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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240002i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240002i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Echocardiographic Evaluation of Right Atrial Function in Patients with Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4507-8149</contrib-id>
<name><surname>de Carvalho</surname><given-names>Wanessa Alves</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2828-479X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>de Carvalho</surname><given-names>Andressa Alves</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0008-2638</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Martins</surname><given-names>Eliauria Rosa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2351-6491</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Medeiros</surname><given-names>Agostinho Hermes de</given-names><suffix>Neto</suffix></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7603-2752</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bacal</surname><given-names>Fernando</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
<name><surname>de Melo</surname><given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Sao Paulo</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo •</bold> Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Campus I, Lot. Cidade Universitária. Postal code: <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>. João Pessoa, PB – Brazil. E-mail: <email>marcelo_dtm@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>27</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240002</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>18</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>25</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>04</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>Considering that the effect of right ventricular (RV) failure on the right atrium (RA) is an essential part of the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH), the assessment of RA function seems to have prognostic value in the course of the disease, but there are still few studies on this subject.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objective:</title>
<p>To evaluate myocardial strain of the RA in patients with precapillary PH.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>This is an observational, longitudinal, prospective study involving 36 patients with precapillary PH, in whom two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography was performed. A control group consisting of 26 healthy individuals was used.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>There was a statistically significant difference in mean RA strain between the group with PH (26.3%) and the control group (40.7%). Regarding RA strain of the patients, there was a negative and moderate correlation with RA pressure, RV diameter, and RV hypokinesia; negative and weak correlation with pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP); negative and strong correlation with RA area; and positive and moderate correlation with, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), TAPSE/PASP, and RV strain. Patients with RA strain ≤ 23 had significantly reduced overall survival compared with patients with RA strain &gt; 23, but this value was not a predictor of mortality.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>It was possible to demonstrate that the analysis of myocardial strain of the RA provides more accurate information about RA function and can be used as an additional parameter in the follow-up of patients with PH, given the early evaluation of atrial dysfunction.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
<kwd>Right Atrial Function</kwd>
<kwd>Doppler Echocardiography</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="6"/>
<table-count count="6"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="17"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<fig id="f1">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240002-gf01.tif"/>
<p>The figure summarizes the main echocardiographic parameters in patients with precapilary pulmonary hypertensio compared to healthy patients, as well as the main correlattions found in the study with right atrial deformation in the diseased group. BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; FAC: fractional area change; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RA: right atrial; S’: tricuspid annular systolic velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity.</p>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a hemodynamic condition characterized by mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than or equal to 20 mmHg at rest during right heart catheterization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> PH, after hypertension and coronary artery disease, is believed to be the third leading cardiovascular condition, presenting poor long-term therapeutic outcome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Moreover, nonspecific clinical manifestations, the long oligosymptomatic period, and lack of knowledge about the disease lead to poor prognosis and delay in diagnosis and initiation of treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Patients with PH have increased afterload in the right ventricle (RV) due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and reduced compliance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Consequently, RV remodeling occurs, with increased RV end-diastolic pressure and right atrial pressure (RAP), which leads to right heart failure and a worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>In addition to the RV, the remodeling of the right atrium (RA), with changes in size, function, and pressure, has become a focus in PH in recent years, considering that changes in RA function are relevant prognostic markers of adverse outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Moreover, the evaluation of RA overload and dysfunction has important implications for assessing the severity of right heart failure in the management of patients with PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>For many years, transthoracic echocardiography has been used for the diagnosis and follow-up of PH, since it is the best noninvasive test for its screening. Thus, it allows estimating the pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) through the direct measurement of the tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity and the estimation of RAP, allowing the evaluation of right and left ventricular functions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>In addition to the usual linear parameters of RV function, the role of strain analysis of the RA has recently been studied as an earlier parameter and for prognostic evaluation of these patients. Strain is defined as the fractional change in the length of a myocardial segment, usually related to the length at end-diastole.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) is a reliable technique for tracking, independent of the angle of myocardial strain, which allows noninvasive and quantitative assessment of global or regional myocardial function; it is, therefore, potentially able to explore RA strain during each phase of the cardiac cycle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Considering that the impact of RV insufficiency on the RA is an essential part of the pathophysiology of PH, the assessment of RA function seems essential for a better understanding of RV function in PH, considering that the importance of the RA-RV axis in PH is growing and being increasingly studied. However, despite described evidence, there are still scarce studies on the assessment of RA dysfunction in patients with precapillary PH based on the measurement of RA longitudinal strain by 2D-STE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the myocardial strain of the RA in patients with precapillary PH, correlating it with echocardiographic parameters of the right heart chambers.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<sec>
<title>Study population</title>
<p>This is an observational, longitudinal, prospective study, conducted from May 2019 to December 2022, involving patients with PH, followed up at the pneumology outpatient clinic of a tertiary university hospital, in whom two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography was performed, and RA strain and variables related to right and left ventricular dysfunction were evaluated. Serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentration was also measured in the patients. In addition, for comparison of the RA strain values, a control group consisting of healthy people was used.</p>
