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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240008i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240008i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Association of Sympathetic Denervation, Myocardial Hypoperfusion, and Fibrosis with Ventricular Arrhythmias in Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9310-3580</contrib-id>
<name><surname>de Brito</surname><given-names>Adriana Soares Xavier</given-names></name><role>Conception and design of the research</role><role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role><role>statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript</role><role>obtaining financing</role><role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8587-7319</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Moll-Bernardes</surname><given-names>Renata Junqueira</given-names></name><role>Conception and design of the research</role><role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role><role>statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript</role><role>obtaining financing</role><role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1144-9252</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pinheiro</surname><given-names>Martha Valéria Tavares</given-names></name><role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role><role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5203-6097</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Camargo</surname><given-names>Gabriel</given-names></name><role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Siqueira</surname><given-names>Fabio Paiva Rossini</given-names></name><role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5788-3500</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Glavam</surname><given-names>Adriana Pereira</given-names></name><role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5667-5582</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Almeida</surname><given-names>Sergio Altino</given-names></name><role>Conception and design of the research</role><role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2033-1715</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Mendes</surname><given-names>Fernanda Souza Nogueira Sardinha</given-names></name><role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role><role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0091-9714</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rosado-de-Castro</surname><given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names></name><role>Conception and design of the research</role><role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role><role>obtaining financing</role><role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8266-4801</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Sousa</surname><given-names>Andrea Silvestre</given-names></name><role>Conception and design of the research</role><role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role><role>statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript</role><role>obtaining financing</role><role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D&apos;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto D&apos;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Adriana Soares Xavier de Brito •</bold> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia. Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. Postal code: <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil E-mail: <email>adrijsoares@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>28</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240008</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>22</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>23</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>23</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) manifests as heart failure, thromboembolic events, and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Although SCD may be the presenting event, there is still no recommendation for early cardioverter/defibrillator implantation in current guidelines.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objective:</title>
<p>To evaluate the correlation between autonomic denervation, myocardial hypoperfusion, fibrosis, and ventricular arrhythmias in patients in the early stages of CCC.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>Cross-sectional study of 29 patients with CCC and preserved left ventricular function who underwent SPECT with iodine-123-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (<sup>123</sup>I-mIBG), myocardial perfusion SPECT with technetium-99m sestamibi (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI), and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with gadolinium, divided into two groups according to on 24h Holter findings: arrhythmia (&gt; 6 ventricular premature complexes/hour and/or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia; n = 15) or no-arrhythmia (&lt; 6 ventricular premature complexes/hour and no ventricular tachycardia; n = 14).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>Significant correlations were observed between parameters of the three cardiovascular imaging modalities and the presence of ventricular arrhythmia. Denervation on mIBG correlated moderately with diffuse fibrosis, represented by ECV on CMR (r = 0.55, P = 0.002). Hypoperfusion by MIBI-SPECT correlated with fibrosis by both LGE (r = 0.66, P = 0.005) and extracelluar volume (ECV) (r = 0.56, P = 0.002). We also observed a moderate correlation between the extent of myocardial areas with denervation and hypoperfusion (r = 0.48, P = 0.007).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>The presence of autonomic denervation, myocardial hypoperfusion, and fibrosis was associated with ventricular arrhythmia in the early stages of CCC. A combination of these parameters can improve stratification of SCD risk in these patients.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
<kwd>Sympathetic Denervation</kwd>
<kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmias</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="10"/>
<table-count count="4"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="40"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Chagas disease (CD) is among the neglected tropical diseases recognized by the World Health Organization. There are 300,000 new cases and 50,000 deaths from CD every year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading cause of mortality in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), representing the most dramatic course of CD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and is closely associated with the presence of ventricular arrhythmia and myocardial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, there is also a high incidence of SCD and malignant ventricular arrhythmia in young patients still in the early stages of the disease, when the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is normal or only slightly depressed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>In 1916, Carlos Chagas reported: &quot;Also quite frequent are sudden deaths in the cardiac forms of the disease. Sometimes they die still young, fully active, and in an apparently satisfactory state of health.&quot;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>Indeed, the clinical course of CCC is variable, and identification of patients at risk of death remains a challenge. Rassi et al. proposed a simple risk score with six independent prognostic variables used to predict death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Although this tool has good applicability in clinical, many patients who experienced SCD were not classified as high risk by the score, nor did they qualify for primary prevention with an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) according to current guidelines. Furthermore, this model disregards the role of dysautonomia, as has already been demonstrated in other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>It is well known that the presence of myocardial fibrosis, associated with areas of denervation and microvascular changes, creates an arrhythmogenic substrate. However, the stage of the disease at which these changes occur is still unknown.</p>
