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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20240001i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240001i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Ischemic Stroke in a Patient with Challenging Pseudoaneurysm in the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2101-9367</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cunha</surname><given-names>Saulo Rodrigo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-1636-608X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pandolfo</surname><given-names>Fernanda</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8622-8636</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Barros</surname><given-names>Fernando Colares</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3080-0968</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pianca</surname><given-names>Eduardo Gatti</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Barcellos</surname><given-names>Pedro Tregnago</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Serviço de ecocardiografia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Serviço de ecocardiografia, Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Ecocardiografia, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspondência: Saulo Rodrigo Cunha</bold> • Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Ecocardiografia. Av. Francisco Trein, 596. CEP: <postal-code>91350-200</postal-code>. Bairro Cristo Redentor, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil E-mail: <email>saulo_rodrigom@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marco Lofrano-Alves</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>27</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240001</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>10</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>23</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>01</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>False Aneurysm</kwd>
<kwd>Stroke</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="6"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Literature shows cases of cardiac neocavities, often associated with pseudoaneurysms resulting from traumatic injuries or fistulized periprosthetic abscesses involving the left ventricle (LV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Cardiac pseudoaneurysms are typically complications of acute myocardial infarction but can also occur in the late postoperative period of valve surgery. Certain areas are particularly prone to the development of ascending aortic pseudoaneurysms. Generally, these events occur in sites where aortic cannulation and clamping take place, as well as in the areas of graft sutures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>This case report highlights the challenges and difficulties handled in some clinical cases associated with the development of pseudoaneurysms despite advancements in therapy.</p>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case report</title>
<p>This 39-year-old patient was admitted to the emergency room of a tertiary public hospital, with a clinical condition compatible with ischemic stroke (aphasia of expression and decreased strength in the right upper limb). A computed tomography scan of the skull revealed hypodense areas in the frontal region, frontal operculum, and left insular lobe. During the etiological investigation, ultrasound of the carotid and vertebral arteries revealed no abnormalities, and a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) was performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>TTE in parasternal window. Tables A, B and C show two moving and independent images in a position anterior to the LV and the aortic valve. Tables D, E and F show images suggestive of Amplatzer® prostheses highlighted when applying the color Doppler effect.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240001-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The patient had a previous pathological history of bicuspid aortic valve, and underwent cardiac surgery in 2021, in another hospital service, due to infectious endocarditis with valve abscess and significant aortic insufficiency. In May 2021, the patient underwent aortic valve replacement with a No. 23 mechanic prosthesis and correction of the aortic-cavitary fistula. However, in control TTE, maintenance of the aorto-cavitary fistula and sequelae of periaortic abscess were observed. A month later, the patient underwent new heart surgery to close the fistula. However, postoperative imaging exams revealed the persistence of the fistula connecting the pseudoaneurysm and the left ventricular cavity. Thirty days after the second surgery, a new attempt at closure was made using a different technique, involving the placement of two Amplatzer® prostheses to promote thrombosis within the developed pseudoaneurysm. The procedure was performed via left thoracotomy with apical puncture. Despite these efforts, the closure was again unsuccessful, as confirmed by a follow-up echocardiogram showing the fistula still present.</p>
<p>Going back to the current hospitalization procedures, given the challenging characterization of the neocavity on TTE, a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) was performed, revealing a pseudoaneurysm adjacent to the aortic prosthesis with the Amplatzer® prostheses inside. The mechanical aortic valve prosthesis exhibited good disc mobility and mild perivalvular regurgitation. The LV showed normal dimensions, preserved systolic function, and mild diastolic dysfunction. The left atrium was slightly enlarged. The patient had mild functional mitral regurgitation.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>TEE. A) Anterior aortic periprosthetic pseudoaneurysm with thin walls and two communications with the left ventricular outflow tract, one measuring 0.6 cm at 2 o’clock. B) Communication with the LV outflow tract measuring 1 cm at 8 o’clock. C) Anterior aortic pseudoaneurysm measuring 6.3 × 3 cm, with two Amplatzer® prostheses inside.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240001-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Considering the risk of new cardioembolic events and the patient’s wish to address the pseudoaneurysm surgically, cardiac surgery was performed on August 25, 2023. During the procedure, a pseudoaneurysm was identified in the ascending aorta, involving the infra and supravalvular planes, containing two Amplatzer® prostheses. After entering cardiopulmonary bypass, the aortic prosthesis and large LV pseudoaneurysm with two-hole aorta were removed. Two Amplatzer® devices were extracted, and the communicating apertures were closed using 4-0 prolene. A pericardial patch was used to widen the aortic ring, and a mechanical valve No. 19 was implanted in the aortic position. However, due to the aorta’s high fragility, upon removal of the clamp, the ascending aorta ruptured at the beginning of the aortic arch, resulting in significant bleeding. Despite efforts to control the hemorrhage, including refractory measures, the patient succumbed to hemorrhagic shock.