico do coração humano com duas alterações morfofisiológicas, utilizando uma impressora 3D, com a finalidade de ser utilizado no estudo da morfofisiologia cardíaca. O projeto foi desenvolvido em três etapas distintas: 1) Seleção da estrutura morfofuncional para a confecção da peça 3D; 2) Desenho e adaptação do objeto em softwares de CAD 3D; e 3) Impressão e aplicação do protótipo. Utilizaram-se modelos que simulam estruturas cardíacas obtidos do website <italic>Thingiverse</italic>.</p>
<p>As patologias cardíacas selecionadas para adaptação do protótipo foram a estenose aórtica e insuficiência mitral, visto que são valvopatias prevalentes no Brasil<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e não havia modelos tridimensionais disponíveis na instituição e no mercado brasileiro para compra que representassem as alterações morfofisiológicas relatadas.</p>
<p>Para a elaboração deste modelo educacional, os autores realizaram uma pesquisa de arquivos compatíveis com impressão 3D que retratassem um coração humano anatômico sem alterações morfofisiológicas. O website de código aberto <italic>Thingiverse</italic> foi utilizado como plataforma para a busca e seleção de modelos anatômicos disponíveis. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura sobre as patologias citadas em imagens de livros didáticos da área, apostilas de ensino médico e artigos científicos, para a edição da valva aórtica e valva mitral.</p>
<p>Os softwares <italic>SolidWorks e MeshMixer</italic> foram utilizados para modelar e adaptar a valva aórtica e a valva mitral, visando representar as patologias estenose aórtica e insuficiência mitral, respectivamente. Os softwares <italic>Simplefly 3D</italic> e <italic>Cura 3D Ultimaker</italic> foram utilizados para configurar o desenho para impressão. A confecção do protótipo foi realizada utilizando a impressora 3D da marca Creality, modelo Ender-3 e o Filamento Ácido Poliláctico (PLA) branco de 1,75mm.</p>
<p>Os arquivos do Thingiverse estão disponíveis para download gratuito no endereço eletrônico: https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:3861544.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>Foi impresso um protótipo cardíaco no qual as válvulas aórtica e mitral foram modeladas para representar as alterações morfofisiológicas estenose aórtica e insuficiência mitral, respectivamente. O protótipo de coração humano anatômico selecionado no <italic>Thingiverse</italic>, consistiu em seis arquivos que representam as seguintes estruturas anatômicas: átrios esquerdo e direito, ventrículos cardíacos, valvas cardíacas (aórtica, mitral, tricúspide e pulmonar), músculos papilares, artérias e veias cardíacas. Apenas a valva aórtica e a valva mitral foram modeladas utilizando os softwares <italic>SolidWorks e MeshMixer</italic>, com a finalidade de demonstrar as alterações patológicas. As estruturas foram impressas separadamente e unidas após a finalização do processo de impressão, visando representar o início da contração isovolumétrica no ciclo cardíaco, no qual todas as valvas deveriam estar fechadas.</p>
<p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref> é demonstrado o processo de criação do modelo da valva aórtica.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Modelo representativo da Estenose da Valva Aórtica. A: Modelo anatômico selecionado no <italic>Thingiverse</italic>; B: ajustes para retratar a estenose aórtica, neste modelo calcificações nodulares foram acrescentadas (seta vermelha), as cúspides foram espessadas e distorcidas (seta verde) e as comissuras fundidas (seta azul); C: produto final após impressão.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240012-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref> representa as etapas de construção do exemplar da insuficiência mitral.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Modelo representativo da Insuficiência da Valva Mitral. A: Modelo anatômico selecionado no <italic>Thingiverse</italic>; B: ajustes para representar o comprometimento dos folhetos da valva mitral, neste modelo os folhetos foram espessados e deslocados, não permitindo que se fechem em consonância; C: produto final após impressão.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240012-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Durante o processo de configuração e impressão, para fins didáticos, a proporção do modelo selecionado foi ampliada em 30%. Entretanto, as valvas cardíacas, após a impressão, não se encaixaram no protótipo, sendo necessário reduzir sua proporção em 10% e imprimi-las novamente. Por fim, os objetos foram lixados e pintados com tinta para artesanato PVA (acetato de polivinila). O protótipo final demandou 608 gramas do filamento PLA e 113 horas e 42 minutos de impressão.</p>
<p>O protótipo final (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>), bem como as alterações morfofisiológicas, apresentaram correlação anatômica com as imagens de fotorrealismo bidimensionais e fotografias de peças patológicas encontradas na literatura médica. Estes foram apresentados durante um workshop de impressão 3D a acadêmicos do curso de medicina, corpo docente e funcionários da instituição. Os participantes reconheceram que a possibilidade de interagir com o modelo impresso em 3D ajudou a entender melhor as estruturas anatômicas, sua localização no espaço 3D e a topografia anatômica, facilitando a identificação das variações morfofisiológicas presentes.</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Coração humano anatômico confeccionado por impressão 3D. A: Vista anterior do protótipo após impressão; B: válvulas cardíacas.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-02-e20240012-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>A impressão 3D permite a confecção de objetos personalizados, de maneira rápida, com precisão em relação à peça real e baixo custo, podendo ser utilizada na educação médica por meio da impressão de uma réplica para melhor visualização e compreensão da anatomia humana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Apresenta-se como uma alternativa aos métodos tradicionais de ensino-aprendizagem.</p>
<p>O protótipo final elaborado neste estudo permitiu a visualização de detalhes anatômicos complexos e custo financeiro declarado inferior aos modelos em resina plástica encontrados no mercado. Vale ressaltar que os modelos em resina plástica não possibilitam personalizações em sua morfologia. Ademais, destaca-se como vantagem a baixa depreciação e descaracterização de sua morfofisiologia anatômica com o passar do tempo, o que é um fator limitante na utilização de peças orgânicas.</p>
<p>Resultados semelhantes foram encontrados na impressão de um protótipo cardíaco com patologias congênitas, demonstrando que há benefício ao profissional médico para ampliar o conhecimento sobre a cardiopatia por meio da observação da anatomia sob diferentes ângulos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em outro estudo, observaram-se vantagens no aprendizado ao criar uma sequência de modelos para ilustrar o desenvolvimento embrionário cardíaco, uma vez que as peças impressas em 3D, além de possuírem baixo custo, auxiliam na compreensão da perspectiva e profundidade do modelo, o que não é possível em livros didáticos ou imagens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>Pesquisas com acadêmicos de medicina demonstraram que a utilização de estruturas tridimensionais durante o estudo reduziu interpretações errôneas de estruturas patológicas, quando comparadas à utilização de imagens bidimensionais. Além disso, houve melhoria significativa na conceituação estrutural e anatômica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, a utilização de modelos cardíacos impressos em 3D facilita a compreensão de estruturas complexas, aumentando o engajamento e a confiança do aprendiz em relação à patologia estudada.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>As valvopatias representadas no protótipo satisfazem as alterações patológicas utilizadas como base para o estudo, oferecendo uma visão detalhada e precisa da anatomia. Destaca-se também que a utilização de cores auxilia na identificação de diferentes tipos de estruturas, o que contribui para o aprendizado significativo do assunto. Assim, a utilização de estruturas impressas em 3D possui um grande potencial no ensino-aprendizagem de morfofisiologia e patologia médica, com custo relativamente baixo se comparados aos modelos anatômicos confeccionados em resina plástica.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