<p>The objective of the present study was to correlate sympathetic denervation as assessed by <sup>123</sup>I-mIBG (mIBG) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), myocardial hypoperfusion by technetium (<sup>99m</sup>Tc) sestamibi SPECT (MIBI), and fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with stage A and B1 CD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240008-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<sec>
<title>Population</title>
<p>This prospective cross-sectional study was carried out with outpatients recruited from the CD Clinical Research Laboratory at Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) who were aged ≥ 18 years, had tested positive for <italic>T. cruzi</italic> on two types of serology, preserved LVEF (≥ 45%), and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I.</p>
<p>The exclusion criteria were presence of other heart disease, renal impairment, pregnancy, or breastfeeding. CD was classified according to the Brazilian consensus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Participants were divided into two groups according to the results of 24-hour Holter monitoring, based on the CAST study: those with six or more ventricular premature complexes per hour and/or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, and those with fewer than six VPCs per hour and no ventricular tachycardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (CAAE: 63064516.1.0000.5262).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Routine measurements</title>
<p>Patients underwent a 12-lead ECG, 24-hour Holter monitoring with a digital recorder (H3™; Mortara, Milwaukee, WI, USA), and two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (Vivid 7®, General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA).</p>
<p>Subsequently, they underwent CMG, mIBG scintigraphy, and a resting myocardial perfusion MIBI scan.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>CMR protocol</title>
<p>All patients underwent CMR on a 3.0-T scanner (Magnetom Prisma; Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany). Cine images were acquired in long- and short-axis views. Modified look-locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) T1 mapping images were obtained from short-axis views of the ventricle before and 15 minutes after contrast infusion. The MOLLI 5(3)3 sequence design was used for pre-contrast (native) T1 mapping, while the 4(1)3(1)2 design was used for post-contrast acquisition. Breath-hold late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) images were acquired 10 minutes after contrast infusion, in an inversion-recovery segmented gradient echo sequence. Myocardial fibrosis mass on LGE was characterized by semiquantitative visual scoring. The extent of LGE was scored on a 5-point scale in each of the 17 myocardial segments on the short-axis images.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>MIBG and MIBI protocols</title>
<p>Patients received 185 MBq of mIBG by slow intravenous injection one hour after oral administration of 20 mL of a 10% potassium iodide solution. Planar images (anterior projection) and CT images were acquired with the patient supine, 15 minutes (early) and 3 hours (late) after radiotracer injection, on a SPECT/CT dual-head hybrid gamma camera (Symbia 16T; Siemens Healthineers, Germany) with a low-energy, high-resolution parallel-hole collimator. Planar images were obtained for 5 minutes. CT images were acquired with a semicircumferential orbit, in 32 projections at a rate of 60 s/projection, a 20% energy window centered at 159 keV, and a 64 × 64-pixel acquisition matrix with a pixel size of 0.6 cm. For quantitative analysis of mIBG, the early and late heart-to-mediastinum (H/M) ratios and the myocardial washout rate (%) were calculated as recommended in the current literature (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Scintigraphy with mIBG-I123 - Anterior planar image with areas of interest over the superior mediastinum (rectangular) and left ventricle (circular) to calculate the heart/mediastinum ratio.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240008-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Resting SPECT images were acquired 30 minutes after peripheral intravenous injection of 555 MBq of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI with the gated SPECT technique, using the same equipment and parameters described above, with a 20% energy window centered at 140 keV. All SPECT images were followed by CT images to obtain attenuation correction maps.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Processing and analysis of scintigraphic images</title>
<p>Perfusion and innervation images were analyzed in Syngo P software (Siemens Healthineers), aligned so as to permit simultaneous visualization of the three orthogonal planes (short, horizontal long, and vertical long axes). Two blinded, experienced observers analyzed the images visually using a 17-segment LV model. MIBI and mIBG uptake were scored semiquantitatively (0, normal; 1, mild uptake reduction; 2, moderate uptake reduction; 3, severe uptake reduction; 4, no uptake). Summed perfusion and sympathetic innervation scores were calculated to represent the extent and severity of the respective defects. MIBI total perfusion deficit (TPD) and ventricular function were automatically calculated by QPS/QGS software (Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA). The innervation/perfusion mismatch, corresponding to viable but denervated myocardium, was also calculated. Segments exhibiting normal MIBI uptake and reduced mIBG uptake were considered to have innervation/perfusion mismatch.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p>Continuous variables were expressed as means, medians, and standard deviations. Categorical variables were expressed as proportions. Between-group differences were analyzed by the nonparametric Mann–Whitney test.</p>
<p>Spearman coefficients were calculated to test for correlation between areas with sympathetic denervation, myocardial hypoperfusion, and fibrosis.</p>
<p>Significance was accepted at P ≤ 0.05. All analyses were performed in the SPSS Version 24.0 software environment (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>The sample consisted of 29 patients with chronic CD, all categorized as NYHA functional class I. The mean age was 58.5 ± 9.9 years, and 18 patients (62%) were female; the sex distribution did not differ between the arrhythmia and no-arrhythmia groups.</p>
<p>Twenty-two patients (76%) were asymptomatic, and the only medications recorded were antihypertensives and statins. To assess functional capacity and detect myocardial ischemia, all patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), which confirmed functional class I and did not reveal any changes suggestive of exercise-induced ischemia. Clinical characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Baseline profile of the study population</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="24%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Clinical condition</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">No Arrhythmia Group (n = 14)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Group Arrhythmia (n = 15)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Total (n = 29)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Age, years – mean (± SD)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">55.5 (± 10.6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61.2 (± 8.0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58.5 (± 9.