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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">WcyqJpN8XTr7HyMLmry5R6f</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000302203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">02203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260090i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Microfistulas: Correlation Between Coronary Flow Steal, Positive Inotropic Effect, and Normalization of T-Wave Polarity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6650-1292</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Sebastiao de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9292-2894</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Di&#243;genes</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Cristina Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0780-2922</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;lia Esther Benevides</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1566-684X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chagas</surname>
            <given-names>Isadora Sucupira Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3566-1063</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Paiva Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Clinicardio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Clinicardio, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNINTA</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Itapipoca</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">UNINTA, Itapipoca, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Fortaleza</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Mailing Addres:</label> Jos&#233; Sebastiao De Abreu Clinic&#225;rdio de Fortaleza e Cardioexata. Rua Doutor Jose Louren&#231;o, 500. Postal code: 60115-280. Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>jsabreu10@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260090</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with microfistulas is a rare condition, and the incidence of multiple microfistulas draining into the left ventricle (LV) ranges from 0.07% to 0.09%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Diagnosis can be established via contrast ventriculography, coronary angiography, and echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Two-dimensional echocardiography with color and pulsed-wave Doppler allows visualization of microfistula flow and measurement of diastolic flow velocity (DFV) using the same approach as for the left anterior descending artery (LAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In apical HCM with microfistulas, electrocardiography (ECG) may show negative T waves of varying depths; this finding has been attributed to LV hypertrophy itself, myocardial ischemia, and coronary flow steal caused by the microfistulas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The interpretation of changes in T-wave polarity, whether at rest or under increased metabolic demand, remains controversial, limiting the utility of this finding as an indicator of ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In this context, negative T waves may become positive during physical or pharmacological stress echocardiography; however, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains uncertain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case report</title>
      <p>We report the case of a 61-year-old woman with hypertension and dyslipidemia who smoked and was undergoing irregular medical treatment. She sought cardiology assessment due to fatigue during strenuous exertion, without chest pain. She was in good general condition, with normal lung sounds, regular heart rhythm, a heart rate (HR) of 60 bpm, an audible fourth heart sound, no murmurs, and no edema; her blood pressure measured 190/90 mmHg. ECG showed sinus rhythm with T-wave inversion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1A</xref>). Echocardiography revealed marked HCM, predominantly apical, without dynamic obstruction. The patient was prescribed losartan, amlodipine, and a statin and advised to quit smoking.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Electrocardiographic tracings. Ventricular repolarization abnormality at baseline (A) and normalization of T-wave polarity during dobutamine stress echocardiography (B). After five years, the ventricular repolarization abnormality persists at baseline (C), and T waves become positive during physical exertion (D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-0090i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Four months later, she was referred for dobutamine stress echocardiography to assess myocardial ischemia. At baseline, myocardial contractility was normal. The LAD was clearly visualized, and DFV measured 54 cm/s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2A</xref>). Multiple other flow signals were observed in the LV apical region, but DFV was not recorded.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography of the LAD at baseline (A) and during dobutamine stress (B). Baseline pulsed-wave Doppler measurements in the LAD (C) and the microfistula (D). Prominent color Doppler flow through the microfistulas into the LV at baseline (E) is completely suppressed by the positive inotropic effect during physical exertion, whereas flow in the LAD (arrow) is preserved (F). HR: heart rate; PDV: peak diastolic velocity.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-0090i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>During stress, DFV in the LAD was recorded at a HR of 127 bpm and measured 99 cm/s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2B</xref>), whereas color flow in the microfistulas appeared attenuated or suppressed. The test concluded at a HR of 151 bpm; no ischemic manifestations or arrhythmias occurred (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f04">Video 1</xref>), and the negative T waves seen on the baseline ECG became positive (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref>). Despite these results, the attending physician requested coronary angiography, which showed normal, large-caliber coronary arteries; ventriculography was not performed at that time (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <media id="f04" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/WcyqJpN8XTr7HyMLmry5R6f/7ea8ec692db7d01c422e5e2aa36cc9b2693d0f93.mp4">
