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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230086i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230086i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Relationship Between Echocardiographic Parameters and The Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6209-1732</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ömür</surname>
						<given-names>Sefa Erdi</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>acquisition of data and obtaining financing</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6840-5459</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tapar</surname>
						<given-names>Gulsen Genc</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and obtaining financing</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1444-4687</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Yilmaz</surname>
						<given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-2403-0450</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bektaş</surname>
						<given-names>Abdullah Emre</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1322-2716</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Demir</surname>
						<given-names>Osman</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Tokat Gaziosmanpasa Universitesi</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Tokat</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="TR">Turkey</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Tokat Gaziosmanpasa Universitesi, Tokat – Turkey</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Sefa Erdi Ömür</bold> • Tokat Gaziosmanpasa Universitesi, <postal-code>60250</postal-code> - Turkey E-mail: <email>sefaerdi61@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>21</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>37</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230086</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>31</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p>Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disease with high morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis of PAH is mainly made based on echocardiographic parameters and natriuretic peptide levels. However, given the low incidence of PAH worldwide, the diagnosis of PAH can be challenging.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives:</title>
					<p>To evaluate the relationship between systemic immune-inflammation (SII) index and PAH.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of 110 patients (43 PAH patients and 67 controls). The SII index was compared between the PAH and control groups. A probability(p) &lt;0.05 were deemed to indicate statistical significance.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p>The findings of this study indicated that SII index was significantly higher in the PAH group than in the control group (1054.15±439.99 vs. 506.7±180.55, p&lt;0.001). The correlation analysis between SII index and echocardiographic parameters revealed that SII index was moderately correlated with right ventricular fractional area change (FAC) (r:-0.567,p&lt;0.001), systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) (r:0.593, p&lt;0.001), and tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) (r:0.662,p&lt;0.001). Additionally, the SII index was strongly correlated with right atrial (RA) area (r:0.822,p&lt;0.001), pulmonary artery (PA) diameter (r:0.819, p&lt;0.001), left atrium (LA) diameter (r:0.937,p&lt;0.001), inferior vena cava diameter (r:0.869,p&lt;0.001), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (r:-0.902,p&lt;0.001), TAPSE/sPAP (r:-0.831,p&lt;0.001). In addition, the SII index significantly increased as patients' functional capacity (FC) decreased.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion:</title>
					<p>The SII index is as a simple, inexpensive, noninvasive and easily accessible biochemical parameter that may be useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of PAH patients, especially in centers where echocardiography (ECHO) is not available.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension</kwd>
				<kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="26"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introductıon</title>
			<p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a term used to describe a group of diseases manifested by different mechanisms and characterized by abnormally increased pressure in the pulmonary arterial system. It is clinically categorized into five subgroups. It is estimated that PH, whose incidence increases with increasing age, affects 1% of the world population,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and that the incidence and prevalence of PH subgroups differ from each other.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In PH patients, electrocardiographic data and natriuretic peptide levels are included in a diagnostic algorithm. Echocardiography (ECHO), a non-invasive evaluation tool, is very useful in evaluating patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). ECHO findings can be interpreted in accordance with the 2022 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines on PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP), tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV), right heart chamber sizes, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and TAPSE/sPAP ratio are the most important ECHO findings that suggest PH. A low TAPSE value indicates right heart failure, while a high TRV value indicates an increased left ventricular filling pressure. TAPSE/sPAP ratio, on the other hand, is a newly defined ECHO parameter recently started to be used in the context of PAH. TAPSE/sPAP contributes to the diagnosis of PAH by reflecting the relationship between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (PA) non-invasively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Systemic immune-inflammation (SII) index is an inflammation marker that has been defined in recent years and associated with various malignancies, coronary artery disease (CAD), rheumatological diseases and hypertension (HT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The SII index is calculated using the neutrophil, lymphocyte and platelet counts obtained from the complete blood count test. It reflects two different cellular pathways, i.e., the myeloid and the lymphoid series, that interact with each other. It has also been shown that the SII index is associated with the risk, severity and collateral development of CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Pathophysiologically, it is thought that the SII index reflects the balance between inflammation and immune response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>There is increasing evidence in the literature that inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of PAH. Endothelial cells in the pulmonary arterial system are involved in this inflammation. Increased serum cytokine levels cause endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction and increased vascular filling. Additionally, patients with PAH have increased levels of perivascular inflammatory cells and inflammatory cytokines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>However, a thorough review of the literature did not reveal any study on the relationship between the SII index and PAH. In this context, the objective of this study is to contribute to the literature by evaluating SII index, an easily accessible and inexpensive marker of inflammation, and the relationship between PAH, SII index, and ECHO findings.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materıal and methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Population and Sample</title>
				<p>The population of this cross-sectional, retrospective study consisted of 130 patients who were seen in the cardiology clinic between April 2016 and April 2023 and were diagnosed with PAH. The study protocol was approved by the local university hospital ethics committee. The study was carried out in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
				<p>Right heart catheterization was performed to diagnose PAH. Patients with mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) higher than 20 mmHg, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) lower than 15mmHg, and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) higher than 2.0 Woods units were diagnosed with PAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Right atrial pressure (RAP), mPAP, and PCWP and of the patients were recorded sequentially. Cardiac index (CI) was calculated by the Fick method. PVR was calculated with the formula (mPAP-PCWP)x80/Q .</p>
				<p>Individuals under 18 years of age, with acute infection or sepsis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, portal HT, drug or toxin-induced peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, severe valve disease, malignancy, coagulation disorder, acute or chronic stroke, storage diseases (lysosomal storage disease, glycogen storage disease, lipid storage disorder, etc.), uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) (glycated haemoglobin &gt;7), acute kidney disease, end-stage renal disease, severe anemia, recent acute coronary syndrome (first six months) or CAD (&gt;30% stenosis in any coronary artery) were excluded from the study. Additionally, ten patients who did not volunteer for the study and an additional ten patients with missing data were excluded from the study. In the end, the PH group consisted of 43 patients diagnosed with PAH. Patients were classified according to their World Health Organization (WHO) functional capacity (FC) (WHO-FC). The control group consisted of 67 patients who were seen at the cardiology clinic with dyspnea and were not diagnosed with PAH, age-matched with the PAH patients.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiographic Assessment</title>
				<p>Echocardiographic evaluations of the PAH and control groups were performed in our center with a Vivid S5 ECHO device (General Electric, Milwaukee, WI, USA), using a 2.5-3.5 MHz transducer, with the patients placed in the left lateral decubitus position. All Doppler ECHO and tissue doppler imaging (TDI) measurements were performed during normal respiration. All two-dimensional, color Doppler, continuous wave (CW)/pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler ECHO data were reviewed and recorded retrospectively by three echocardiographers experienced in PH, blinded to the participants. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of all participants were calculated using the modified Simpson method.</p>
				<p>Measurements of the left atrium (LA) were performed in the parasternal long-axis view; dimensions of the ascending aortic root and the right atrium were measured at the end of diastole from a right ventricle -focused apical 4-chamber view. The right atrial (RA) dimensions were obtained using RA systolic area parameters; RV basal diameter and RV mid- cavity diameter were measured according to the American Society of ECHO and European Society of Cardiovascular Imaging criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Also, the RV end-diastolic longitudinal diameter was measured, and the RA area were calculated. PA diameter was measured from the parasternal short axis and correlated with the result of pulmonary CT angiography. In subxiphoid long axis imaging, inferior vena cava (IVC) imaging and measurements were performed while the probe was over the left lobe of the liver in the subxiphoid area.</p>