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Sex, female – n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18 (62)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Clinical form – n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Indeterminate</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7 (64)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (36)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11 (38)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Stage A</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (21)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Stage B1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (33)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8 (67)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12 (41)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Symptoms – n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Asymptomatic</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9 (41)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 (59)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22 (76)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Palpitations</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (67)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (33)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (21)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Syncope</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (7)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Medications – n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Beta-blocker</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1 (33)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (67)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3 (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">ACEI or ARB</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (31)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11 (69)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16 (55)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Diuretics</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (33)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (67)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (21)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Statins</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10 (34)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><p>SD: standard deviation; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Patients in the arrhythmia group had significantly greater areas of compromised cardiac sympathetic innervation, myocardial hypoperfusion, innervation/perfusion mismatch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 2</xref>), and fibrosis than patients in the no-arrhythmia group. The findings obtained on cardiovascular imaging in the arrhythmia and no-arrhythmia groups are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Short axes of mIBG scintigraphy and MIBI scintigraphy showing extensive myocardial sympathetic dennervation in the apical, inferior and inferolateral segments (A), with preserved myocardial perfusion (B); corresponding SPECT/CT fusion images with mIBG (C) and MIBI (D), indicating significant denervation/perfusion mismatch in a patient with chronic chagasic heart disease and ventricular arrhythmia. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the left ventricle using the gated-SPECT technique to evaluate ventricular systolic function (E).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240008-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><title>Cardiac imaging features</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="2"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">No Arrhythmia Group <break/>(n = 14)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Arrhythmia Group <break/>(n = 15)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p-value<sup>a</sup></th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">SD</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">SD</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Echocardiogram</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">E/e&apos; ratio</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Indexed LA volume (mL/m2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">30.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.02</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">LV GLS (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">- 20.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">- 16.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.04</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">LVEF (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">63.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.31</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">123I-mIBG scintigraphy</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">H/M ratio, early</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.81</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.72</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.21</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.20</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">H/M ratio, late</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.83</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.73</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.26</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.20</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Washout rate (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">25.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.52</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Summed score</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">99mTc-MIBI scan</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Summed rest score</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.02</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">TPD (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.43</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gated-SPECT LVEF (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">67.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">56.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">21.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Mismatch</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">MIBG-MIBI</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Cardiac Resonance (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">LVEF (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">70.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">57.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">LGE (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.04</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2"><p>SD: standard deviation; LA: left atrium; GLS: global longitudinal strain; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; mIBG: iodine-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine; H/M: heart/mediastinum; SPECT: single photon emission computed tomography; MIBG-MIBI: innervation/perfusion mismatch; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; MIBI: technetium-99m sestamibi; TPD: total perfusion deficit; LV: left ventricle. a Mann–Whitney test.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Bar graph illustrating the average hypoperfusion sympathetic denervation scores, innervation/perfusion mismatch and percentage of fibrosis between the groups of chagasic patients with and without ventricular arrhythmias.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240008-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Sympathetic denervation detected on mIBG scintigraphy correlated moderately with diffuse fibrosis, as represented by ECV on CMR images (r = 0.55, P = 0.002). Hypoperfusion on MIBI-SPECT imaging correlated with fibrosis using the LGE (r = 0.66, P = 0.005) and ECV (r = 0.56, P = 0.002) techniques. We also found a moderate correlation between the extent of denervation and the extent of hypoperfusion (r = 0.48, P = 0.007), as exemplified in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 4</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><title>Correlations between cardiac sympathetic denervation (mIBG) scores, myocardial hypoperfusion (MIBI) by nuclear SPECT techniques, fibrosis by ECV and LGE techniques of CMR and GLS by transthoracic ECHO in patients with chronic chagasic heart disease and ventricular arrhythmias. ECHO: echocardiography; ECV: extracellular volume; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; GLS: global longitudinal strain; LGE: delayed enhancement.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240008-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Global longitudinal strain (GLS) on echocardiography correlated inversely with mIBG and MIBI-SPECT scores, as well as with measures of fibrosis on CMR. Patients with GLS had more myocardial hypoperfusion (r = –0.59, P = 0.001), sympathetic denervation (r = –0.48, P = 0.008), and fibrosis as represented by LGE (r = –0.68; P = 0.003) and ECV (r = –0.45, P = 0.01).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The present study found that, in patients with early-stage CCC and preserved ventricular function, the extent of cardiac denervation, myocardial perfusion abnormalities, and percentage of fibrosis correlated with a higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