        <label>Video 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Dobutamine stress echocardiography was negative for myocardial ischemia at maximal heart rate. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_01.mp4</ext-link> </title>
        </caption>
      </media>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Normal epicardial coronary arteries.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-0090i-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>She remained stable over the following five years, despite reporting fatigue during strenuous exertion. She maintained controlled blood pressure, normal LV ejection fraction, and normal LV global longitudinal strain, with grade II diastolic dysfunction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The ECG showed marked T-wave inversion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1C</xref>), with variations in T-wave depth compared to the ECG performed five years earlier. She was referred for repeat supine bicycle stress echocardiography; the test began with a HR of 62 bpm, reached a workload of 75 watts, and achieved a peak HR of 115 bpm. The test was terminated due to physical exhaustion; no arrhythmias or signs of myocardial ischemia occurred, and the T waves progressively became positive on ECG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1D</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Baseline echocardiographic variables measured before exercise stress echocardiography</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Left ventricular ejection fraction, Simpson&#8217;s method (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;18.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Left atrial volume index (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Left atrial reservoir strain (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mitral Doppler E wave (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mitral E/A ratio</td>
                <td align="center">1.21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mitral E/E&#8242; ratio</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The highest flow velocities were obtained by optimizing alignment with the Doppler cursor. At baseline, DFV measured 56 cm/s in the LAD and 140 cm/s in the microfistula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2C and 2D</xref>). The prominent diastolic flow through the microfistula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2E</xref>) was completely suppressed when the HR reached 108 bpm, whereas flow through the LAD remained clearly visible in the LV apical region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2F</xref> and <xref ref-type="other" rid="f05">Video 2</xref>).</p>
      <media id="f05" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/WcyqJpN8XTr7HyMLmry5R6f/0c6aaa00343adbc66b7d69c318f453cd09d45f33.mp4">
        <label>Video 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; During physical exertion, flow through the microfistulas is completely suppressed, whereas flow through the LAD is preserved. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_02.mp4</ext-link> </title>
        </caption>
      </media>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Microfistulas constitute a vascular labyrinth, representing the persistence of embryonic sinusoids that are typically obliterated over the course of normal development. In apical HCM with microfistulas, a plexiform communication occurs between the coronary artery and the LV cavity, a rare association that often raises the possibility of myocardial ischemia. Symptoms suggestive of angina and the presence of a murmur may or may not be observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The ratio of stress DFV to resting DFV yields coronary flow velocity reserve, which was low (&lt; 2) in the LAD, a finding that could have resulted from impairment of either the epicardial coronary arteries or the microcirculation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In our case, although dobutamine stress echocardiography at maximal HR was negative for ischemia, a false-negative result was suspected.</p>
      <p>Given the possibility of myocardial ischemia in the presence of ECG T-wave pseudonormalization, coronary angiography was a plausible indication; however, it revealed large, normal epicardial coronary arteries.</p>
      <p>The value of T-wave polarity changes as an indicator of myocardial ischemia during stress is controversial. However, even at rest, conditions that might cause some form of ischemic memory are absent in our case.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> False-positive diagnoses of ischemia based on prominent ECG abnormalities should be avoided in patients with apical HCM and microfistulas. It is worth noting that the depth of these negative T waves can vary over time during routine follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This was observed in our case, although no specific explanation for these changes was identified.</p>
      <p>During dobutamine stress echocardiography, flow through the microfistulas appeared to be suppressed, but this was not given due attention at that time. Exercise stress echocardiography was performed using a supine bicycle, allowing for real-time echocardiographic monitoring. Once the HR reached 108 bpm, microfistula flow was completely suppressed; simultaneously, the T waves became positive on ECG, suggesting a correlation between these events. Conversely, flow through the LAD remained clearly evident.</p>
      <p>Even in the presence of grade II diastolic dysfunction, the positive inotropic effect on the LV during exercise stress echocardiography did not result in the suppression of diastolic flow through the epicardial coronary artery. However, the consequent rise in intracavitary pressure and the shortening of diastole likely contributed to the complete suppression of flow within the microfistulas. This microfistula flow has been considered coronary flow steal because there is no communication with the coronary network; rather, blood flows directly into the LV cavity without perfusing the myocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In our case report, we observed, for the first time, that this flow steal ceased following a moderate increase in LV contractile performance, which could contribute to the magnitude of clinical manifestations and the prognosis. However, we cannot infer that the suppression of flow steal is the sole determinant of normalization of T-wave polarity on ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In this case of apical HCM with microfistulas, the change in ECG T-wave polarity was not consistent with pseudonormalization or myocardial ischemia, as it occurred in the presence of normal epicardial coronary arteries and coincided with suppression of coronary flow steal through the microfistulas, despite the positive inotropic effect.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Study Association:</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