				<p>Estimated sPAP was calculated based on the tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient which was calculated from the peak flow rate of the tricuspid regurgitation using Bernoulli's equation. TAPSE and right ventricular fractional area change (FAC) were calculated from the RV-focused apical 4-chamber view.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Laboratory and demographic parameters and ınflammatory markers</title>
				<p>Biochemical parameters were evaluated automatically using a Beckman Coulter LH-750 Hematology Analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Inc, Fullerton, CA, USA). Patients' lipid profile was evaluated using standard methods. Patients who had a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) value above 130 mg/dL and were treated or previously diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia were considered to have hypercholesterolemia. Patients who were previously diagnosed with DM by an endocrinologist based on the American Diabetes Association criteria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> were considered to have DM. Patients who had systolic/diastolic blood pressures above 140/90 mmHg as a result of repeated measurements or were previously diagnosed with HT and started on HT treatment were deemed hypertensive.</p>
				<p>Treatment data and right heart catheterization outcomes of the patients were obatined from the registry system of the university hospital.</p>
				<p>The SII index was calculated by the following formula: peripheral platelet count×neutrophil count/lymphocyte count.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>The statistical analyses of the collected data were carried out using SPSS 22.0 (Statistical Product and Service Solutions for Windows, Version 22.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, U.S., 2013) software package. The probability (<italic>p</italic>) &lt; 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Quantitative variables were expressed as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (SD) and qualitative variables as numbers and percentages. Continuous variables were described as mean ± SD as they were normally distributed, and qualitative variables were described using absolute and relative frequencies. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate whether the distributions of continuous variables were normal. The differences between two groups in terms of continuous variables were analyzed using Independent Samples t test. Additionally, the differences between more than two groups in terms of continuous variables were analyzed using the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). For post-hoc pairwise comparisons between the groups, the Tukey HSD test was used. The chi-square test was used to determine whether there was a relationship between qualitative variables. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationships between echocardiographic data and SII index.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>Demographic, clinical characteristics and laboratory data were compared between the PAH and control groups. There was no significant difference between the groups in age, gender, body mass index (BMI), comorbid diseases, HT, DM, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dyslipidemia and CAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). On the other hand, there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of PAH-specific treatments.</p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Distribution of the basic characteristics of the groups</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
					<colgroup width="25%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
							<th align="left" valign="middle">variable</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">PAH (n:43)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Control (n:67)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Gender (female, n%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">32(74.4)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">39(58.2)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.083</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years, mean±SD)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">42.42±12.4</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">42.88±9.8</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.828</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">BMI (kg/m2, mean±SD)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">30.21±6.20</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">32.72±8.08</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.291</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">HT (n%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">20(46.5)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">24(35.8)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.264</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Hyperlipidemia (n%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">7(10.4)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">11(25.6)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.168</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">DM (n%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">6(14)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">15(22.4)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.272</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">CAD (n%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">8(18.6)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">15(22.4)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.634</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Asthma (n%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">6(14)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3(4.5)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.077</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Betablocker (n%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">18(41.9)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">15(22.4)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.030</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">CCB (n%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">14(32.6)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">8(11.9)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.008</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">ACEi/ARB (n%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">13(30.2)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">21(31.3)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.902</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN1">
						<p>BMI: Body Mass Index; CAD: Coronary Arteries Disease; ACEi: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin Receptor Blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker; HT: Hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>There were significant differences between the groups in terms of laboratory and echocardiographic parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Accordingly, among the laboratory parameters, neutrophil count, creatinine, uric acid, C-reactive protein (CRP), N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels and SII index values (1054.15±439.99) vs. 506.7±180.55 p&lt;0.001) were significantly higher in the PAH group than in the control group. In addition, among the echocardiographic parameters, TRV, left atrial (LA) diameter, sPAP, TAPSE, TAPSE/sPAP, RA area, RV-FAC, IVC diameter and PA diameter values were significantly higher in the PAH group than in the control group.</p>
			<table-wrap id="t2">
				<label>Table 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Comparison of laboratory, echocardiographic features and right heart catheterization parameters between the groups</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
					<colgroup width="25%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">PAH (n:43)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Control (n:67)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">13.99±1.53</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">13.37±1.53</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.053</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">WBC (X103/μl)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">7.66±2.19</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">8.05±2.47</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.400</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Neutrophil (X103/μl)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">5.42±1.66</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4.6±1.7</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.014</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Lymphocyte(X103/μl)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.44±0.54</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2.58±0.92</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Platelet (X103/μl)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">254.16±63.44</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">272.57±62.52</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.137</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Sodium (mmol/L)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">140.12±3.38</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">140.17±2.48</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.917</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Potassium(mmol/L)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4.36±0.45</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4.36±0.32</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.981</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Uric Acid (mg/dl)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">19.24±13.52</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">14±4.82</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.004</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.88±0.33</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.75±0.16</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.006</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">CRP (mg/L)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">14.35±14.87</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">6.00±6.44</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">TSH (ng/dL)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2.14±1.64</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.96±0.96</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.463</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">T4 (ng/dL)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.36±0.27</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.44±1.21</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.689</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Triglyceride (mg/dL)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">116.07±45.47</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">121.81±78.83</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.666</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">LDL cholesterol(mg/dL)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">101.98±46.83</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">107.63±32.42</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.456</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">ALT (U/L)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">25.27±0.65</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">23.45±0.76</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.202</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">AST (U/L)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">23.91±0.84</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">23.42±0.86</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.934</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Albumin (gr/dl)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4.1±0.5</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4.94±4.24</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.198</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP (ng/mL)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1133.84±690.45</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">30.17±14.97</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">SII</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1054.15±439.99</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">506.7±180.55</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">ASAO diameter (mm)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">35.19±4.46</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">33.09±6.3</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.061</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">58.95±2.79</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">60.97±3.04</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">TRV (m/s)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3.88±0.71</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2.32±0.29</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">LA diameter (mm)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">39.93±4.57</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">35.33±5.67</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">sPAP (mmHg)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">61.98±21.55</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">24.85±6.68</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE (mm)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.24±0.33</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.75±0.11</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE/sPAP (mm/mmHg)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.22±0.14</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.3±0.51</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">RA area (cm2)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">52.21±7.28</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">12.86±2.61</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">RV-FAC (%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">24.20±3.61</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">44.44±2.69</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">IVC diameter (cm)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3.17±0.68</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.73±0.11</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">PA diameter (mm)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">32.76±4.82</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">18.44±4.51</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN2">
						<p>sPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity; RA: Right atrium; IVC: inferior vena cava; PA: pulmonary artery; LA: left atrium; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ASAO: ascending aorta; SII: systemic immune inflammatory index; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate transaminase; LDL: low density lipoprotein; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; CRP: C-Reactive Protein; WBC: White blood cell; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>Correlation analysis involving SII index and quantitative parameters, i.e. echocardiographic parameters, laboratory findings, and six-minute walk distance (6MWD) was carried out in the PAH group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Consequently, it was found that the SII index was moderately correlated with RV-FAC, sPAP, TRV, and NT-pro BNP. Additionally, SII was strongly correlated with the RA area, PA diameter, LA diameter, IVC diameter, TAPSE, TAPSE/sPAP, and 6MWD.</p>
			<table-wrap id="t3">
				<label>Table 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>The parameters associated with SII</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
					<colgroup width="33%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
							<th align="left" valign="middle">variable</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">RA area (cm2)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.822</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">PA diamater (mm)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.819</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">RV FAC (%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">-0.567</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">LA diameter (mm)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.937</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">sPAP (mmHg)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.593</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">IVC diameter (cm)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.869</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE (mm)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">-0.902</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE/sPAP(mm/mmHg)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">-0.831</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">TRV (m/s)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.662</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">6MWD (m)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">-0.905</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP (ng/mL)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.649</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">mPAP (mmHg)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.734</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">PVR (wood unit)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.767</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">CI (L/min/m2)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">-0.699</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">PAWP (mmHg)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">-0.831</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">RAP (mmHg)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.697</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">SvO2 (%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">-0.629</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN3">
						<p>sPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity; RA: Right atrium; IVC: inferior vena cava; PA: pulmonary artery; LA: left atrium; 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance, NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; CI: cardiac index; PAWP: pulmonary artery capillary wedge pressure; RAP: right atrial pressure; Sv02: mixed venous oxygen saturation.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Scatter plot diagrams of the relationship of RA area (r:0.8222, p&lt;0.001), RV FAC (r:-0.567, p&lt;0.001), TAPSE/sPAP (R-0.831, P&lt;0.001), TAPSE (R:-0.902, p&lt;0.001), sPAP (0.591, p&lt;0.001), IVC (r:0.869, p&lt;0.001) with SII index in PAH group.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20230086-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Considering the results of right heart catheterization in the group with PAH, SII index, mPAP, PVR, CI, PAWP, SvO2 values were strongly correlated.</p>
			<p>Analysis of PAH patients by WHO-FC revealed that echocardiographic and laboratory parameters of PAH patients with decreased FC also worsened significantly (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). The comparison of echocardiographic parameters, i.e., RA area, PA diameter, sPAP, IVC diameter, TAPSE and TRV between PAH patients classified as WHO-FC-I, WHO-FC-II and WHO-FC-III revealed significant worsening of FC (from FC I to FC III) of the PAH patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Similarly, the SII index increased (670.65±186.04<sup>a</sup>, 1375.87±138.15<sup>b</sup>, and 1712.02±124.77<sup>c</sup>, respectively, p&lt;0.001) as the FC of the PAH patients deteriorated from FC I to FC III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
			<table-wrap id="t4">
				<label>Tabela 4</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Comparação do SII e parâmetros ecocardiográficos de acordo com a CF</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
					<colgroup width="20%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Variável</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">CF I (n:14)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">CF II (n:18)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">CF III (n:11)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Área do AD (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">47,23±3,64 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">54,81±4,76 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">65,8±2,59 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Diâmetro da artéria pulmonar (mm)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">29,45±3,33 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">35,06±3,15 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">40±1,41 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">FAC do VD (%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">45±2,85 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">48,69±3,32 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">51,6±3,78 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP (ng/mL)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">663,27±214,34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1552±759,67<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1866,2±112,09 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Diâmetro do AE (mm)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">36,36±1,87 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">42,63±3,2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">47±1,22 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">48,86±10,57 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">71,88±19,14 