<p>Most studies to date have analyzed patients in the more advanced stages of CCC, with impaired cardiac function and high risk of death – patients in whom ICD implantation would already be indicated for secondary prevention of SCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, SCD may be the first presenting symptom of CD, affecting young individuals with normal LV function; these sudden deaths have major social and economic impact in endemic countries. Given this research gap, the present study was aimed at a subgroup considered to be at low risk within the natural history of CD, most patients being asymptomatic (76%) and having preserved LV function, but with an uncertain prognosis.</p>
<p>CCC is considered an arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Previous studies with mIBG imaging have demonstrated that denervation can occur early in patients with normal LV function<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and may also be associated with ventricular tachycardia in CCC with mild ventricular dysfunction and few or minor regional abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In addition to confirming this finding of early denervation, the present study showed that patients with CD and ventricular arrhythmias had significantly larger areas of sympathetic denervation than those without arrhythmias, and that these areas also correlated with myocardial hypoperfusion. Several pathological processes can contribute to this phenomenon: sympathetic and parasympathetic neuronal depopulation induced by the parasite itself or by an adverse immune reaction during the acute phase of CD; circulating antibodies capable of binding to cholinergic and adrenergic receptors; and microvascular derangements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
<p>We also demonstrated larger areas of hypoperfusion on resting MIBI scintigraphy in the arrhythmia group, although these patients had no anginal complaints, no known CAD, and no evidence of exercise-induced ischemia on CPET. In CD, hypoperfusion has been attributed to changes in the coronary microcirculation associated with the perivascular inflammation typical of the diffuse Chagas myocarditis. Studies of patients with CCC have demonstrated that chest pain and perfusion defects on perfusion scintigraphy did not correlate with obstructive epicardial atherosclerotic disease on coronary angiography,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> which strongly suggests a correlation between disturbances in the coronary microcirculation, hypoperfusion, and progression to regional fibrosis, as previously observed from experimental and human pathology evidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> These findings support a role of regional perfusion abnormalities in the pathogenesis of myocardial damage in CCC. In the present study, these findings were replicated in patients still in the early stages of the disease.</p>
<p>Furthermore, we found that areas of innervation/perfusion mismatch were associated with a higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. It has been postulated that innervation/perfusion mismatch may predispose to fatal ventricular arrhythmias in CCC with ventricular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Although the pathophysiology is still unclear, areas so affected may be hypersensitive to catecholamines, with upregulation of β-adrenergic receptors, increased automaticity, and exaggerated responses to sympathetic activation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
<p>In our sample, fibrosis mass as estimated by CMR was also associated with ventricular arrhythmias and correlated with hypoperfusion and denervation. Regarding this finding, Gadioli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> reported a correlation of ventricular arrhythmias with the extent of cardiac sympathetic denervation, but not with fibrosis, in patients with CCC and mild ventricular dysfunction. However, it is worth noting that their study did not use CMR and considered perfusion changes on MIBI as indicative of fibrosis, which may be a limitation, as this finding may simply represent abnormalities in the microcirculation without fibrosis or scarring.</p>
<p>Fibrosis is a known arrhythmogenic substrate in ischemic and nonischemic LV dysfunction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> including CCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Fibrotic lesions disrupt intercellular junctions, alter the cardiac electrical potential, and form reentrant circuits for arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> The extent of fibrosis as assessed by late enhancement on CMR can be used to identify high-risk patients. Recently developed techniques, such as T1 mapping and ECV assessment, can further refine this stratification, as demonstrated in a previous study by our group<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> which showed the presence of diffuse interstitial fibrosis on T1 mapping even in the undetermined form of CD, as well as an independent association between ventricular arrhythmias and ECV in CCC – which was confirmed by the current study.</p>
<p>Corroborating the findings of early changes in cardiac function before global and regional abnormalities develop, we observed in this study a reduction in LV GLS in the arrhythmia group as compared to the no-arrhythmia group. This reduction in GLS in the arrhythmia group was inversely correlated with sympathetic denervation, myocardial hypoperfusion, and fibrosis, which opens fascinating avenues for further refinement of risk stratification. GLS reflects the longitudinal deformation of the myocardium in a more sensitive and reproducible way than LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Azevedo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> demonstrated a significant association between GLS and myocardial mechanical dispersion with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in 77 patients with CCC. Recently, reductions in GLS were also observed in the undetermined form of the disease, before the onset of fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
<p>The novelty of the present study lies in our finding that, even in &quot;low-risk&quot; patients at the earliest stages of CCC, a significant association between ventricular arrhythmias and the various pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the genesis of SCD is already present, as demonstrated by different cardiovascular imaging methods.</p>
<sec>
<title>Limitations</title>
<p>The sample size of this study was relatively small. Nevertheless, we were able to observe significant associations of fibrosis, hypoperfusion, and myocardial denervation with ventricular arrhythmias and increased risk of SCD in CCHD.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Sympathetic denervation (detected by mIBG), myocardial hypoperfusion (detected by MIBI), and fibrosis (represented by ECV and LGE on CMR) correlate significantly with the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with CCHD and preserved left ventricular function. These findings may aid in the development of tools to improve SCD risk stratification and identify patients who may benefit from specific therapy, such as ICD implantation.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>This study was funded by Instituto D&apos;or de pesquisa e ensino, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Cruz (Friocruz), Inova and CNPq.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Adriana Soares Xavier de Brito, from Instituto D&apos;or de Pesquisa e Ensino.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz under the protocol number 63064516.1.0000.5262. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ack>
<title>Acknowledgments</title>
<p>We thank all the staff and research assistants at Instituto D&apos;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz); and the patients who participated in this study.</p>
</ack>
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<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240008</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Original</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Associação Entre Denervação Simpática, Hipoperfusão Miocárdica e Fibrose com as Arritmias Ventriculares na Cardiopatia Chagásica Crônica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9310-3580</contrib-id>