<p>The inclusion criteria for the group of patients were: a) confirmed diagnosis of PH by echocardiographic and hemodynamic criteria; b) patients older than 18 years. The exclusion criteria were: a) patients with post-capillary PH (PH group II); b) presence, on echocardiographic examination, of hemodynamic congestion (E/E’ &gt; 14), grade 2 or 3 diastolic dysfunction, or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction; c) presence of left structural heart disease or left valvular heart disease; d) pregnant women; e) inadequate echocardiographic window. To define the control group, represented by healthy people, we included patients older than 18 years, with no comorbidities, no PH, and no cardiac alterations.</p>
<p>This project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Centro de Ciências Médicas of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, under CAAE number: 21291419.6.0000.8069.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Transthoracic echocardiography</title>
<p>Transthoracic echocardiography examinations were performed using the GE Vivid T8 device with a 2.5 MHz M4h-5 transducer by a single echocardiographer examiner blinded to the group participants. The images were acquired in the left lateral decubitus position, according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Video images corresponding to 3 cardiac cycles were acquired.</p>
<p>The ejection fraction was estimated by Simpson’s biplane method. The RAP was estimated from the inspiratory collapse of the inferior vena cava. The evaluation of myocardial strain was performed on a workstation in the EchoPach V204 program, and the endocardial tracing was performed manually at the end of diastole, and the measurement was made after the examiner checked whether the quality of the endocardial border tracking was good. In the presence of 2 inadequate segments, the examination was excluded from the study. In the apical window, sections focused on the RV and RA were acquired. With this, the average quantification of the RV and RA free wall strain was performed.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p>Regarding data analysis, the continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation (SD) or as medians and interquartile ranges, if, respectively, they followed or did not follow normal distribution. Categorical variables, in turn, were presented as absolute and relative frequencies. The normality analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and applying the central limit theorem.</p>
<p>The groups of parametric continuous variables were compared using Student’s t-test for independent samples; the comparison between groups of non-parametric variables was done using the Mann-Whitney U test. Three or more groups of variables with normal distribution in groups and subgroups were compared by the ANOVA test, with Tukey and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. Three or more groups of non-parametric variables were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis test, and Dunn’s post hoc test was performed to assess the statistical significance between the subgroups. In addition, due to the lack of normality in the distribution of the sample, Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to assess the degree of correlation between two variables.</p>
<p>For data analysis, a normality cutoff point for RA strain of 25% <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> was considered, dividing into two groups: normal (&gt; 25%) and reduced (≤ 25%). Fisher’s exact test was used to assess the association between these groups and categorical variables such as mortality during patient follow-up. In addition, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to assess the accuracy of RA strain for mortality, and a Kaplan-Meier survival curve was constructed.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>We evaluated 36 patients with PH, whose median age was 50.5 years, with a minimum value equal to 24 and a maximum of 81 years; 80.5% of the participants (29) were female. The control group was composed of 26 healthy patients, with a median age of 46.5 years. The minimum value was 22, and the maximum was 74 years. Fourteen patients were female (53.8%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Profile of patients with PH and the control group</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Parameters</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">PH patients (n = 36)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Healthy group (n = 26)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Age (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50.5 [37.2 – 65.7]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">47 [38 – 59]</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Female, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29 (80.5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 (55.5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">BMI (kg/m²)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27.9 ± 8.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">25.3 ± 6.3</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Functional class, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1 (2.7)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">II</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11 (30.5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">III</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20 (55.5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">IV</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (11.1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Number of medications in use, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8 (22.2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12 (33.3)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10 (27.7)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (16.6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" />
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Etiology, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Group I</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27 (75)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Group III</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (11.1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Group IV</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (13.8)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><label>a</label><p>Values expressed as median and interquartile range;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN2"><label>b</label><p>Values expressed as mean and SD.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN2a"><p>BMI: body mass index; PH: pulmonary hypertension;</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>According to the World Health Organization functional classification, most patients with PH (55.5%) had class III;30.5% had class II; 11.1% had class IV, and only 2.7% had class I. Pericardial effusion was not observed in all patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Pericardial effusion was present in only 24.2% of the participants. Regarding BNP levels, the minimum value was 10, while the maximum value was equal to 2555, with a mean of 319.3 (SD ± 652.8).</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><title>Echocardiographic parameters of right and left chambers of patients with PH and healthy patients</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">PH patients</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Healthy group</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Mean</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">SD</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">SD</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">PASP (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">70.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">26.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">TAPSE (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">TAPSE/PASP (mm/mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.30</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">VRT (m/s)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3.93</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.80</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2.08</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">FAC (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">S´ (cm/s)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.072<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">RA pressure (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">RA area (cm²)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">21.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">RV diameter (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">41.