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">88±27,06 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">VCI diameter (cm)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2,68±0,47 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3,53±0,35 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4,22±0,28 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE (mm)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1,52±0,14 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1,01±0,19 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0,74±0,04 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE/sPAP (mm/mmHg)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0,34±0,07 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0,11±0,08 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0,08±0,06 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">TRV (m/s)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3,42±0,27 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4,24±0,63 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4,78±0,86 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Neutrófilos (X103/μl)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4,73±1,18 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">6,22±2,01 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">5,93±1 <sup>ab</sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0,003</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Linfócitos (X103/μl)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1,63±0,54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1,28±0,51 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1,11±0,36 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Plaquetas (X103/μl)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">226,5±66,09 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">273,94±46,43 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">312,6±34,66 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">TC6M (m)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">536,82±82,26 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">252,25±68,97 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">138±15,12 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Índice SII</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">670,65±186,04 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1375,87±138,15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">b</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1712,02±124,77<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref>
							</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN4">
						<label>a, b, c</label>
						<p>letras iguais indicam ausência de diferença significativa, e letras diferentes indicam diferença estatisticamente significativa</p>
					</fn>
					<fn id="TFN4a">
						<p>PSAP: Pressão Sistólica da Artéria Pulmonar; TAPSE: Excursão Sistólica do Plano do Anel Tricúspide; VRT: Velocidade de Regurgitação Tricúspide; AD: Átrio Direito; VCI: Veia Cava Inferior; AE: Átrio Esquerdo; FAC do VD: variação fracional da área do ventrículo direito; TC6M: Teste de Caminhada de seis mintuos; NT-proBNP: porção N-terminal do pró-hormônio do peptídeo natriurético do tipo B; CF: capacidade funcional.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>The box plot graphic shows increasing SII index from FC I to FC III in PAH group. SII: systemic immune-inflammation; FC: functional capacity.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20230086-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Dıscussıon</title>
			<p>The results of this study on the relationship between echocardiographic findings of PAH patients and the SII index revealed that the index was significantly and moderately correlated with sPAP, TRV, and RV-FAC, significantly and strongly correlated with RA area, PA diameter and IVC diameter, and significantly and very strongly correlated with LA diameter, TAPSE and TAPSE/sPAP. These findings are important in that they indicate that ECHO parameters change as the SII index increases.</p>
			<p>PAH is a progressive cardiopulmonary disease characterized by vaso-occlusive lesions and structural changes in the pulmonary circulation, essentially causing an increase in PA pressure. The pathogenesis of PAH is considered to be multifactorial and complex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Genetic causes, metabolic changes, embolic events, lung diseases, left heart disorders seem to play a role in the etiology of PAH. Then again, vasoconstriction due to inflammation in the early stage and vascular remodeling of the vessel wall in the final stage is detected in all PAH patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Vascular remodeling is characterized by irreversible tissue change including smooth muscle cells, PA endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Clustering of macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes has been observed around the pulmonary vessels of patients with PAH, indicating the importance of perivascular inflammation in vascular remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In fact, perivascular inflammation plays a role in all forms of PH. Changes in the structure and function of the endothelium in small to medium-sized pulmonary arterioles due to inflammation occur in conjunction with the growth of the neointimal, medial, and adventitial layers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Vascular stiffening, defined as the increased resistance of the arterial wall against these changes during blood flow, occurs as a result of pathological remodeling in both large proximal arteries and small distal arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The mechanical consequence of this structural change is decreased compliance in the proximal vessels and increased resistance to blood flow in the distal vessels, which leads to right heart failure due to high resistance to blood flow. The severity of the disease is related to vascular stiffness. In fact, both experimental studies and studies conducted with PAH patients indicated that vascular stiffness increases with inflammation. In one of these studies, it was demonstrated that inflammation antagonist treatments significantly reduced aortic stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In another study, it was shown that plasma CRP levels were high in patients with chronic thromboembolic PAH and that such increase was correlated with the accumulation of endothelial neutrophils and macrophages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Similarly, the correlations found between SII index, a systemic inflammation marker, and the ECHO parameters of PAH patients in this study, and the fact that their neutrophil and lymphocyte counts and CRP values were significantly higher than those of control subjects indicate the effect of inflammation on PAH.</p>
			<p>The SII index used in this retrospective study fully demonstrates the balance between the immune and inflammatory states of the host.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> SII index, which has been extensively used in the literature, is accepted as an important marker in determining the risk of pulmonary embolism <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>, and prognosis in cancer patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> However, there is no study in the literature that addressed SII index in the context of PAH. Therefore, this is the first study to evaluate the SII index together with ECHO parameters in the diagnosis and follow-up of PAH, and to demonstrate the relationship of the SII index with PAH severity and right ventricular functions.</p>
			<p>PAH is a progressive cardiopulmonary disease in which obliterative changes in small to medium pulmonary arterioles are common. Changes occur in the structure and function of the endothelium with the growth of the neointimal, medial, and adventitial layers, resulting in an occlusive arteriopathy associated with high resistance to blood flow, right heart failure, and death. ECHO is an easily applicable non-invasive method for the measurement of many variables associated with PA pressure and right heart hemodynamics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Right atrium dilates due to right ventricular failure, increased right ventricular diastolic pressure and functional tricuspid regurgitation in PAH patients, and increased RA size is one of the indicators of poor prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In this study, the RA area, PA diameter, and TRV values were found to be significantly higher in PAH patients than in control subjects. Additionally, FAC and TAPSE, which are used for the echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular systolic function, were found to be significantly reduced in PAH patients. These findings indicated that the ECHO parameters used in the diagnosis and follow-up of PAH changed in the negative direction as the SII index value increased.</p>
			<p>Furthermore, in this study, PAH patients were divided into subgroups according to their functional capacities and the echocardiographic parameters were evaluated separately between the groups. Consequently, it was determined that the patients' functional capacities decreased and echocardiographic parameters deteriorated as the SII index increased. This finding can be explained by the deterioration in right heart functions in particular and the decrease in cardiac reserve and functions, in relation to SII index.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitations of the study</title>
				<p>The single-center and retrospective design and the relatively low number of patients were the primary limitations of this study. Secondly, subgroup analysis of patients with PAH was not performed. Thirdly, mortality of the patients was not evaluated. In the “PAH” patient cohort, the LA size was larger than in the control group and it also increased significantly and abnormally with the worsening of the WHOFC. One possible explanation for this is that we did not evaluate, in the PAH patients, the presence of others comorbidities known to contribute to the worsening of heart failure FC, like atrial fibrillation and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction . Therefore, more comprehensive studies including a larger number of patients are needed to corroborate the findings of this study.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusıon</title>
			<p>This study is the first in the literature to show that inflammation is an important cause of PAH development and that there is a relationship between the SII index and ECHO parameters in PAH patients. SII index, as a simple, inexpensive, noninvasive and easily accessible biochemical parameter, may be useful in preventing the progression of PAH and determining the treatment strategy, especially in centers where ECHO cannot be not performed.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn2">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Clinical Research Ethics Committee under the protocol number 23-KAEK-127. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgments</title>