<name><surname>de Brito</surname><given-names>Adriana Soares Xavier</given-names></name><role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role><role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role><role>análise estatística e redação do manuscrito</role><role>obtenção de financiamento</role><role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8587-7319</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Moll-Bernardes</surname><given-names>Renata Junqueira</given-names></name><role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role><role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role><role>análise estatística e redação do manuscrito</role><role>obtenção de financiamento</role><role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1144-9252</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pinheiro</surname><given-names>Martha Valéria Tavares</given-names></name><role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role><role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5203-6097</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Camargo</surname><given-names>Gabriel</given-names></name><role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Siqueira</surname><given-names>Fabio Paiva Rossini</given-names></name><role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5788-3500</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Glavam</surname><given-names>Adriana Pereira</given-names></name><role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5667-5582</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Almeida</surname><given-names>Sergio Altino</given-names></name><role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role><role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2033-1715</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Mendes</surname><given-names>Fernanda Souza Nogueira Sardinha</given-names></name><role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role><role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0091-9714</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rosado-de-Castro</surname><given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names></name><role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role><role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role><role>obtenção de financiamento</role><role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8266-4801</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Sousa</surname><given-names>Andrea Silvestre</given-names></name><role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role><role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role><role>análise estatística e redação do manuscrito</role><role>obtenção de financiamento</role><role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto D&apos;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Adriana Soares Xavier de Brito •</bold> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia. Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. CEP: <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil E-mail: <email>adrijsoares@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento:</title>
<p>A cardiopatia chagásica crônica (CCC) apresenta-se como insuficiência cardíaca, eventos tromboembólicos e morte súbita cardíaca (MSC). Embora a MSC possa ser o primeiro evento, ainda não há recomendação para o implante precoce de cardioversor-desfibrilador nas diretrizes atuais.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivo:</title>
<p>Avaliar a correlação entre denervação autonômica, hipoperfusão miocárdica, fibrose e as arritmias ventriculares em pacientes nas fases iniciais da CCC.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Métodos:</title>
<p>Estudo transversal com 29 pacientes com CCC e função ventricular esquerda preservada submetidos a tomografia computadorizada (TC) por emissão de fótons únicos (SPECT) com iodo-123-metaiodobenzilguanidina (MIBG), SPECT de perfusão miocárdica com tecnécio-99m sestamibi (MIBI) e ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) com gadolínio, divididos em dois grupos: grupo arrítmico: ≥ 6 extrassístoles ventriculares/hora e/ou taquicardia ventricular não sustentada (n = 15), e grupo não arrítmico: &lt; 6 extrassístoles ventriculares/hora, sem taquicardia ventricular (n = 14) no Holter 24h.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>Foram observadas correlações significativas entre os parâmetros das três modalidades de imagem cardiovascular com a presença de arritmia ventricular. A denervação pelo MIBG se correlacionou moderadamente com fibrose difusa, representada pelo volume extracelular (ECV) na RMC (r = 0,55; p = 0,002). A hipoperfusão pelo MIBI SPECT se correlacionou com fibrose por ambas as técnicas: realce tardio de gadolínio (RTG) (r = 0,66; p = 0,005) e ECV (r = 0,56; p = 0,002). Também observamos uma correlação moderada entre a extensão das áreas miocárdicas com denervação e hipoperfusão (r = 0,48; p = 0,007).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusão:</title>
<p>A presença de denervação autonômica, hipoperfusão miocárdica e fibrose foram associadas à arritmia ventricular nos estágios iniciais da CCC. A combinação desses parâmetros pode incrementar a estratificação do risco para MSC nesses pacientes.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd>doença de Chagas</kwd>
<kwd>Denervação Simpática</kwd>
<kwd>Arritmias Cardíacas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A doença de Chagas está entre as doenças tropicais negligenciadas reconhecidas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Anualmente, há 300.000 novos casos e 50.000 mortes pela doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A morte súbita cardíaca (MSC) é considerada a principal causa de mortalidade na cardiopatia chagásica crônica (CCC), sendo o curso mais dramático da doença,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e está intimamente relacionada à presença de arritmia ventriculares e disfunção miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Entretanto, também há alta incidência de MSC e arritmia ventricular maligna em jovens, ainda na fase inicial da doença, quando a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) é normal ou levemente deprimida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em 1916, Carlos Chagas relatou: &quot;De grande frequência também são as mortes súbitas nas formas cardíacas da doença. Às vezes, morrem ainda jovens, em plena atividade e com um estado de saúde aparentemente satisfatório.&quot;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>De fato, o curso clínico da CCC é variável, e a identificação de pacientes com risco de morte permanece um desafio. Rassi et al. propuseram um escore de risco simples com seis variáveis prognósticas independentes usadas para prever morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Apesar desta ferramenta ter boa aplicabilidade clínica, muitos pacientes que sofrem MSC não foram classificados como sendo de alto risco, e nem se qualificaram para prevenção primária com cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável (CDI), de acordo com diretrizes científicas atuais. Além disso, este modelo não considera a disautonomia, como já demonstrado em alguns estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>É sabido que a presença de fibrose miocárdica, quando associada a áreas denervadas e com alterações microvasculares, gera um substrato arritmogênico. No entanto, o estágio da doença em que essas alterações acontecem ainda é desconhecido.</p>
<p>O objetivo desse estudo foi correlacionar a denervação simpática pela tomografia computadorizada (TC) por emissão de fótons únicos (SPECT) com MIBG-I123 (MIBG); a hipoperfusão miocárdica pelo SPECT com tecnécio-99m sestamibi (MIBI) e a fibrose pela ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) com a incidência das arritmias ventriculares em pacientes em estágios A e B1 da doença de Chagas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f6">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240008-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Métodos</title>
<sec>
<title>População</title>
<p>Este estudo transversal foi realizado de forma prospectiva com pacientes ambulatoriais do Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Doença de Chagas da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, com idade ≥ 18 anos, testes positivos para Trypanosoma cruzi em dois tipos de sorologia, FEVE preservada (≥ 45%), e classe funcional I da New York Heart Association (NYHA).</p>