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">TAPSE/RV diameter</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.47</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.22</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.78</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">RV strain/PASP</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.28</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.37</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.54</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">RV strain (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">26.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4.0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">RA strain (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">26.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">RA area/RA strain</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.71</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2.33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.28</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">EF (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">68.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">65.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5.6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.319<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">E/e´</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.376<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">E/A ratio</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.167<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">LVM (g)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">124.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">49.8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">127.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">35.7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.816<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3"><p>E/A ratio: amplitude of the E wave of the mitral flow/amplitude of the e wave of the tissue Doppler curve in the mitral annulus; E/e’: ratio between diastolic velocity E of mitral flow and diastolic velocity e’ of mitral annulus; EF: ejection fraction; FAC: fractional area change; LVM: left ventricular mass; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PH: pulmonary hypertension; RA: right atrial; RV: right ventricle; S’: tricuspid annular peak systolic velocity; SD: standard deviation; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN4"><label>*</label><p>Student’s t test.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>The etiologies of PH, in decreasing order of prevalence, were: idiopathic (42.4%); connective tissue disease (15.2%); pulmonary thromboembolism (12.1%); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (12.1%); HIV (3%); schistosomiasis (3%); kyphoscoliosis (3%); idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (3%); interatrial communication (3%); and subsegmental stenosis of the left pulmonary artery suggestive of Alagille syndrome (3%).</p>
<p>Regarding drug therapy, 78.2% of patients were using a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (sildenafil); 45.4% were using some endothelin receptor antagonist (bosentan or ambrisentan), and 18.2% were using a prostacyclin analog (iloprost or selexipag). As for medication, 34.8% of patients were on monotherapy; 26% were on dual therapy; 17.4% were on triple therapy, and 21.7% were not on medication for PH. Patients who were not on optimal therapy had recently arrived for follow-up at the service.</p>
<p>As for the echocardiographic parameters of the right chambers of patients with PH (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), the mean values of PASP, tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), fractional area change (FAC) and S’ wave were 70.7 mmHg, 3.93 m/s, 18.1 mm, 32.7%, and 11.8 cm/s, respectively. The mean strain of the RA and RV were 26.3% and 18.1%, respectively. As for RV hypokinesia, 33.3% had grade 0 (absent); 21.2% had grade 1 (mild); 15.2% had grade 2 (moderate), and 30.3% had grade 3 (severe).</p>
<p>In the control group, the mean values of PASP, TRV, TAPSE, FAC, and S’ were 20.8 mmHg, 2.08 m/s, 22.3 mm, 58.2%, and 13.6 cm/s, respectively. The mean strains of the RA and RV were 40.7% and 26.7%, respectively. According to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, there was a significant difference in the mean echocardiographic parameters of the right chambers between the groups with PH and the control group, including RA strain (p = 0.000), but there was no difference regarding the main parameters of the left chambers.</p>
<p>In the group with PH, there was no significant difference in mean RA strain between the female and male sexes (p = 0.8). There was no correlation of RA strain with age (p = −0.215; p = 0.208) and dyspnea grade (p = −0.314; p = 0.104), nor was there a difference in mean RA strain between dyspnea grades (p = 0.237). However, there was a statistically significant difference in mean RA strain between patients with and without pericardial effusion (p = 0.011).</p>
<p>A negative and moderate correlation was found between RA strain and BNP levels (p = −0.606; p = 0.004). The Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the degree of hypokinesia has an effect on RA strain (p = 0.005). In addition, Dunn’s post-hoc test showed that there are differences between the groups with absent and severe grade hypokinesia (p = 0.002).</p>
<p>As per <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>, regarding RA strain, there was a negative and moderate correlation with RA estimated pressure, RV diameter, and RV hypokinesia; a negative and weak correlation with PASP; and a negative and strong correlation with RA area. In addition, a positive and moderate correlation was observed between RA strain and TAPSE, TAPSE/PASP, TAPSE/RV diameter, and RV strain, as well as a positive and weak correlation with FAC and RV strain/TAPSE. Some correlations are expressed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref></p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption><title>Spearman’s correlation between RA strain and echocardiographic parameters of patients with precapillary PH</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Echocardiographic variables</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Correlation</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="center" valign="middle">ρ (correlation coefficient)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">PASP (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">−0.39</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.018</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">TAPSE (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.46</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">TAPSE/RV diameter</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.65</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.000</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">RV strain/PASP</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.031</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">RV strain (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.69</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.000</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">RV hypokinesia</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">−0.61</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Pericardial effusion</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.52</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">TAPSE/PASP</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">−0.27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.108</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">VRT (m/s)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.28</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.09</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">FAC (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.45</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">S´ (cm/s)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">−0.44</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">RA pressure (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">−0.73</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">RA area (cm²)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">−0.64</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.000</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">RV diameter (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">−0.39</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.018</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN5"><p>FAC: fractional area change; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RA: right atrial; RV: right ventricle; S’: tricuspid annular peak systolic velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Correlation plots of RA strain with RA area, RA pressure, PASP, and BNP. BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RA: right atrial.