			<p>We thank our families for their contributions.</p>
		</ack>
		<sec>
			<title>Higlights of the Study</title>
			<list list-type="order">
				<list-item>
					<p>The SII index was found to be significantly higher in PAH patients compared to the control subjects.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Considering that the SII index is high in PAH patients, it may be a helpful marker in the diagnosis of PAH.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>The SII index correlates with worsening ECHO parameters in patients with PAH who develop right ventricular heart failure.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>The SII index may be an important parameter in the diagnosis and follow-up of PAH patients who cannot undergo ECHO.</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
		</sec>
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			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Relação Entre Parâmetros Ecocardiográficos e o öÍndice de Inflamação Imune Sistêmica em Pacientes com Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6209-1732</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ömür</surname>
						<given-names>Sefa Erdi</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados e obtenção de financiamento</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6840-5459</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tapar</surname>
						<given-names>Gulsen Genc</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados e obtenção de financiamento</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1444-4687</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Yilmaz</surname>
						<given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-2403-0450</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bektaş</surname>
						<given-names>Abdullah Emre</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1322-2716</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Demir</surname>
						<given-names>Osman</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Tokat</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="TR">Turquia</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Tokat Gaziosmanpasa Universitesi,1 Tokat – Turquia</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Sefa Erdi Ömür •</bold> Tokat Gaziosmanpasa Universitesi, <postal-code>60250</postal-code> - Turquia E-mail: <email>sefaerdi61@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar</kwd>
				<kwd>Inflamação</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A Hipertensão Pulmonar (HP) é um termo usado para descrever um grupo de doenças manifestadas por diferentes mecanismos e caracterizadas por um aumento anormal na pressão no sistema arterial pulmonar. Ela é clinicamente categorizada em cinco subgrupos. Estima-se que a HP, cuja incidência aumenta com a idade, afete 1% da população mundial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e que a incidência e a prevalência sejam diferentes entre os subgrupos de HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nos pacientes com HP, dados da eletrocardiografia (ECG) e níveis de peptídeo natriurético são incluídos em um algoritmo de diagnóstico. O ecocardiograma (ECO), uma ferramenta de avaliação não invasiva, é muito öştil na avaliação de pacientes com Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar (HAP). Os achados do ECO podem ser interpretados de acordo com as diretrizes da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC) de 2022 sobre HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A Pressão Sistólica da Artéria Pulmonar (PSAP), a Velocidade de Regurgitação Tricöşspide (VRT), o tamanho das câmaras cardíacas direitas, a Excursão Sistólica do Plano do Anel Tricöşspide (TAPSE), e a razão TAPSE/PSAP são os achados ecocardiográficos mais importantes que sugerem HP. Um valor de TAPSE baixo indica insuficiência cardíaca direita, enquanto um valor de VRT alto indica um aumento na pressão de enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo. A razão TAPSE/PSAP é um novo parâmetro ecocardiográfico que recentemente começou a ser utilizado no contexto da HAP. O parâmetro contribui para o diagnóstico de HAP refletindo a relação entre o ventrículo direito (VD) e a artéria pulmonar de maneira não invasiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O öÍndice de Inflamação Imune Sistêmica (SII, do inglês <italic>systemic immune-inflammation index</italic>) é um marcador inflamatório definido recentemente e associado com várias doenças malignas, Doença Arterial Coronariana (DAC), doenças reumatológicas e hipertensão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O índice SII é calculado usando contagens de neutrófilos, linfócitos e plaquetas obtidas do hemograma. Ele reflete duas vias celulares diferentes, a série mieloide e a série linfoide, que interagem entre si. Também foi demonstrado que o índice SII está associado com o risco, a gravidade, e o desenvolvimento de DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em termos fisiopatológicos, acredita-se que o índice SII reflita o equilíbrio entre a inflamação e a resposta imune.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Há evidência crescente na literatura de que a inflamação exerce um papel na patogênese da HAP. Células endoteliais no sistema arterial pulmonar estão envolvidas nessa inflamação. Níveis séricos aumentados de citocina causam disfunção endotelial, vasoconstrição e aumento no enchimento vascular. Além disso, pacientes com HAP apresentam níveis aumentados de células inflamatórias nos espaços perivasculares e de citocinas inflamatórias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Contudo, uma revisão extensa da literatura não revelou nenhum estudo sobre a relação entre o índice SII e HAP. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo é contribuir para a literatura avaliando o índice SII, um marcador de baixo custo e acessível da inflamação, e a relação entre índice SII, HAP e dados ecocardiográficos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materiais e métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>População e amostra</title>
					<p>A população deste estudo transversal retrospectivo consistiu em 130 pacientes que foram atendidos no consultório de cardiologia entre abril de 2016 e abril de 2023 e foram diagnosticados com HAP. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética do hospital universitário local. O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os princípios da Declaração de Helsinki.</p>
					<p>Cateterismo cardíaco direito foi realizado para o diagnóstico de HAP. Pacientes com uma Pressão Média da Artéria Pulmonar (PMAP) maior que 20 mmHg, Pressão Capilar Pulmonar (PCP) inferior a 15 mmHg, e Resistência Vascular Pulmonar (RVP) maior que 2,0 Woods foram diagnosticados com HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A Pressão Atrial Direita (PAD), a PMAP e a PCP dos pacientes foram registradas sequencialmente. O öÍndice Cardíaco (IC) foi calculado pelo método de Fick. A RVP foi calculada com a fórmula PMAP – PCP)x80/Q.</p>
					<p>Foram excluídos indivíduos com idade inferior a 18 anos, com infecção aguda ou sepse, infecção pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV), hipertensão portal, doença arterial periférica induzida por droga ou toxina, insuficiência cardíaca, embolismo pulmonar, doença valvar grave, doença maligna, distöşrbio da coagulação, acidente vascular cerebral agudo ou crônico, doenças do armazenamento (doença do armazenamento lisossomal, lipidoses, doença de armazenamento do glicogênio, etc.), Diabetes Mellitus (DM) não controlada (hemoglobina glicada &gt;7), doença renal aguda, doença renal terminal, anemia grave, síndrome coronária aguda recente (primeiros seis meses), doença renal aguda, doença renal terminal, anemia grave, síndrome coronária aguda recente (primeiros seis meses) ou DAC (estenose &gt;30% em qualquer artéria coronária) foram excluídos do estudo. Além disso, dez pacientes que não aceitaram a participar do estudo e outros dez pacientes com dados faltantes foram excluídos do estudo. No final, o grupo com HP foi composto de 43 pacientes diagnosticados com HAP. Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com a Capacidade Funcional (CF) da Organização Mundial da Saöşde (OMS-CF). O grupo controle consistiu de 67 pacientes atendidos na clínica de cardiologia com dispneia e não foram diagnosticados com HAP, pareados por idade com os pacientes com HAP.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação ecocardiográfica</title>
					<p>Avaliações ecocardiográficas do grupo de pacientes com HAP e do grupo controle foram realizadas em nosso centro, utilizando um aparelho Vivid S5 ECHO (General Electric, Milwaukee, WI, EUA), com um transdutor de 2,5-3,5 MHz, com os pacientes posicionados na posição de decöşbito lateral. Todas as medidas de ecodoppler e de Doppler tecidual foram realizadas durante a respiração normal. Todos os dados de ECO bidimensional, Doppler colorido, Doppler de onda contínua, Doppler de onda pulsada foram revisados e registrados retrospectivamente por três ecocardiografistas com experiência em HP, cegos quanto aos participantes. A Fração de Ejeção do Ventrículo Esquerdo (FEVE) de todos os participantes foi calculada usando o método de Simpson modificado.</p>
					<p>As medidas do átrio esquerdo foram realizadas em corte eixo longo paraesternal; as dimensões da raiz da aorta ascendente e do Átrio Direito (AD) foram medidas no fim da diástole, no corte apical de quatro câmaras com foco no VD. As dimensões do AD foram obtidas usando parâmetros da área sistólica do AD; o diâmetro na base e no meio do VD foi medido seguindo-se os critérios da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography and European Society of Cardiovascular Imaging</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O diâmetro diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo também foi medido, e a área do AD calculada. O diâmetro da artéria pulmonar foi medido do corte paraesternal eixo curto e correlacionado com o resultado da angiotomografia pulmonar. No plano de eixo longo subxifoide, a imagem e as medidas da Veia Cava Inferior (VCI) foram realizadas com a sonda posicionada sobre o lóbulo esquerdo na área subxifoide.</p>
					<p>A PSAP estimada foi calculada com base no gradiente de pressão de regurgitação tricöşspide, calculada a partir da taxa de pico de fluxo da regurgitação tricöşspide usando a equação de Berenoulli. A TAPSE e a variação fracional da área do VD (FAC, do inglês <italic>fractional area change</italic>) foram calculadas no corte apical de quatro câmaras com foco no VD.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Parâmetros laboratoriais e demográficos e marcadores inflamatórios</title>