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>Aorto-cavitary fistulas are rare abnormal connections between the aorta and the heart cavities. These can be congenital or acquired, with the most common etiology being iatrogenic (38%), followed by infectious (25%), traumatic (14%) and rupture of the sinus of Valsalva (8%). The most common locations are aorta to right atrium (37%), to pulmonary artery (25%), to left atrium (18%), to right ventricle (18%) and to LV (2%). Management of this disease includes symptomatic treatment and surgical or percutaneous interventions, which is a common treatment option in the 21st century.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Amplatzer® prostheses are currently used in several percutaneous procedures. However, with the increasing use of Amplatzer® devices, an increasing number of device-related complications have been observed, such as device migration, patency of the embolized vessel and late reperfusion of the vessel or orifice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In a single-center study following 803 patients for up to 25 years after Amplatzer® closure of interatrial septal defects, major complications occurred in 0.5% of cases, including device embolization, thrombus formation on the occluder’s surface, post-procedure cardiac erosion, and infective endocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>For cases of device embolization, management depends on factors such as location, timing, clinical manifestations, and the type of device employed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Given the current situation of cardioembolic ischemic stroke with potential recurrence, pseudoaneurysm in the left ventricular outflow tract, and displaced Amplatzer® prostheses, the patient, in consultation with the medical team, decided to attempt resolution, despite the high surgical risk associated with the patient’s medical history.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>In this case, surgical attempts were made to resolve the aorto-cavitary fistula and the pseudoaneurysm in the LV outflow tract, but they were all unsuccessful. The clinical evolution was unfavorable, and the patient died intraoperatively.</p>
<p>Even with substantial advancements in therapeutic medicine, there are still clinical cases that pose challenges and are difficult to resolve. Discussions within the Heart team regarding the therapeutic measures adopted are crucial, as is involving patients in the decision-making process.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This article is part of the scientific production of the Medical Residency Program in Echocardiography at Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240001</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Acidente Vascular Encefálico Isquêmico em Paciente com Pseudoaneurisma na Via de Saída do Ventrículo Esquerdo de Difícil Tratamento</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2101-9367</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cunha</surname><given-names>Saulo Rodrigo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Concepção</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise</role>
<role>interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-1636-608X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pandolfo</surname><given-names>Fernanda</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>análise</role>
<role>interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8622-8636</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Barros</surname><given-names>Fernando Colares</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>análise</role>
<role>interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3080-0968</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pianca</surname><given-names>Eduardo Gatti</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>análise</role>
<role>interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Barcellos</surname><given-names>Pedro Tregnago</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>análise</role>
<role>interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Serviço de ecocardiografia, Hospita Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Ecocardiografia, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Saulo Rodrigo Cunha</bold> • Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Ecocardiografia. Av. Francisco Trein, 596. CEP: <postal-code>91350-200</postal-code>. Bairro Cristo Redentor, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil E-mail: <email>saulo_rodrigom@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marco Lofrano-Alves</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Falso Aneurisma</kwd>
<kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
<kwd>Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>Há relatos de ocorrência de neocavidades cardíacas, frequentemente associadas à pseudoaneurismas decorrentes de lesões traumáticas ou abscessos peripróteticos fistulizados para o ventrículo esquerdo (VE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os pseudoaneurismas cardíacos, de forma geral, são associados a complicações de infarto agudo do miocárdio, mas também podem surgir no pós-operatório tardio de cirurgias valvares. Em específico, certas regiões apresentam um potencial favorável para o desenvolvimento de pseudoaneurismas de aorta ascendente. Esses eventos geralmente ocorrem nos locais de canulação e clampeamento aórtico, bem como nas zonas de suturas de enxerto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>O relato de caso a seguir destaca os desafios e dificuldades enfrentados em alguns casos clínicos relacionados ao desenvolvimento de pseudoaneurisma, mesmo diante dos avanços terapêuticos atuais.</p>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato de caso</title>