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240002-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 2</xref> shows the echocardiographic representation of patients with PH who had, respectively, the highest (62%) and lowest (3.2%) RA strain in the sample evaluated. Both had the same PH etiology, but patient 2 died at the age of 24 years.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>A) Echocardiographic image of the patient with the highest RA strain value (62%). PSAP: 35 mmHg; TRV: 2.86 m/s; TAPSE: 27 mm; TAPSE/PASP: 0.77 mm/mmHg; RA AREA: 10.3 cm2; Etiology: idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. B) Echocardiographic image of the patient with the lowest RA strain value (3.2%). PASP: 78 mmHg; TRV: 3,98 m/s; TAPSE: 17 mm; TAPSE/PASP: 0.22 mm/mmHg; RA area: 38 cm2; Etiology: idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. C) ROC curve for the relationship between right atrial strain and mortality. D) Probability of survival according to right atrial strain. PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RA: right atrial.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240002-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>During a mean follow-up period of 22.3 ± 14.9 (1 to 43) months, 6 patients died (18.2%), of whom 5 (83.3%) had RA strain &lt; 25%. No patients were lost during follow-up. The mean RA strain of the patients who died was 15.6 (SD = 10.22), whereas, in the surviving patients, the mean was 28.4 (SD ± 15.9). There was no statistically significant difference in the means of RA strain between these two groups (p = 0.067). Furthermore, there was no association between mortality and the presence of normal or altered RA strain (p = 0.209).</p>
<p>The ROC curve model demonstrated that the RA strain cutoff point for which there is the highest sensitivity (83.3%) and specificity (63.3%) for association with mortality was a value ≤ 23, with the area under the ROC curve equal to 0.744 (p = 0.019) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
<p>Using this cutoff point for Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, patients with RA strain ≤ 23 were found to have significantly reduced overall survival compared to patients with RA strain &gt; 23 (log-rank p = 0.031) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 2</xref>). However, Cox regression analysis did not identify RA strain ≤ 23% as a predictive factor for mortality (HR = 7.53, 95% CI = 0.87 to 65.04, p = 0.066).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>In our sample, the main echocardiographic parameters of the right chambers of patients with PH, such as PASP, TAPSE, TAPSE/PASP, TRV, and FAC (with the sole exception of S’), were significantly different compared to the parameters of the control group. RA strain, the focus of this study, also showed a significant difference between the groups.</p>
<p>Similarly, a group of authors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> showed that RA longitudinal strain was reduced in patients with PH compared with controls (27.1 ± 11.6 versus 56.9 ± 12.7, adjusted p &lt; 0.001), even after adjusting for RA area and invasive RAP. Another study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> showed that the total longitudinal strain and total RA emptying fraction were significantly lower in patients with PH than in controls.</p>
<p>According to our analyses, in patients with PH, there was a strong negative correlation between RA strain and RA area. Compared with other studies, worse RA reservoir strain was also correlated with larger RA size among patients with PH (r = −0.50, p &lt; 0.0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Furthermore, larger RA area and impaired RA function, explored by strain, were associated with worse outcomes in patients with idiopathic PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>We found a negative and weak correlation between RA strain and RAP. Previous studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> showed a significant negative correlation between RA strain and mean RAP, with correlation coefficients respectively equal to −0.35; r = −0.31 and −0.37 (p &lt; 0.005).</p>
<p>Furthermore, we identified a negative and weak correlation between RA strain and PASP, which may be related to the fact that estimated PASP is no longer recommended as a key variable to assign the echocardiographic probability of HP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> given the inaccuracies in the estimation of RAP and the amplification of measurement error using derived variables.</p>
<p>In our study, the mean TRV value of patients with PH was outside normality, but there was no significant correlation with RA strain since the presence or absence of PH cannot be reliably determined by TRV alone, requiring other complementary parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>In our sample, there was a positive and moderate correlation between RA strain and TAPSE/PASP. It is known that the TAPSE/PASP ratio is a noninvasive method that makes it possible to measure the RV-pulmonary artery coupling, which may help in risk stratification and prognosis of PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>We also found a significant correlation of RA strain with RV strain, RV diameter, and RV hypokinesia, confirming that assessment of RA function by strain is intrinsically related to RV dysfunction in PH.</p>
<p>In our study, BNP showed a significant correlation with RA strain. There was also a significant difference in the means of RA strain between BNP values stratified according to the risk of PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In some studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> worse RA longitudinal strain also had a significant correlation with higher NT-proBNP levels, regardless of RA size, RAP, and RV dysfunction.</p>
<p>Finally, patients in our sample with RA strain ≤ 23 had significantly reduced overall survival compared with patients with RA strain &gt; 23, but this value was not predictive of mortality, which may be related to the sample size, the limited number of events (only 6), and the heterogeneity of PH etiology. However, in a cohort<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> of patients with PH, it was observed that the functions of reservoir, conduit, and contraction of the RA, assessed by strain, were independent predictors of mortality and hospitalizations. A recent study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> showed that RA strain was independently and strongly associated with 5-year mortality in patients with PH.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Our study demonstrated important associations between RA strain and echocardiographic parameters of RV dysfunction in PH, demonstrating that the analysis of RA myocardial strain provides more accurate information about RA function and shows potential prognostic value compared to traditional risk markers used in clinical practice. It is relevant to conduct further studies with the aim of consolidating RA strain as an earlier parameter for evaluation of overload and dysfunction of the RA to assess the severity of right heart failure in the management of patients with PH.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Eliauria Rosa Martins, from pela Universidade de São Paulo.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Centro de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Federal da Paraíba under the protocol number 21291419.6.0000.8069. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<app-group>
<app id="app1">
<label>*</label>
<title>Supplemental Materials</title>
<p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2024-0002_supplementary_table.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
</app>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240002</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Avaliação Ecocardiográfica da Função do Átrio Direito em Pacientes com Hipertensão Pulmonar Pré-Capilar</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4507-8149</contrib-id>
<name><surname>de Carvalho</surname><given-names>Wanessa Alves</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2828-479X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>de Carvalho</surname><given-names>Andressa Alves</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<name><surname>Martins</surname><given-names>Eliauria Rosa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2351-6491</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Medeiros</surname><given-names>Agostinho Hermes de</given-names><suffix>Neto</suffix></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<name><surname>Bacal</surname><given-names>Fernando</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
<name><surname>de Melo</surname><given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo •</bold> Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Campus I, Lot. Cidade Universitária. CEP: <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>. João Pessoa, PB – Brasil. E-mail: <email>marcelo_dtm@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento:</title>