<p>Os critérios de exclusão foram a presença de outra cardiopatia, disfunção renal, gravidez ou lactação. A doença de Chagas foi classificada de acordo com o consenso brasileiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o resultado do Holter 24h: aqueles com seis ou mais extrassístoles ventriculares/hora e/ou taquicardia ventricular não sustentada, e aqueles com menos de seis extrassístoles ventriculares/hora e sem taquicardia ventricular, baseado no estudo de supressão de arritmia cardíaca (CAST).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, com o número de Certificado de Apresentação de Apreciação Ética 63064516.1.0000.5262.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Medições de rotina</title>
<p>Os pacientes realizaram eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações, Holter 24h com gravador digital (H3+™; Mortara, Milwaukee, EUA), e ecocardiograma transtorácico bidimensional, usando equipamento Vivid 7 (General Electric Medical Systems®, Milwaukee, EUA).</p>
<p>Posteriormente, foram submetidos a ressonância cardíaca, cintilografia com MIBG e cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica em repouso com MIBI.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Protocolo da RCM</title>
<p>Todos foram submetidos a RMC em equipamento 3.0-T (Magnetom Prisma; Siemens AG, Erlangen, Alemanha). As imagens em cine foram adquiridas nos planos dos eixos longos e curto. As imagens de mapeamento T1 foram obtidas em plano do eixo curto do ventrículo usando a sequência de recuperação de inversão de look-locker modificada (MOLLI) antes e após 15 minutos da infusão do contraste. O desenho da sequência MOLLI 5(3)3 foi usado para mapeamento T1 pré-contraste (nativo), enquanto o desenho 4(1)3(1)2 foi usado para aquisição pós-contraste. As imagens de RTG foram adquiridas 10 minutos após infusão de contraste, em apneia, com inversão de eco recuperada por gradiente segmentado. A massa miocárdica de fibrose pelo RTG foi caracterizada pelo escore visual semiquantitativo. A extensão do RTG foi pontuada em escala de 5 pontos, em cada um dos 17 segmentos do miocárdio, nas imagens do eixo curto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Protocolo de MIBG e MIBI</title>
<p>Os pacientes receberam 185 MBq de MIBG lentamente por via endovenosa uma hora após ingestão de 20 mL de solução de iodeto de potássio 10%. As imagens planares em projeção anterior e as imagens tomográficas foram adquiridas 15 minutos (precoce) e 3 horas (tardio) após injeção do radiofármaco, em gama-câmera híbrida SPECT/TC com dois detectores (Symbia 16T; Siemens Healthineers, Alemanha) com orifícios paralelos, baixa energia e alta resolução, com aquisição na posição supina. As imagens planares foram obtidas por 5 minutos. As imagens tomográficas foram adquiridas com uma órbita semicircunferencial, com 32 projeções a uma taxa de 60 segundos/projeção, janela de energia de 20% centrada em 159 keV, com a matriz de 64 × 64 pixels, e tamanho do pixel de 0,6 cm. Para a análise quantitativa de MIBG foram calculadas as relações coração/mediastino (C/M) precoce e tardia e a taxa de washout (TW) utilizando as recomendações atuais descritas na literatura (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Cintilografia com mIBG-I123 - Imagem planar anterior com áreas de interesse sobre o mediastino superior (retangular) e ventrículo esquerdo (circular) para o cálculo da relação coração/mediastino.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240008-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>O SPECT com MIBI em repouso foi adquirido 30 minutos após injeção endovenosa periférica de 555 MBq MIBI com a técnica Gated SPECT, usando o mesmo equipamento e os parâmetros descritos acima, com janela de energia de 20% centrada em 140 keV. Todas as imagens SPECT foram seguidas por TC para a transformação em mapas para correção de atenuação.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Processamento e análise das imagens cintilográficas</title>
<p>As imagens de perfusão e inervação foram analisadas de forma cega, usando o software Syngo P (Siemens Healthineers), alinhadas para permitir a visualização simultânea dos três planos ortogonais (eixos curto, longo horizontal e longo vertical). Dois observadores experientes examinaram visualmente as imagens usando 17 segmentos do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). A captação de MIBI e MIBG foi analisada e pontuada de forma semiquantitativa (0: normal; 1: redução leve da captação; 2: redução moderada da captação; 3: redução grave da captação; 4: ausência de captação). Os escores dos defeitos somados de perfusão e inervação simpática foram calculados para representar a extensão e a gravidade dos respectivos defeitos. O déficit de perfusão total com MIBI e a função ventricular foram calculados automaticamente pelo software QPS/QGS (Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, EUA). A diferença entre os escores de inervação e perfusão (mismatch) também foi calculada, correspondendo ao miocárdio viável, mas desnervado. Segmentos exibindo captação normal de MIBI e redução na captação de MIBG foram considerados como mismatch inervação/perfusão.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Análise estatística</title>
<p>As variáveis contínuas foram descritas como médias, medianas e desvios-padrão. Variáveis categóricas foram expressas como proporções. As diferenças entre os grupos foram avaliadas usando o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney.</p>
<p>As correlações entre áreas com denervação simpática, hipoperfusão miocárdica e fibrose foram avaliadas pelo coeficiente de Spearman.</p>
<p>A significância foi definida como p ≤ 0,05. Todas as análises foram realizadas usando o software SPSS (versão 24.0; IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, EUA).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>O estudo foi composto por 29 pacientes com doença de Chagas crônica de classe funcional I da NYHA. A média de idade da população estudada foi de 58,5 ± 9,9 anos, e 18 pacientes (62%) eram do sexo feminino, não diferindo esse percentual entre os grupos classificados como arrítmico e não arrítmico.</p>
<p>Entre os pacientes, 22 (76%) eram assintomáticos, e os únicos medicamentos utilizados foram anti-hipertensivos e estatinas. Para avaliação da capacidade funcional e detecção de isquemia miocárdica, todos os pacientes realizaram teste cardiopulmonar que confirmou a classe funcional I e não evidenciou alterações sugestivas de isquemia induzida por esforço. As características clínicas estão demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Características basais da população do estudo</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="24%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Condição clínica</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo não arrítmico <break/>(n = 14)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo arrítmico <break/>(n = 15)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Total <break/>(n = 29)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Idade anos média (± DP)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">55,5 (± 10,6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61,2 (± 8,0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58,5 (± 9,9)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Sexo feminino – no. (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18 (62)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Forma clínica – no. (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Indeterminada</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7 (64)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (36)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11 (38)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Estágio A</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (21)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Estágio B1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (33)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8 (67)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12 (41)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Sintomas – no. (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Assintomático</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9 (41)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13 (59)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22 (76)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Palpitações</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (67)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (33)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (21)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Síncope</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (7)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Medicações – no. (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Betabloqueador</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1 (33)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (67)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3 (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">IECA ou BRA</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (31)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11 (69)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16 (55)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Diuréticos</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2 (33)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (67)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (21)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Estatinas</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10 (34)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3"><p>DP: desvio padrão; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Os pacientes do grupo arrítmico apresentaram significativamente maiores áreas de comprometimento da inervação simpática cardíaca, de hipoperfusão miocárdica e de mismatch inervação/perfusão (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>), assim como de fibrose, em comparação com pacientes do grupo não arrítmico. Os resultados dos parâmetros das diversas modalidades de imagem cardiovascular obtidos entre os grupos arrítmico e não arrítmico estão resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Eixos curtos da cintilografia com mIBG e da cintilografia com MIBI mostrando um comprometimento extenso na inervação simpática miocárdica nos segmentos apicais, inferiores e ínfero- laterais (A), com perfusão miocárdica preservada (B); correspondente nas imagens de fusao do SPECT/TC com mIBG (C) e com MIBI (D), indicando mismatch denervação/perfusão significativo em um paciente com cardiopatia chagásica crônica e arritmia ventricular. Reconstrução tridimensional do ventrículo esquerdo pela técnica do gated-SPECT para avaliação da função sistólica ventricular (E).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240008-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption><title>Características das modalidades de imagem cardíaca</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="2"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Grupo não arrítmico <break/>(n = 14)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Grupo arrítmico <break/>(n = 15)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2"><italic>p</italic>-valor<sup>a</sup></th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="center" valign="middle">Média</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">DP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Média</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">DP</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Ecocardiograma</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Relação E/e’</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Volume AE indexado (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">30,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,02</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">GLS VE (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">- 20,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">- 16,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,04</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">FEVE (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">63,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,31</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Cintilografia MIBG</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">C/M precoce</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,81</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,18</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,72</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,21</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,20</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">C/M tardia</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,83</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,14</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,73</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,26</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,20</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">TX (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">25,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,52</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Escore somado</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">23,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0,01</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Cintilografia MIBI</td>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Escore somado do repouso</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,29</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,02</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Déficit perfusional total (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,43</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gated-SPECT FEVE (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">67,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">56,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">21,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">Mismatch</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">MIBG-MIBI</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">17,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Ressonância cardíaca</td>
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">FEVE (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">70,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">57,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0,01</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"/>
<td align="left" valign="top">RTG (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">14,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,04</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN4"><p>DP: desvio padrão; AE: átrio esquerdo; GLS VE: global longitudinal strain do ventrículo esquerdo; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; MIBG: cintilografia com iodo-123-metaiodobenzilguanidina; C/M: relação coração/mediastino; SPECT: tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único; MIBG-MIBI: inervação/perfusão; RTG: realce tardio com gadolínio. a: Teste de Mann-Whitney; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca; MIBI: tecnécio-99m sestamibi; TX: taxa de washout.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Gráfico de barras ilustrando a média dos escores de denervação simpática de hipoperfusão, do mismatch inervação/perfusão e da porcentagem de fibrose entre os grupos de pacientes chagásicos com e sem arritmias ventriculares</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240008-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A denervação simpática detectada no MIBG se correlacionou moderadamente com a fibrose difusa, representada pelo volume extracelular (ECV) nas imagens da RMC (r = 0,55; p = 0,002). A hipoperfusão nas imagens do MIBI SPECT se correlacionou com a fibrose pela técnica do RTG (r = 0,66; p = 0,005) e do ECV (r = 0,56; p = 0,002). Também observamos uma correlação moderada entre a extensão das áreas com denervação e hipoperfusão (r = 0,48; p = 0,007), como exemplificado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption><title>Correlações entre os escores de denervação simpática cardíaca (mIBG), hipoperfusão miocárdica (MIBI) pelas técnicas nucleares SPECT, fibrose pelas técnicas ECV e LGE da RMC e GLS pelo ECO nos pacientes com cardiopatia chagásica crônica e arritmias ventriculares. ECO: ecocardiograma transtorácico; ECV: volume extracelular; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca; LGE: realce tardio; GLS: strain longitudinal global.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240008-gf05-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (GLS) no ecocardiograma se correlacionou inversamente com os escores obtidos no MIBG, MIBI SPECT e com os parâmetros de fibrose na RMC. Pacientes com GLS tiveram mais hipoperfusão miocárdica (r = –0,59; p = 0,001), denervação simpática (r = –0,48; p = 0,008) e fibrose representada por RTG (r = –0,68; p = 0,003) e ECV (r = –0,45; p = 0,01).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>O presente estudo demonstrou correlações entre a extensão da denervação cardíaca, as alterações na perfusão miocárdica e o percentual de fibrose, com uma maior incidência de arritmias ventriculares nos estágios iniciais da CCC, e com função ventricular preservada.</p>