        <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225; under protocol number 6.312.526 (approved on 09/20/2023). All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
        <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <article-title>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica Apical com Microf&#237;stulas: Correla&#231;&#227;o entre Roubo de Fluxo, Inotropismo Positivo e Normaliza&#231;&#227;o da Polaridade da Onda T</article-title>
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          <name>
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          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
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      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01002"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Jos&#233; Sebastiao De Abreu Clinic&#225;rdio de Fortaleza e Cardioexata. Rua Doutor Jose Louren&#231;o, 500. CEP: 60115-280. Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: jsabreu10@yahoo.com.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) apical com microf&#237;stulas constitui uma patologia rara cuja incid&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplas microf&#237;stulas para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) varia entre 0,07% e 0,09%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O seu diagn&#243;stico pode ser efetuado por meio da ventriculografia contrastada, da coronariografia e da ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Por meio do ecocardiograma bidimensional com o Doppler colorido e o puls&#225;til, &#233; poss&#237;vel visualizar os fluxos das microf&#237;stulas e medir a velocidade do fluxo diast&#243;lico (VFD), da mesma forma que &#233; medida na coron&#225;ria descendente anterior (CDA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Na CMH apical com microf&#237;stulas, o eletrocardiograma (ECG) pode evidenciar ondas T negativas com profundidades vari&#225;veis, o que tem sido atribu&#237;do &#224; hipertrofia do VE por si, &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e tamb&#233;m ao roubo de fluxo coronariano pelas microf&#237;stulas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A modifica&#231;&#227;o da polaridade das ondas T do ECG, quando avaliada em condi&#231;&#227;o de repouso ou sob maior demanda metab&#243;lica, tem interpreta&#231;&#227;o controversa, o que compromete seu valor como indicador de isquemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, as ondas T negativas podem apresentar positiva&#231;&#227;o da polaridade durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse (EE) f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico, mas o poss&#237;vel mecanismo relacionado a esse fen&#244;meno permanece incerto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do caso</title>
        <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 61 anos, hipertensa, dislipid&#234;mica e tabagista em tratamento cl&#237;nico irregular procurou avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica com sensa&#231;&#227;o de cansa&#231;o aos grandes esfor&#231;os, sem queixa de dor tor&#225;cica. Bom estado geral, ausculta pulmonar normal, ritmo card&#237;aco regular, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de 60 bpm, presen&#231;a de quarta bulha e sem sopro, aus&#234;ncia de edema, press&#227;o arterial medindo 190 &#215; 90 mmHg. O ECG mostrava ritmo sinusal com invers&#227;o da polaridade das ondas T (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1A</xref>). O ecocardiograma evidenciou acentuada CMH predominantemente apical sem obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica. Foi medicada com losartana, anlodipina, estatina e orientada para suspender o tabagismo.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01002">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. Altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em condi&#231;&#227;o basal (A) e normaliza&#231;&#227;o da polaridade das ondas T durante o EE com dobutamina (B). Ap&#243;s cinco anos permanece a altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em condi&#231;&#227;o basal (C) e durante o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico ocorre a positiva&#231;&#227;o das ondas T (D).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-0090i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s quatro meses foi encaminhada ao EE com dobutamina para pesquisa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Em condi&#231;&#227;o basal a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica estava normal. A CDA foi bem visualizada e sua VFD mediu 54 cm/s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2A</xref>). Outros m&#250;ltiplos fluxos foram verificados na regi&#227;o apical do VE, mas a VFD n&#227;o foi registrada.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02002">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Doppler puls&#225;til na CDA em condi&#231;&#227;o basal (A) e durante o estresse com dobutamina (B). Registro em condi&#231;&#227;o basal do Doppler puls&#225;til na CDA (C) e na microf&#237;stula (D). O exuberante Doppler colorido das microf&#237;stulas para o VE em condi&#231;&#227;o basal (E) &#233; totalmente suprimido pelo aumento do inotropismo durante o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, enquanto o fluxo da CDA (seta) &#233; preservado (F). FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PVD: pico de velocidade diast&#243;lica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-0090i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Durante o estresse a VFD na CDA foi registrada com FC de 127 bpm e mediu 99 cm/s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2B</xref>), enquanto nesse momento o fluxo colorido nas microf&#237;stulas pareceu estar atenuado ou suprimido. O exame foi conclu&#237;do com FC de 151 bpm, n&#227;o ocorrendo manifesta&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mica ou arritmia (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f04002">V&#237;deo 1</xref>), enquanto as ondas T negativas do ECG basal tornaram-se positivas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1B</xref>). Apesar desse resultado, o m&#233;dico assistente solicitou a coronariografia, a qual mostrou coron&#225;rias normais e calibrosas, n&#227;o sendo realizada ventriculografia naquela ocasi&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <media id="f04002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/WcyqJpN8XTr7HyMLmry5R6f/7ea8ec692db7d01c422e5e2aa36cc9b2693d0f93.mp4">