<p>Considerando que o impacto da insuficiência do ventrículo direito (VD) no átrio direito (AD) é parte essencial da fisiopatologia da hipertensão pulmonar (HP), a avaliação da função do AD parece ter valor prognóstico no curso da doença, mas ainda há escassos estudos envolvendo essa temática.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivo:</title>
<p>Avaliar a deformação miocárdica do AD em pacientes com HP pré-capilar.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Métodos:</title>
<p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional, longitudinal e prospectivo, envolvendo 36 pacientes com HP pré-capilar, nos quais foi realizado ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler. Foi utilizado um grupo controle composto por 26 pacientes saudáveis.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa nas médias do <italic>strain</italic> do AD entre os grupos com HP (26,3%) e controle (40,7%). Em relação ao <italic>strain</italic> do AD dos doentes, houve correlação negativa e moderada com pressão do AD, diâmetro do VD e hipocinesia do VD; correlação linear negativa e fraca com pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP); correlação negativa e forte com área do AD; e correlação positiva e moderada com excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide (TAPSE), TAPSE/PSAP e <italic>strain</italic> do VD. Os pacientes com <italic>strain</italic> do AD ≤ 23 apresentaram sobrevida global significativamente reduzida em relação aos pacientes com <italic>strain</italic> do AD &gt; 23, mas esse valor não foi preditor de mortalidade.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusão:</title>
<p>Foi possível demonstrar que a análise da deformação miocárdica do AD fornece mais informações acuradas sobre sua função e pode ser usada como parâmetro adicional no acompanhamento de pacientes com HP, tendo em vista a avaliação precoce de disfunção atrial.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd>Hipertensão Pulmonar</kwd>
<kwd>Função do Átrio Direito</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f4">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240002-gf01-pt.tif"/>
<p>A figura resume os principais parâmetros ecocardiográficos em pacientes com hipertensão pulmonar pré-capilar em comparação a pacientes saudáveis, além das principais correlações encontradas no estudo, com a deformação atrial direita no grupo doente. PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria Pulmonar; VRT: velocidade de regurgitação tricúspide; TAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide; FAC: variação fracional da área; s´: velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide; AD: átrio direito; BNP: peptídeo natriurético cerebral.</p>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A hipertensão pulmonar (HP) é um estado hemodinâmico caracterizado pela pressão média da artéria pulmonar com valor igual ou superior a 20 mmHg em repouso durante o cateterismo cardíaco direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Acredita-se que a HP, após a hipertensão arterial sistêmica e doença arterial coronariana, seja a terceira principal condição cardiovascular, apresentando resultado terapêutico ruim a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Além disso, as manifestações clínicas inespecíficas, o longo período oligossintomático e o desconhecimento da doença levam ao mau prognóstico e atraso no diagnóstico e início do tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Pacientes com HP apresentam aumento da pós-carga do ventrículo direito (VD) devido ao aumento da resistência vascular pulmonar e à redução da complacência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Como consequência, ocorre remodelamento ventricular direito, com aumento da pressão diastólica final do VD e da pressão atrial direita (PAD), o que ocasiona a insuficiência cardíaca direita e pior prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Além do VD, a remodelação do átrio direito (AD) – com alterações no tamanho, função e pressão – passou a ser foco na HP nos últimos anos, tendo em vista que alterações da função do AD são marcadores prognósticos relevantes de desfechos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Além disso, a avaliação da sobrecarga e disfunção do AD têm implicações importantes para avaliar a gravidade da insuficiência cardíaca direita no manejo de pacientes com HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Há muitos anos, a ecocardiografia transtorácica vem sendo utilizada para o diagnóstico e acompanhamento da HP, visto que é o melhor exame não-invasivo para seu rastreamento. Assim, permite estimar a pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP) através da medida direta da velocidade do jato de regurgitação tricúspide e da estimativa da PAD, permitindo avaliar, também, as funções ventriculares direita e esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Além dos parâmetros habituais e lineares de função do VD, recentemente vem se estudando o papel da análise da deformação do AD como um parâmetro mais precoce e de avaliação prognóstica desses pacientes. O <italic>strain</italic> é definido como a mudança fracional no comprimento de um segmento do miocárdio, normalmente relacionado ao comprimento na diástole final.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>A ecocardiografia bidimensional com speckle tracking (2D-STE) é uma técnica confiável para rastreamento, independente do ângulo da deformação miocárdica, que permite avaliação não invasiva e quantitativa da função miocárdica global ou regional, sendo, portanto, potencialmente capaz de explorar a deformação do AD durante cada fase do ciclo cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Levando em consideração que o impacto da insuficiência do VD no AD é parte essencial da fisiopatologia da HP, a avaliação da função do AD parece essencial para um melhor entendimento da função do VD na HP, tendo em vista que a importância do eixo AD-VD na HP está crescendo e sendo cada vez mais estudada. No entanto, apesar de evidências descritas, ainda há escassos estudos sobre a avaliação da disfunção do AD em pacientes com HP pré-capilar com base na medição do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do AD pelo 2D-STE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo geral avaliar a deformação miocárdica do AD em pacientes com HP pré-capilar, correlacionando com parâmetros ecocardiográficos das câmaras cardíacas direitas.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Métodos</title>
<sec>
<title>População do estudo</title>
<p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional, longitudinal e prospectivo, realizado no período de maio de 2019 até dezembro de 2022, envolvendo pacientes com HP acompanhados no ambulatório de pneumologia de um hospital terciário universitário, nos quais foi realizado ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler. Foram avaliados o <italic>strain</italic> do AD e variáveis relacionadas à disfunção ventricular direita e esquerda. A concentração sérica de peptídeo natriurético cerebral (BNP) também foi medida nos pacientes. Além disso, para comparação dos valores de <italic>strain</italic> do AD, foi usado um grupo controle composto por pessoas saudáveis.</p>
<p>Os critérios de inclusão para o grupo de pacientes doentes foram: a) diagnóstico confirmado de HP por critérios ecocardiográficos e hemodinâmicos; b) pacientes acima de 18 anos. Os critérios de exclusão foram: a) pacientes com HP pós-capilar (HP grupo II); b) presença, no exame ecocardiográfico, de congestão hemodinâmica (E/E´ &gt; 14), disfunção diastólica grau 2 ou 3 ou redução da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; c) presença de cardiopatia estrutural esquerda ou valvopatias esquerdas; d) gestantes; e) janela ecocardiográfica inadequada. Para definir o grupo controle, representado por pessoas saudáveis, foram incluídos pacientes maiores que 18 anos, sem comorbidades, com ausência de HP e sem alterações cardíacas.</p>
<p>Este projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Centro de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, com número CAAE: 21291419.6.0000.8069.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Ecocardiograma transtorácico</title>
<p>Os exames de ecocardiograma transtorácico foram realizados pelo aparelho Vivid T8 da GE com o transdutor M4h-5 de 2,5 MHz por um único examinador ecocardiografista cego em relação aos participantes do grupo. As imagens foram adquiridas em decúbito lateral esquerdo conforme as recomendações da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Foram adquiridas imagens de vídeo, correspondentes a 3 ciclos cardíacos.</p>