<p>A maioria dos estudos analisou pacientes nos estágios mais avançados da CCC, com comprometimento da função cardíaca e risco elevado de morte, eventualmente já com indicação de CDI para prevenção secundária da MSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Entretanto, na doença de Chagas, a MSC pode ser a primeira apresentação clínica, acometendo indivíduos jovens com função do VE normal, trazendo grande impacto social e econômico nos países endêmicos. Diante dessa lacuna do conhecimento, o presente estudo foi direcionado a um subgrupo considerado de baixo risco na evolução crônica da doença de Chagas, sendo a maioria assintomático (76%) e com função preservada, mas com prognóstico ainda incerto.</p>
<p>A CCC é considerada uma cardiomiopatia arritmogênica. Estudos com MIBG demonstraram que a denervação pode ocorrer precocemente em pacientes com VE normal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e também pode estar associada à taquicardia ventricular na CCC com disfunção ventricular leve e poucas alterações segmentares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Além da confirmação deste achado de denervação precoce, os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que pacientes com doença de Chagas e arritmias ventriculares apresentaram áreas significativamente maiores de denervação simpática do que aqueles sem arritmias, e que essas áreas também se correlacionaram com hipoperfusão miocárdica. Vários processos patológicos podem contribuir para esse fenômeno: despovoamento neuronal simpático e parassimpático induzido pelo parasita ou por uma reação imunológica adversa iniciados na fase aguda da doença, anticorpos circulantes com capacidade de ligação a receptores colinérgicos e adrenérgicos, e distúrbios microvasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nesta pesquisa demonstramos também maiores áreas de hipoperfusão no MIBI em repouso no grupo arrítmico, embora esses pacientes não apresentassem sintomas de angina ou doença arterial coronariana conhecida e tivessem testes cardiopulmonares sem isquemia esforço-induzida. A hipoperfusão tem sido atribuída a alterações da microcirculação coronariana associadas à inflamação perivascular típica da miocardite difusa da doença de Chagas. Pesquisas na CCC demonstraram que a dor torácica e defeitos de perfusão na cintilografia de perfusão não se relacionaram a doença aterosclerótica epicárdica obstrutiva na coronariografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Isso sugere fortemente uma correlação entre distúrbios na microcirculação coronária, hipoperfusão e progressão para fibrose regional, como previamente observado a partir de evidências experimentais e de patologia humana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Esses resultados suportam que as anormalidades regionais da perfusão participam da patogênese do dano miocárdico na CCC, e foi possível demonstrar isso no estudo atual, ainda em fases iniciais da doença.</p>
<p>Além disso, observamos áreas de mismatch inervação/perfusão relacionadas a maior incidência de arritmias ventriculares neste estudo. Foi postulado que o mismatch pode predispor a arritmias ventriculares fatais na CCC com disfunção ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Embora a fisiopatologia ainda não esteja clara, essas áreas podem ser hipersensíveis às catecolaminas, com regulação positiva dos receptores β-adrenérgicos, mais automaticidade e respostas exageradas à ativação simpática.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
<p>No presente estudo evidenciamos que a massa de fibrose pela RMC também foi associada a arritmias ventriculares e correlacionada com hipoperfusão e denervação. No que tange a esse achado, Gadioli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> encontraram uma correlação entre a ocorrência de arritmias ventriculares com a extensão da denervação simpática cardíaca, mas não com a fibrose, em pacientes com CCC e disfunção ventricular leve. Entretanto, vale ressaltar que o estudo não utilizou RMC, e considerou como fibrose as alterações perfusionais pelo MIBI. Isso pode ser uma limitação, pois pode representar alterações da microcirculação, sem significar fibrose ou cicatriz.</p>
<p>A fibrose é um substrato anatômico conhecido para arritmia na disfunção ventricular esquerda isquêmica e não isquêmica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> incluindo a CCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Essas lesões rompem as junções intercelulares, alteram o potencial elétrico cardíaco e formam circuitos reentrantes para arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> A extensão da fibrose pelo realce tardio na RMC pode identificar pacientes de alto risco, e técnicas desenvolvidas recentemente, como o mapa T1 e avaliação do ECV, podem refinar ainda mais essa estratificação, como demonstrado por um estudo do nosso grupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Este evidenciou a presença de fibrose intersticial difusa através do mapeamento T1 ainda na forma indeterminada da doença, e também uma associação independente entre arritmias ventriculares e o ECV na CCC, o que foi confirmado por este estudo atual.</p>
<p>Corroborando os achados de alterações precoces da função cardíaca, antes das anormalidades global e segmentar, observamos neste estudo uma redução do GLS do VE no grupo arrítmico em relação ao não arrítmico. Esta redução do GLS no grupo arrítmico correlacionou-se inversamente com a denervação simpática, hipoperfusão miocárdica e fibrose, trazendo perspectivas fascinantes para o refinamento da estratificação de risco. O GLS reflete a deformação longitudinal do miocárdio de forma mais sensível e reprodutível do que FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Azevedo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> demonstraram uma associação significativa entre GLS e dispersão mecânica miocárdica com a taquicardia ventricular não sustentada em 77 pacientes com CCC. Recentemente, também foi observada a redução do GLS ainda na forma indeterminada da doença, antes do surgimento de fibrose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
<p>O diferencial inovador deste estudo foi demonstrar na fase inicial da CCC, em pacientes de baixo risco, uma importante associação das arritmias ventriculares aos diversos mecanismos fisiopatológicos implicados na gênese da MSC, através de métodos distintos de imagem cardiovascular.</p>
<sec>
<title>Limitações</title>
<p>O tamanho amostral deste estudo foi relativamente pequeno. No entanto, foi possível observar associações importantes entre fibrose, hipoperfusão e denervação miocárdica com arritmia ventricular e o risco aumentado de MSC na CCC.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusões</title>
<p>Demonstrou-se correlações significativas entre a inervação simpática, detectada pelo MIBG, a hipoperfusão miocárdica pelo MIBI e fibrose, representada pelo ECV e realce tardio da RMC, com a incidência das arritmias ventriculares em pacientes com CCC e função ventricular esquerda preservada. Esses achados poderão auxiliar no desenvolvimento de ferramentas para aprimorar a estratificação do risco de MSC e identificar os pacientes que poderão se beneficiar de tratamentos específicos, como o implante do CDI.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5"><p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Instituto D&apos;or de pesquisa e ensino, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Cruz (Friocruz), Inova e CNPq.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo é parte de tese de Doutorado de Adriana Soares Xavier de Brito pelo Instituto D&apos;or de Pesquisa e Ensino.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz sob o número de protocolo 63064516.1.0000.5262. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ack>
<title>Agradecimentos</title>
<p>Agradecemos a todos os funcionários e auxiliares de pesquisa do Instituto D&apos;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, e aos pacientes deste estudo.</p>
</ack>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