<p>Paciente de 39 anos, admitido à emergência de um hospital público terciário, apresentando um quadro clínico compatível com acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico (afasia de expressão e diminuição de força em membro superior direito). A tomografia computadorizada de crânio evidenciou áreas hipodensas na região frontal, no opérculo frontal e no lobo da ínsula à esquerda. Durante investigação etiológica foram realizados ultrassonografia de artérias carótidas e vertebrais, sem anormalidades, e ecocardiograma transtorácico (ECO TT) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>ECO TT em janela paraesternal. Os quadros A, B e C mostram duas imagens móveis e independentes, posicionadas anteriormente ao VE e à válvula aórtica. Os quadros D, E e F mostram imagens sugestivas de próteses Amplatzer®, realçadas pela aplicação do efeito do Doppler colorido.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240001-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>O paciente possuía um histórico patológico prévio de valva aórtica bicúspide, submetido à cirurgia cardíaca em 2021, em outro serviço hospitalar, por endocardite infecciosa complicada com abscesso valvar e insuficiência aórtica significativa. Em maio de 2021, passou por uma troca valvar aórtica com uma prótese mecânica n.º 23 e correção de fístula aorta-cavitária. No entanto, em ECO TT de controle, observou-se manutenção da fístula aorto-cavitaria e sequela de abscesso periaórtico. Um mês depois, o paciente foi submetido à nova cirurgia cardíaca para fechamento de fístula. Porém, em exames de imagem de controle de pós-operatório, observou-se manutenção da fístula comunicando pseudoaneurisma e cavidade ventricular esquerda. Trinta dias após a segunda cirurgia, foi realizada nova tentativa de fechamento, mas através de uma técnica diferente, com duas próteses Amplatzer® com o objetivo de promover a trombose do pseudoaneurisma desenvolvido. A cirurgia foi realizada via toracotomia esquerda com punção apical. Apesar disso, o fechamento não foi bem-sucedido novamente, conforme demonstrado pelo ecocardiograma de controle, que indicou persistência da fístula.</p>
<p>Retornando as condutas da atual internação, devido à difícil caracterização da neocavidade ao ECO TT foi realizado ecocardiograma transesofágico (ECO TE) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>), que evidenciou pseudoaneurisma periprótese aórtica anterior com duas próteses Amplatzer® no interior. A prótese valvar aórtica mecânica apresentava boa mobilidade dos discos e regurgitação perivalvar leve. O VE tinha dimensões normais, função sistólica preservada e disfunção diastólica leve. O átrio esquerdo era levemente aumentado. O paciente apresentava regurgitação mitral funcional leve.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>ECO TE. A) Pseudoaneurisma periprótese aórtica anterior, de paredes finas com duas comunicações com a via de saída do VE, uma delas medindo 0,6 cm às 2 horas. B) comunicação com a via de saída do VE medindo 1 cm às 8 horas. C) Medida do pseudoaneurisma anterior a aorta 6,3 × 3 cm, com duas próteses de Amplatzer® no interior.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20240001-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Devido ao risco de novos fenômenos cardioembólicos e vontade expressada pelo paciente em tentar a resolução cirúrgica do pseudoaneurisma, o paciente foi submetido à cirurgia cardíaca em 25/08/2023. Durante o intraoperatório, foi observada a presença de pseudoaneurisma em aorta ascendente nos planos infra e supravalvares, assim como duas próteses Amplatzer® em seu interior. Após entrada em circulação extracorpórea foi retirada a prótese aórtica e grande pseudoaneurisma de VE com a aorta com dois orifícios. Retiradas duas Amplatzer® e fechamento dos orifícios comunicantes com prolene 4-0. Um <italic>patch</italic> de pericárdio foi usado para o alargamento do anel aórtico e uma valva mecânica n.º 19 foi implantada em posição aórtica. Entretanto, a aorta apresentava grande friabilidade e, quando na remoção do <italic>clamp</italic>, houve ruptura da aorta ascendente em início de arco aórtico, com importante sangramento, evoluindo para choque hemorrágico, refratário às medidas instituídas e óbito.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>As fístulas aorto-cavitárias são conexões anormais rara das formandas entre a aorta e às cavidades cardíacas. Podem ser congênitas ou adquiridas, sendo a etiologia mais comum iatrogênica (38%), seguida de infeciosa (25%), traumática (14%) e ruptura do seio de Valsalva (8%). As localizações mais comuns são aorta para átrio direito (37%), para artéria pulmonar (25%), para átrio esquerdo (18%), para ventrículo direito (18%) e para VE (2%). O manejo desta patologia inclui tratamento sintomático e intervenções cirúrgicas ou percutâneas, sendo esta uma opção comum de tratamento no século 21.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>As próteses Amplatzer® hoje são utilizadas em diversos procedimentos percutâneos. No entanto, com o uso crescente dos dispositivos Amplatzer®, têm se observado um número crescente de complicações relativas ao dispositivo, como a migração do dispositivo, perviedade do vaso embolizado e reperfusão tardia do vaso ou orifício.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em um estudo unicêntrico com seguimento de até 25 anos de 803 pacientes após fechamento de defeitos do septo interatrial por Amplatzer®, houve complicações maiores em 0,5% dos casos, incluindo embolização de dispositivo, formação de trombo na superfície do oclusor, erosão cardíaca pós-procedimento e endocardite infecciosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em casos de embolização do dispositivo, a conduta irá depender de alguns fatores, como: localização, tempo, manifestação clínica e o tipo de dispositivo empregado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Diante do atual quadro de AVE isquêmico cardioembólico com potencial recorrência, pseudoaneurisma na via de saída do VE, próteses Amplatzer® deslocadas, a decisão conjunta do paciente com a equipe médica foi na tentativa de resolução, embora tratasse de uma cirurgia de alto risco por todo o histórico prévio.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>No caso em questão, foram realizadas tentativas cirúrgicas de resolução da fístula aorto-cavitária, assim como do pseudoaneurisma na via de saída do VE, porém, sem sucesso. A evolução clínica foi desfavorável e o paciente evoluiu para óbito no intraoperatório.</p>
<p>Embora a medicina tenha evoluído de forma substancial no aspecto terapêutico, ainda observa-se casos clínicos desafiadores e de difícil resolução. As discussões por Heart team sobre medidas terapêuticas adotas são fundamentais, assim como compartilhar decisão com pacientes.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo é parte de produção científica do Programa de Residência Médica em Ecocardiografia do Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>