<p>A fração de ejeção foi estimada pelo método biplanar de Simpson. A PAD foi estimada a partir do colabamento inspiratório da veia cava inferior. A avaliação da deformação miocárdica foi realizada em uma estação de trabalho no programa EchoPach V204, sendo realizado o traçado endocárdico manualmente no final da diástole, bem como tendo sido feita a mensuração após a verificação pelo examinador se a qualidade do seguimento das bordas endocárdicas estava de boa qualidade. Na presença de 2 segmentos inadequados, o exame foi excluído do estudo. Na janela apical, foram adquiridos cortes focados no VD e no AD. Com isso, foram realizadas a quantificação média do <italic>strain</italic> da parede livre do VD e do AD.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Análise estatística</title>
<p>Quanto à análise dos dados, as variáveis contínuas foram apresentadas como média e desvio padrão (DP) ou como medianas e intervalos interquartis, caso, respectivamente, seguissem ou não a distribuição normal. As variáveis categóricas, por sua vez, foram apresentadas como frequências absolutas e relativas. A análise de normalidade foi realizada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e da aplicação do teorema do limite central.</p>
<p>Os grupos de variáveis contínuas paramétricas foram comparados pelo teste t de Student para amostras independentes; já a comparação entre grupos de variáveis não paramétricas foi feita pelo teste de Mann-Whitney U. Três ou mais grupos de variáveis com distribuição normal nos grupos e subgrupos foram comparados pelo teste ANOVA, sendo realizados os testes post-hoc Tukey e Bonferroni. Três ou mais grupos de variáveis não paramétricas foram comparados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis, sendo realizado o teste post- hoc de Dunn para avaliar a significância estatística entre os subgrupos. Além disso, foi utilizado, devido à ausência de normalidade na distribuição da amostra, o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, para avaliar o grau de correlação entre duas variáveis.</p>
<p>Para análise dos dados, foi considerado um ponto de corte de normalidade para <italic>strain</italic> do AD de 25%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> sendo divididos em dois grupos: normal (&gt; 25%) e reduzido (&lt; 25%). Para avaliar a associação entre esses grupos e variáveis categóricas, como a mortalidade no período de acompanhamento dos pacientes, foi usado o teste exato de Fisher. Além disso, foi realizada a curva receiver operating characteristic (ROC) para avaliar a acurácia do <italic>strain</italic> do AD para mortalidade, bem como foi desenvolvida a curva de sobrevivência de Kaplan Meier.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>Foram avaliados 36 pacientes com HP, cuja mediana de idade foi de 50,5 anos, sendo o valor mínimo igual a 24 e o máximo, 81 anos; 80,5% dos participantes (29) eram do sexo feminino. O grupo controle foi composto por 26 pacientes saudáveis, com mediana de idade de 46,5 anos, sendo o valor mínimo igual a 22 e o máximo, 74 anos; 14 pacientes eram do sexo feminino (53,8%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Perfil dos pacientes com HP e do grupo controle</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Parâmetros</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Doentes (n = 36)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Saudáveis (n = 26)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Idade (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50,5 [37,2 – 65,7]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">47 [38 – 59]</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29 (80,5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15 (55,5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">IMC (kg/m²)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27,9 ± 8,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">25,3 ± 6,3</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">classe funcional, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1 (2,7)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">II</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11 (30,5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">III</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20 (55,5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">IV</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (11,1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Número de medicações em uso, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8 (22,2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12 (33,3)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10 (27,7)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6 (16,6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Etiologia, n (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Grupo I</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">27 (75)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Grupo III</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4 (11,1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Grupo IV</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5 (13,8)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN6"><label>a</label><p>Valores expressos em mediana e intervalo interquartil;</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN7"><label>b</label><p>Valores expressos em média e desvio-padrão.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN7a"><p>IMC: índice de massa corpórea.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Conforme a classificação funcional da Organização Mundial da Saúde, a maioria dos pacientes com HP (55,5%) possuía classe III; 30,5% apresentavam classe II; 11,1% apresentavam classe IV e apenas 2,7%, classe I. O derrame pericárdico esteve presente em apenas 24,2% dos participantes. Em relação aos níveis de BNP, o valor mínimo foi 10, enquanto o valor máximo foi igual a 2555, com média de 319,3 (DP ± 652,8).</p>
<p>As etiologias da HP, em ordem decrescente de prevalência, foram: idiopática (42,4%); doença do tecido conjuntivo (15,2%); tromboembolismo pulmonar (12,1%); doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (12,1%); HIV (3%); esquistossomose (3%); cifoescoliose (3%); fibrose pulmonar idiopática (3%); comunicação interatrial (3%); e estenose subsegmentar da artéria pulmonar esquerda sugestiva de síndrome de Alagille (3%).</p>
<p>Em relação à terapêutica medicamentosa, 78,2% dos pacientes estavam em uso de inibidor da fosfodiesterase-5 (sildenafil); 45,4% estavam em uso de algum antagonista do receptor da endotelina (bosentana ou ambrisentana) e 18,2%, em uso de análogo da prostaciclina (iloprost ou selexipague). Quanto à quantidade de medicamentos, 34,8% dos pacientes estavam em monoterapia; 26% estavam em terapia dupla; 17,4% em terapia tripla e 21,7% não estavam em uso de medicamento para a HP. Os pacientes que não estavam com terapêutica otimizada haviam recém-chegado para acompanhamento no serviço.</p>
<p>Quanto aos parâmetros ecocardiográficos das câmaras direitas dos pacientes com HP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>), os valores médios da PSAP, velocidade de regurgitação tricúspide (VRT), excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide (TAPSE), variação fracional da área (FAC) e onda S´ foram, respectivamente, 70,7 mmHg, 3,93 m/s, 18,1 mm, 32,7% e 11,8 cm/s. As médias do <italic>strain</italic> do AD e do VD foram, respectivamente, 26,3% e 18,1%. Quanto à hipocinesia do VD, 33,3% apresentaram grau 0 (ausente); 21,2%, grau 1 (leve); 15,2%, grau 2 (moderado); e 30,3%, grau 3 (severo).</p>
<table-wrap id="t5">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption><title>Parâmetros ecocardiográficos das câmaras direitas e esquerdas dos pacientes com HP e saudáveis</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Variáveis</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Doentes</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Saudáveis</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Média</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">DP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Média</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">DP</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">70,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">26,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">20,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">TAPSE (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">TAPSE/PSAP (mm/mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,30</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">VRT (m/s)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3,93</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,80</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2,08</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">FAC (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">32,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">S´ (cm/s)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">13,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,072<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Pressão