					<p>Os parâmetros bioquímicos foram avaliados automaticamente usando um analisador hematológico Beckman Coulter LH-750 (Beckman Coulter, Inc, Fullerton, CA, EUA). O perfil lipídico foi avaliado usando métodos padronizados. Pacientes que apresentaram um valor de Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade (LDL) acima de 130 mg/dL e eram tratados, ou se haviam sido previamente diagnosticados com hipercolesterolemia foram considerados ter hipercolesterolemia. Pacientes previamente diagnosticados com DM por um endocrinologista com base nos critérios da American Diabetes Association<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> foram considerados diabéticos. Pacientes com pressão arterial sistólica/diastólica acima de 140/90mmHg como o resultado de medidas repetidas ou que foram previamente diagnosticados com hipertensão e iniciaram tratamento para hipertensão foram considrados hipertensos.</p>
					<p>Dados do tratamento e desfechos do cateterismo cardíaco direito dos pacientes foram obtidos do sistema de registro do hospital universitário.</p>
					<p>O índice SII foi calculado usando a seguinte fórmula: contagem de plaquetas x contagem de neutrófilos/contagem de linfócitos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>As análises estatísticas dos dados coletados foram realizadas usando o programa SPSS 22.0 (<italic>Statistical Product and Service Solutions for Windows</italic>, Version 22.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, U.S., 2013). Uma probabilidade (<italic>p</italic>) &lt; 0.05 indicou significância estatística. As variáveis quantitativas foram expressas como média ± Desvio Padrão (DP) e as variáveis qualitativas como nöşmeros e porcentagens. As variáveis contínuas foram descritas como média ± DP por apresentarem uma distribuição normal, e as variáveis qualitativas foram descritas como frequência absoluta ou relativa. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para avaliar se as distribuições das variáveis contínuas eram normais. As diferenças entre dois grupos em termos de variáveis contínuas foram analisadas usando o teste t para amostras independentes. Além disso, diferenças nas variáveis contínuas entre três ou mais grupos foram analisadas usando a análise de variância (ANOVA). Para as comparações pareadas post-hoc, foi utilizado o teste de Tukey HSD. O teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para determinar se havia uma relação entre as variáveis qualitativas. A análise de correlação de Pearson foi usada para determinar as relações entre os dados ecocardiográficos e o índice SII.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Os dados demográficos, clínicos e laboratoriais foram comparados entre os grupos HAP e controle. Não houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos quanto a idade, sexo, öÍndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), comorbidades, hipertensão, DM, asma, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, dislipidemia e DAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>). Por outro lado, houve uma diferença significativa entre os grupos em termos de tratamentos específicos da hipertensão.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Distribuição das características basais dos grupos</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Variável</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">HAP (n:43)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Control (n:67)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo (feminino, n%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">32(74,4)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">39(58,2)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,083</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos, média±DP)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">42,42±12,4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">42,88±9,8</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,828</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, média±DP)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">30,21±6,20</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">32,72±8,08</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,291</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertensão (n%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">20(46,5)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">24(35,8)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,264</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Hiperlipidemia (n%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7(10,4)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">11(25,6)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,168</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">DM (n%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6(14)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">15(22,4)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,272</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">DAC (n%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">8(18,6)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">15(22,4)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,634</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Asma (n%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6(14)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3(4,5)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,077</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Betabloqueador (n%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">18(41,9)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">15(22,4)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,030</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">BCC (n%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">14(32,6)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">8(11,9)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,008</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">ACEi/BRA (n%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">13(30,2)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">21(31,3)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,902</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>IMC: Índice de Massa Corporal; DAC: Doença Arterial Coronariana; ACEi: Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina; BRA: Bloqueador de Receptor de Angiotensina; BCC: Bloqueador de Canal de Calcio; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; HAP: Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos quanto aos parâmetros ecocardiográficos e laboratoriais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). Entre os parâmetros laboratoriais, contagem de neutrófilos, valores de creatinina, ácido öşrico, proteína C reativa, porção N-terminal do pró-hormônio do peptídeo natriurético do tipo B (NT-proBNP), e o índice SII (1054,15±439,99) vs. 506,7±180,55 p&lt;0,001) foram significativamente maiores no grupo com HAP que no grupo controle. Além disso, entre os parâmetros ecocardiográficos, VRT, diâmetro atrial esquerdo, valores de PSAP, TAPSE, TAPSE/PSAP, FAC do VD, diâmetro da VCI e diâmetro da artéria pulmonar foram significativamente mais altos no grupo com HAP em comparação ao grupo controle.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t6">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparação das características laboratoriais, ecocardiográficas e do cateterismo cardíaco direito entre o grupo de pacientes com HAP e o grupo controle</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Variável</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">HAP (n:43)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Controle (n:67)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">13,99±1,53</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">13,37±1,53</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,053</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Leucócitos (X103/μl)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7,66±2,19</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">8,05±2,47</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,400</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Neutrófilos (X103/μl)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">5,42±1,66</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4,6±1,7</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,014</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Linfócitos (X103/μl)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,44±0,54</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2,58±0,92</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Plaquetas (X103/μl)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">254,16±63,44</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">272,57±62,52</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,137</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Sódio (mmol/L)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">140,12±3,38</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">140,17±2,48</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,917</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Potássio (mmol/L)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4,36±0,45</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4,36±0,32</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,981</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Ácido úrico (mg/dl)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">19,24±13,52</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">14±4,82</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,004</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,88±0,33</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,75±0,16</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,006</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PCR (mg/L)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">14,35±14,87</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6,00±6,44</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">TSH (ng/dL)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2,14±1,64</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,96±0,96</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,463</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">T4 (ng/dL)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,36±0,27</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,44±1,21</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,689</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Triglicerídeos (mg/dL)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">116,07±45,47</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">121,81±78,83</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,666</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">101,98±46,83</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">107,63±32,42</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,456</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">ALT (U/L)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">25,27±0,65</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">23,45±0,76</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,202</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">AST (U/L)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">23,91±0,84</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">23,42±0,86</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,934</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Albumina (gr/dl)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4,1±0,5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4,94±4,24</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,198</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP (ng/mL)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1133,84±690,45</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">30,17±14,97</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Índice SII</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1054,15±439,99</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">506,7±180,55</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Diâmetro da AA (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">35,19±4,46</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">33,09±6,3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,061</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">58,95±2,79</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">60,97±3,04</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">VRT (m/s)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3,88±0,71</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2,32±0,29</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Diâmetro do AE (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">39,93±4,57</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">35,33±5,67</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">61,98±21,55</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">24,85±6,68</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,24±0,33</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,75±0,11</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE/sPAP (mm/mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,22±0,14</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,3±0,51</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Área do AD (cm2)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">52,21±7,28</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">12,86±2,61</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">FAC do VD (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">24,20±3,61</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">44,44±2,69</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Diâmetro da VCI (cm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3,17±0,68</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,73±0,11</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Diâmetro da AP (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">32,76±4,82</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">18,44±4,51</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<p>PSAP: Pressão Sistólica da Artéria Pulmonar; AD: Átrio Direito; TAPSE: Excursão Sistólica do Plano do Anel Tricúspide; VRT: Velocidade de Regurgitação Tricúspide; VCI: Veia Cava Inferior; PA: Artéria Pulmonar; AE: Átrio Esquerdo; FEVE: Fração de Ejeção do Ventrículo Esquerdo; AA: Aorta Ascendente; índice SII: Índice de Inflamação Imune Sistêmica; ALT: Alanina Aminotransferase; AST: Aspartato Aminotransferase; LDL: lipoproteína de baixa densidade; TSH: Hormônio tireoestimulante; PCR: Proteína C Reativa; BNP: peptídeo natriurético cerebral; FAC do VD: variação fracional da área do ventrículo direito; HAP: Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>A análise de correlação envolvendo o índice SII e os parâmetros quantitativos, isto é, parâmetros ecocardiográficos, achados laboratoriais, e a distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) foi realizada no grupo com HAP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Consequentemente, observou-se uma correlação moderada do índice SII com FAC do VD, PSAP, VRT e NT-proBNP. Além disso, observou-se uma forte correlação do índice SII com a área atrial esquerda, o diâmetro da artéria pulmonar, o diâmetro atrial esquerdo, o diâmetro da VCI, TAPSE, TAPSE/PSAP, e TC6M.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t7">
					<label>Tabela 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Parâmetros associados com o SII</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
						<colgroup width="33%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Variável</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Área do AD (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,822</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Diâmetro da artéria pulmonar (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,819</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">FAC do VD (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,567</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Diâmetro do AE (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,937</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,593</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">VCI diameter (cm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,869</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,902</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE/PSAP(mm/mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,831</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">VRT (m/s)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,662</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">TC6M (m)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,905</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP (ng/mL)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,649</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PMAP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,734</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">RVP (wood unit)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,767</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">IC (L/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,699</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PCP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,831</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PAD (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,697</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">SvO2 (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,629</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN7">
							<p>AD: Átrio Direito; AE: Átrio Esquerdo; FAC do VD: variação fracional da área do ventrículo direito; TAPSE: Excursão Sistólica do Plano do Anel Tricúspide; PSAP Pressão Sistólica da Artéria Pulmonar; VCI: Veia Cava Inferior; VRT: Velocidade de Regurgitação Tricúspide; TC6M: Teste de Caminhada de seis mintuos; NT-proBNP: porção N-terminal do pró-hormônio do peptídeo natriurético do tipo B; PMAP: Pressão Média da Artéria Pulmonar; RVP: Resistência Vascular Pulmonar; IC: Índice Cardíaco; PCP: Pressão Capilar Pulmonar; PAD; Pressão Atrial Direita; Sv02: saturação mista do oxigênio venoso</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Diagramas de dispersão da relação da área do AD (r:0,8222, p&lt;0,001), FAC do VD (r:-0,567, p&lt;0,001), TAPSE/PASP (r:-0,902, p&lt;0,001), PSAP (r: 0,591, p&lt;0,001), VCI (r: 0,869, p&lt;0,001) com o SII nos pacientes com hipertensão arterial pulmonar. FAC do VD: variação fracional da área do VD; TAPSE: Excursão Sistólica do Plano do Anel Tricúspide; PSAP Pressão Sistólica da Arterial Pulmonar; VCI: Veia Cava Inferior; AD: Átrio Direito; SII: Índice de Inflamação Imune Sistêmica</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20230086-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Considerando os resultados do cateterismo cardíaco direito no grupo com HAP, houve uma forte correlação entre PMAP, RVP, IC, PCP, e valores de SvO2.</p>
				<p>A análise dos pacientes com HAP pelos critérios da OMS-CF revelou que os parâmetros ecocardiográficos e laboratoriais dos pacientes com HAP com diminuição da CF também pioraram significativamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>). A comparação dos parâmetros ecocardiográficos, isto é, área do AD, diâmetro da artéria pulmonar, PSAP, diâmetro da VCI, TAPSE e VRT entre os pacientes classificados como OMS-CF-I, OMS-CF-II e OMS-CF-III revelaram piora significativa na CF (CF I para CF III) dos pacientes com HAP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t8">
					<label>Tabela 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparação do SII e parâmetros ecocardiográficos de acordo com a CF</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
						<colgroup width="20%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Variável</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">CF I (n:14)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">CF II (n:18)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">CF III (n:11)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Área do AD (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">47,23±3,64 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">54,81±4,76 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">65,8±2,59 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Diâmetro da artéria pulmonar (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">29,45±3,33 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">35,06±3,15 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">40±1,41 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">FAC do VD (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">45±2,85 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">48,69±3,32 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">51,6±3,78 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP (ng/mL)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">663,27±214,34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1552±759,67<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1866,2±112,09 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Diâmetro do AE (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">36,36±1,87 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">42,63±3,2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">47±1,22 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">48,86±10,57 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">71,88±19,14 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">88±27,06 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">VCI diameter (cm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2,68±0,47 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3,53±0,35 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4,22±0,28 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,52±0,14 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,01±0,19 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,74±0,04 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE/sPAP (mm/mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,34±0,07 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,11±0,08 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,08±0,06 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">TRV (m/s)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3,42±0,27 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4,24±0,63 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4,78±0,86 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Neutrófilos (X103/μl)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4,73±1,18 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6,22±2,01 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">5,93±1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,003</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Linfócitos (X103/μl)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,63±0,54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,28±0,51 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1,11±0,36 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Plaquetas (X103/μl)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">226,5±66,09 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">273,94±46,43 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">312,6±34,66 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">TC6M (m)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">536,82±82,26 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">252,25±68,97 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">138±15,12 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Índice SII</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">670,65±186,04 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1375,87±138,15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1712,02±124,77<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN8">