do AD (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Área do AD (cm²)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">21,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">3,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Diâmetro do VD (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">41,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">29,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">TAPSE/diâmetro VD</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,47</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,22</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,78</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,13</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Strain</italic> VD/PSAP</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,28</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,37</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,54</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Strain</italic> VD (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">18,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">26,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">4,0</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Strain</italic> AD (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">26,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">15,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8,5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Área AD/strain</italic> AD</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,71</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2,33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,28</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">FE (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">68,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">65,2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5,6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,319<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">E/e´</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">6,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">7,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,376<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Relação E/A</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,167<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">MVE (g)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">124,9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">49,8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">127,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">35,7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,816<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN8"><p>AD: átrio direito; DP: desvio-padrão; E/e´: razão entre a velocidade diastólica E do fluxo mitral e a velocidade diastólica e´ do anel mitral; FAC: variação fracional da área; FE: fração de ejeção; MVE: massa ventricular esquerda; PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar; relação E/A: amplitude da onda E do fluxo mitral/amplitude da onda e da curva doppler tecidual no anel mitral; S´: velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide; TAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide; VD: ventrículo direito; VRT: velocidade de regurgitação tricúspide.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN9"><label>*</label><p>Teste t de Student.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>No grupo controle, os valores médios de PSAP, VRT, TAPSE, FAC e S´ foram, respectivamente, iguais a 20,8 mmHg, 2,08 m/s, 22,3 mm, 58,2% e 13,6 cm/s. As médias do <italic>strain</italic> do AD e do VD foram, respectivamente, 40,7% e 26,7%. Conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>, houve diferença significativa na média dos parâmetros ecocardiográficos das câmaras direitas entre os grupos com HP e o grupo controle, incluindo o <italic>strain</italic> do AD (p = 0,000), mas não houve diferença quanto aos principais parâmetros das câmaras esquerdas.</p>
<p>No grupo com HP, não houve diferença significativa na média do <italic>strain</italic> do AD entre os sexos feminino e masculino (p = 0,8). Não houve correlação do <italic>strain</italic> do AD com idade (ρ = −0,215; p = 0,208) e grau de dispneia (ρ = −0,314; p = 0,104), nem diferença das médias do <italic>strain</italic> do AD entre os graus de dispneia (p = 0,237). No entanto, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na média de <italic>strain</italic> do AD entre os pacientes com e sem derrame pericárdico (p = 0,011).</p>
<p>Foi verificada correlação negativa e moderada entre <italic>strain</italic> do AD e níveis de BNP (ρ = −0,606; p = 0,004). O teste de Kruskal-Wallis mostrou que há efeito do grau de hipocinesia sobre o <italic>strain</italic> do AD (p = 0,005). Além disso, o teste post-hoc de Dunn mostrou que há diferenças entre os grupos com hipocinesia ausente e de grau severo (p = 0,002).</p>
<p>Conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>, em relação ao <italic>strain</italic> do AD, houve correlação negativa e moderada com pressão estimada do AD, diâmetro do VD e hipocinesia do VD, correlação negativa e fraca com PSAP e correlação negativa e forte com área do AD. Além disso, foi vista correlação positiva e moderada entre <italic>strain</italic> do AD e TAPSE, TAPSE/PSAP, TAPSE/diâmetro de VD e <italic>strain</italic> do VD, bem como correlação positiva e fraca com FAC e <italic>strain</italic> VD/TAPSE. Algumas correlações estão expressas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t6">
<label>Tabela 3</label>
<caption><title>Correlação de Spearman entre o <italic>strain</italic> do AD e parâmetros ecocardiográficos dos pacientes com HP pré-capilar</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Variáveis ecocardiográficas</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Correlação</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="center" valign="middle">ρ (coeficiente de correlação)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">–0,39</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,018</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">TAPSE (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,46</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">TAPSE/diâmetro VD</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,65</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,000</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Strain VD/PSAP</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,031</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Strain VD (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,69</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,000</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Hipocinesia do VD</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">–0,61</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Derrame pericárdico</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,52</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">TAPSE/PSAP</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">–0,27</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,108</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">VRT (m/s)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,28</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,09</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">FAC (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,45</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">S´ (cm/s)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">–0,44</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Pressão do AD (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">–0,73</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Área do AD (cm²)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">–0,64</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,000</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="top">Diâmetro do VD (mm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">–0,39</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,018</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN10"><p>AD: átrio direito; FAC: variação fracional da área; PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar; S´: velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide; TAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide; VD: ventrículo direito; VRT: velocidade de regurgitação tricúspide.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Gráficos de correlação do strain do AD com área do AD, pressão do AD, PSAP e BNP, AD: átrio direito, PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar, BNP: peptídeo natriurético cerebral.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240002-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>, há a representação ecocardiográfica dos pacientes com HP que tiveram, respectivamente, o maior (62%) e o menor valor (3,2%) de <italic>strain</italic> do AD na amostra avaliada. Ambos possuíam a mesma etiologia de HP, mas o paciente 2 evoluiu para óbito, com 24 anos de idade.</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>A) Imagem ecocardiográfica do paciente com maior valor de strain do AD (62%). PSAP: 35 mmHg; VRT: 2,86 m/s; TAPSE: 27 mm; TAPSE/PSAP: 0,77 mm/mmHg; Área do AD: 10,3 cm2; Etiologia: hipertensão arterial pulmonar idiopática. B) Imagem ecocardiográfica do paciente com menor valor de strain do AD (3,2%). PSAP: 78 mmHg; VRT: 3,98 m/s; TAPSE: 17 mm; TAPSE/PSAP: 0,22 mm/mmHg; Área do AD: 38 cm2; Etiologia: hipertensão arterial pulmonar idiopática. C) Curva ROC para a relação entre o strain do átrio direito e a mortalidade. D) Probalidade de sobrevida de acordo com o strain do átrio direito. PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar; VRT: velocidade de regurgitação tricúspide; TAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide: átrio direito.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240002-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Durante um período médio de acompanhamento de 22,3 ± 14,9 (1 a 43) meses, 6 pacientes faleceram (18,2%), dos quais 5 (83,3%) apresentavam <italic>strain</italic> do AD &lt; 25%. Nenhum paciente foi perdido no acompanhamento. A média do <italic>strain</italic> do AD dos pacientes que morreram foi 15,6 (DP = 10,22), enquanto, nos pacientes sobreviventes, a média foi 28,4 (DP ± 15,9). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa das médias do <italic>strain</italic> do AD entre esses dois grupos (p = 0,067). Além disso, não houve associação entre mortalidade e presença de <italic>strain</italic> do AD normal ou alterado (p = 0,209).</p>
<p>O modelo de curva ROC demonstrou que o ponto de corte do <italic>strain</italic> do AD para o qual há maior sensibilidade (83,3%) e especificidade (63,3%) para associação com mortalidade foi um valor ≤ 23, com área sob a curva ROC igual a 0,744 (p = 0,019) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). No entanto, a análise de regressão de Cox não identificou o <italic>strain</italic> do AD ≤ 23% como um fator preditor de mortalidade (HR = 7,53, IC 95% = 0,87 a 65,04, p = 0,066).</p>
<p>Utilizando esse ponto de corte para análise da sobrevivência de Kaplan-Meier, verificou-se que os pacientes com <italic>strain</italic> do AD ≤ 23 apresentaram sobrevida global significativamente reduzida em relação aos pacientes com <italic>strain</italic> do AD &gt; 23 (log-rank p = 0,031) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). No entanto, a análise de regressão de Cox não identificou o <italic>strain</italic> do AD ≤ 23% como um fator preditor de mortalidade (HR = 7,53, IC 95% = 0,87 a 65,04, p = 0,066).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>Na nossa amostra, os principais parâmetros ecocardiográficos das câmaras direitas dos pacientes com HP, como PSAP, TAPSE, TAPSE/PSAP, VRT e FAC, com exceção apenas do S´, foram significativamente diferentes em relação aos parâmetros do grupo controle. O <italic>strain</italic> do AD, foco do presente estudo, também apresentou significativa diferença entre os grupos.</p>
<p>Similarmente, um grupo de autores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> evidenciou que a deformação longitudinal do AD foi reduzida em pacientes com HP em comparação com os controles (27,1 ± 11,6 versus 56,9 ± 12,7, p ajustado &lt; 0,001), mesmo após o ajuste para área de AD e pressão invasiva de AD. Outra pesquisa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> mostrou que o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal total e a fração de esvaziamento total do AD foram significativamente menores em pacientes com HP do que em controles.</p>
<p>De acordo com nossas análises, nos pacientes com HP, houve correlação negativa e forte entre <italic>strain</italic> do AD e área do AD. Comparando com outros estudos, pior <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório do AD também se correlacionou com maior tamanho do AD entre os pacientes com HP (r = -0,50, p &lt; 0,0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Além disso, maior área do AD e sua prejudicada função, explorada por <italic>strain</italic>, estiveram associados a piores desfechos em pacientes com HP idiopática.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>Verificamos correlação negativa e fraca entre <italic>strain</italic> do AD e PAD. Pesquisas anteriores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> apontaram correlação negativa significativa entre <italic>strain</italic> do AD e PAD média, com coeficientes de correlação respectivamente iguais a: −0,35; r = −0,31 e −0,37 (p &lt; 0,005).</p>
<p>Além disso, identificamos correlação negativa e fraca entre <italic>strain</italic> do AD e PSAP, o que pode estar relacionado ao fato de que a PSAP estimada não é mais recomendada como variável-chave para atribuir a probabilidade ecocardiográfica de HP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> tendo em vista as imprecisões na estimativa da PAD e a amplificação da medição de erros usando variáveis derivadas.</p>
<p>No nosso estudo, o valor médio de VRT dos pacientes com HP esteve fora da normalidade, mas não houve correlação significativa com o <italic>strain</italic> do AD, visto que a presença ou a ausência de HP não pode ser determinada de forma confiável apenas por VRT, necessitando de outros parâmetros complementares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Na nossa amostra, houve correlação positiva e moderada entre <italic>strain</italic> do AD e TAPSE/PSAP. Sabe-se que a relação TAPSE/PSAP é um método não invasivo que permite medir o acoplamento VD-artéria pulmonar, podendo auxiliar na estratificação de risco e prognóstico de HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Também verificamos correlação significativa do <italic>strain</italic> AD com <italic>strain</italic> VD, diâmetro do VD e hipocinesia do VD, confirmando que a avaliação da função do AD pelo <italic>strain</italic> está intrinsecamente relacionada à disfunção ventricular direita na HP.</p>
<p>No nosso estudo, o BNP apresentou correlação significativa com o <italic>strain</italic> do AD. Também houve diferença significativa das médias de <italic>strain</italic> do AD entre os valores de BNP estratificados de acordo com o risco de HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em algumas pesquisas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> pior deformação longitudinal do AD também teve correlação significativa com maiores níveis de NT-proBNP, independentemente do tamanho do AD, PAD e disfunção do VD.</p>
<p>Por fim, os pacientes da nossa amostra com <italic>strain</italic> do AD ≤ 23 apresentaram sobrevida global significativamente reduzida em relação aos pacientes com <italic>strain</italic> do AD &gt; 23, mas este valor não foi preditor de mortalidade, o que pode estar relacionado ao tamanho amostral, à quantidade limitada de eventos (apenas 6) e à heterogeneidade da etiologia da HP. No entanto, em uma coorte<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> de pacientes com HP, observou-se que as funções de reservatório, conduto e contração do AD, avaliadas por meio de <italic>strain</italic>, foram preditores independentes de mortalidade e de hospitalizações. Um estudo recente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> apontou que o <italic>strain</italic> do AD foi independente e fortemente associado à mortalidade em 5 anos em pacientes com HP.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusões</title>
<p>Nosso estudo trouxe importantes associações entre o <italic>strain</italic> do AD e parâmetros ecocardiográficos de disfunção ventricular direita na HP, demonstrando que a análise da deformação miocárdica do AD fornece mais informações acuradas sobre sua função e demonstra potencial valor prognóstico em relação aos marcadores de risco tradicionais usados na prática clínica. É relevante a ampliação de estudos voltados para sua consolidação como parâmetro mais precoce de avaliação da sobrecarga e disfunção do AD, de modo a avaliar a gravidade da insuficiência cardíaca direita no manejo de pacientes com HP.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo é parte de tese de Doutorado de Eliauria Rosa Martins pela Universidade de São Paulo.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Centro de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Federal da Paraíba sob o número de protocolo 21291419.6.0000.8069. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<app-group>
<app id="app2">
<label>*</label>
<title>Material suplementar</title>
<p>Para informação adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2024/3701/2024-0002_tabela_suplementart.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
</app>
</app-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>