							<label>a, b, c</label>
							<p>letras iguais indicam ausência de diferença significativa, e letras diferentes indicam diferença estatisticamente significativa</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN9">
							<p>PSAP: Pressão Sistólica da Artéria Pulmonar; TAPSE: Excursão Sistólica do Plano do Anel Tricúspide; VRT: Velocidade de Regurgitação Tricúspide; AD: Átrio Direito; VCI: Veia Cava Inferior; AE: Átrio Esquerdo; FAC do VD: variação fracional da área do ventrículo direito; TC6M: Teste de Caminhada de seis mintuos; NT-proBNP: porção N-terminal do pró-hormônio do peptídeo natriurético do tipo B; CF: capacidade funcional.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>De maneira similar, o índice SII aumentou (670,65±186,04<sup>a</sup>, 1375,87±138,15<sup>b</sup>, e 1712,02±124,77<sup>c</sup>, respectivamente, p&lt;0,001), à medida que a CF dos pacientes com HAP piorou de CF I para CF III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>O gráfico mostra o aumento do índice SII de CF I para CF III no grupo HAP. SII: Inflamação Imune Sistêmica; CF: capacidade funcional.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-37-01-e20230086-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Os resultados deste estudo sobre a relação entre achados ecocardiográficos dos pacientes com HAP e índice SII revelaram que o índice SII correlacionou-se de maneira significativa e moderada com PSAP, VRT, e FAC do VD, correlacionou-se significativamente e fortemente com área do AD, diâmetro da artéria pulmonar e diâmetro da VCI, e mostrou uma correlação muito forte e significativa com o diâmetro atrial esquerdo, TAPSE e TAPSE/PSAP. Esses achados são importantes por indicar que as mudanças nos parâmetros ecocardiográficos mudam à medida que o índice SII aumenta.</p>
				<p>A HAP é uma doença cardiopulmonar progressiva caracterizada por lesões vaso-oclusivas e alterações estruturais na circulação pulmonar, causando essencialmente um aumento na pressão da artéria pulmonar. A patogênese da HAP é considerada multifatorial e complexa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Causas genéticas, alterações metabólicas, eventos embólicos, doenças pulmonares, e insuficiência cardíaca esquerda parecem exercer um papel na etiologia da HAP. Mais uma vez, a vasoconstrição causada por inflamação no estágio inicial, e por remodelamento da parede do vaso no estágio final, é detectada em todos os pacientes com HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O remodelamento vascular é caracterizado por alterações irreversíveis no tecido incluindo células musculares lisas, células endoteliais da artéria pulmonar, e fibroblastos. O agrupamento de macrófagos, mastócitos, neutrófilos, linfócitos T, e linfócitos B foi observado ao redor dos vasos pulmonares dos pacientes com HAP, indicando a importância da inflamação perivascular e remodelamento vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> De fato, a inflamação perivascular exerce um papel em todas as formas de HP. Mudanças na estrutura e na função do endotélio em arteríolas de calibre médio e pequeno, causadas por inflamação, ocorre em conjunto com o crescimento das camadas neoíntima, média e adventícia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O enrijecimento vascular, definido como um aumento na resistência da parede arterial contra essas alterações durante o fluxo sanguíneo, ocorre como resultado de um remodelamento patológico tanto nas grandes artérias proximais como nas pequenas artérias distais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A consequência mecânica dessa alteração estrutural é uma redução na complacência nos vasos proximais e aumento da resistência ao fluxo sanguíneo nos vasos distais, o que leva à insuficiência cardíaca direito devido à alta resistência ao fluxo sanguíneo. A gravidade da doença está relacionada à rigidez vascular. De fato, tanto estudos experimentais como estudos conduzidos com pacientes com HÁP indicaram que a rigidez vascular aumenta com a inflamação. Em um desses estudos, foi demonstrado que tratamentos antagonistas da inflamação reduziram significativamente a rigidez aórtica em pacientes com artrite reumatoide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em outro estudo, mostrou-se que os níveis plasmáticos de Proteína C Reativa (PCR) eram mais altas em pacientes com HAP tromboembólica crônica e que tal aumento teve correlação com cöşmulo de neutrófilos e macrófagos no endotélio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Ainda, as correlações encontradas entre o índice SII, um marcador de inflamação sistêmica, e os parâmetros ecocardiográficos dos pacientes com HAP em nosso estudo, e o fato de suas contagens de neutrófilos e linfócitos e valores de CRP serem significativamente mais altos que em indivíduos controles indicam o efeito da inflamação sobre a HAP. O índice SII usado neste estudo retrospectivo demonstra o equilíbrio entre o status imunológico e o status inflamatório do hospedeiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> O índice SII, que tem sido extensivamente usado na literatura, é aceito como um importante marcador na determinação do risco de embolia pulmonar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e prognóstico nos pacientes com câncer e em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de <italic>bypass</italic> da artéria coronária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> No entanto, não há estudos na literatura que tenham abordado o índice SII no contexto da HAP. Assim, este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar o índice SII junto com parâmetros da ECO no diagnóstico e no seguimento da HAP, e a demonstrar a relação do índice SII com a gravidade da HAP e função do VD.</p>
				<p>A HAP é uma doença cardiopulmonar progressiva em que alterações obstrutivas nas arteríolas pulmonares médias e pequenas são comuns. Mudanças ocorrem na estrutura e na função do endotélio com o crescimento das camadas neoíntima, média, e adventícia, resultando em uma arteriopatia oclusiva associada com elevada resistência ao fluxo sanguíneo, insuficiência cardíaca e morte. O ECO é um método não invasivo e de fácil aplicação para a medida de muitas variáveis associadas com pressão arterial pulmonar e hemodinâmica cardíaca direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> O AD se dilata devido à insuficiência ventricular direita, aumento na pressão diastólica ventricular direita e regurgitação tricöşspide funcional em pacientes com HAP, e aumento do tamanho do AD é um dos indicadores de um prognóstico ruim.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Neste estudo, a área do AD, o diâmetro da artéria pulmonar, e os valores da VRT eram significativamente maior nos pacientes com HAP que nos controles. Além disso, FAC e TAPSE, usados para a avaliação ecocardiográfica da função sistólica do VD, apresentaram-se significativamente reduzidos nos pacientes com HAP. Esses achados indicaram que os parâmetros ecocardiográficos usados no diagnóstico e no seguimento da HAP mudaram para a direção oposta à medida que o valor do índice SII aumentou. Esse achado pode ser explicado pela deterioração na função cardíaca direita, em particular a redução na reserva e na função cardíaca, em relação ao índice SII.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações do estudo</title>
					<p>O delineamento unicêntrico e retrospectivo, e o nöşmero relativamente pequeno de pacientes foram as principais limitações deste estudo. Segundo, a análise por subgrupo dos pacientes com HAP não foi realizada. Terceiro, a mortalidade dos pacientes não foi avaliada. Na coorte de pacientes com HAP, o tamanho do átrio esquerdo foi maior que no grupo controle, e ele aumentou significativamente e anormalmente com a piora da CF pela OMS. Uma possível explicação para isso é que nós não avaliamos, nos pacientes com HAP, a presença de outras comorbidades que sabidamente contribuem a piora da CF da insuficiência cardíaca, como a fibrilação e insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada. Portanto, estudos mais abrangentes incluindo um maior nöşmero de pacientes são necessários para corroborar os achados deste estudo.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Este estudo é o primeiro na literatura a mostrar que a inflamação é uma importante causa de HAP, e que existe uma relação entre o índice SII e parâmetros ecocardiográficos em pacientes com HAP. O índice SII é um parâmetro bioquímico simples, de fácil acesso, não invasivo, de baixo custo, que pode ser öştil na prevenção da progressão de HAP e na definição da estratégia terapêutica, principalmente nos centros em que o ECO não pode ser realizado.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<p><bold>Vinculação Acadêmica</bold></p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pósgraduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<p><bold>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Clinical Research Ethics Committee sob o número de protocolo 23-KAEK-127. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimentos</title>
				<p>Agradecemos nossas famílias por suas contribuições.</p>
			</ack>
			<sec>
				<title>Destaques do estudo</title>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p>O índice SII foi significativamente mais alto nos pacientes com HAP em comparação aos indivíduos controles.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Considerando que o índice SII é alto nos pacientes com HAP, ele pode ser um marcador útil no diagnóstico de HAP.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>O índice SII correlaciona-se com a piora dos parâmetros ecocardiográficos em pacientes com HAP que desenvolvem insuficiência cardíaca ventricular direita.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>O índice SII pode ser um importante parâmetro no diagnóstico e no acompanhamento dos pacientes com HAP que não podem realizar um ECO.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>