          <label>V&#237;deo 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; EE com dobutamina negativo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_01.mp4</ext-link> </title>
          </caption>
        </media>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03002">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas normais.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-0090i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Apresentou evolu&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel durante os cinco anos seguintes, apesar de relatar cansa&#231;o aos grandes esfor&#231;os. Mantinha press&#227;o arterial controlada, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e strain global longitudinal do VE normais, padr&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau II (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>). No ECG a invers&#227;o das ondas T era bem evidente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1C</xref>), com varia&#231;&#245;es de suas profundidades em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ECG realizado h&#225; cinco anos. Foi encaminhada para nova avalia&#231;&#227;o no EE f&#237;sico em bicicleta supina (ciclomaca) que iniciou com a FC de 62 bpm, perfazendo 75 watts no esfor&#231;o e alcan&#231;ando FC de 115 bpm. O exame foi interrompido por exaust&#227;o f&#237;sica, sem manifestar arritmia ou sinais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, apresentando as ondas T do ECG progressivamente positivas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1D</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1002">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas medidas em condi&#231;&#227;o basal antes do ecocardiograma sob esfor&#231;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, m&#233;todo de Simpson (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Strain global longitudinal do VE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;18,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Strain de reservat&#243;rio do &#225;trio esquerdo (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda E do Doppler mitral (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/E&#8242; mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1002">
                <p>VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>As maiores velocidades de fluxo foram obtidas com o maior alinhamento poss&#237;vel com o cursor do Doppler. Em condi&#231;&#227;o basal a VFD mediu 56 cm/s na CDA e 140 cm/s na microf&#237;stula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figuras 2C e 2D</xref>). O exuberante fluxo diast&#243;lico da microf&#237;stula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2E</xref>) foi totalmente suprimido quando a FC alcan&#231;ou 108 bpm, enquanto o fluxo na CDA permaneceu bem visualizado na regi&#227;o apical do VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2F</xref> e <xref ref-type="other" rid="f05002">V&#237;deo 2</xref>).</p>
        <media id="f05002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/WcyqJpN8XTr7HyMLmry5R6f/0c6aaa00343adbc66b7d69c318f453cd09d45f33.mp4">
          <label>V&#237;deo 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Durante o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico os fluxos das microf&#237;stulas s&#227;o totalmente suprimidos e o da CDA &#233; preservado. link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_02.mp4</ext-link> </title>
          </caption>
        </media>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A microf&#237;stula constitui um labirinto vascular, representando a persist&#234;ncia de sinusoides embrion&#225;rios que geralmente s&#227;o obliterados no desenvolvimento normal. Na CMH apical com microf&#237;stulas ocorre uma comunica&#231;&#227;o plexiforme entre a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e a cavidade do VE, constituindo uma associa&#231;&#227;o rara, na qual a possibilidade de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica costuma ser evocada. Sintomas sugestivos de angina e o registro de sopro podem ser verificados ou n&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Dividindo a VFD medida no estresse pela registrada em repouso, obt&#233;m-se a reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano, a qual foi baixa (&lt; 2) na CDA, o que tanto poderia ter decorrido do comprometimento das coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas como da microcircula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em nosso relato de caso, apesar do EE com dobutamina em FC m&#225;xima ter sido negativo para isquemia, houve a hip&#243;tese de um resultado falso negativo.</p>
        <p>Em virtude da possibilidade de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica na presen&#231;a de pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o das ondas T do ECG, a indica&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia foi plaus&#237;vel; contudo, evidenciou coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas calibrosas e normais.</p>
        <p>&#201; controverso o valor da modifica&#231;&#227;o da polaridade das ondas T como indicativo de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica durante estresse. Todavia, mesmo em repouso, condi&#231;&#245;es que possam determinar alguma forma de mem&#243;ria isqu&#234;mica n&#227;o est&#227;o presentes em nosso caso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Deve ser evitado o diagn&#243;stico falso positivo de isquemia em pacientes com CMH apical com microf&#237;stulas, baseado na exuberante anormalidade do ECG. &#201; interessante ressaltar que a profundidade dessas ondas T negativas pode variar no decorrer do tempo durante o acompanhamento de rotina de um mesmo paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Esse fato tamb&#233;m ocorreu no nosso caso, mas n&#227;o h&#225; uma explica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para essas mudan&#231;as.</p>
        <p>Durante o EE com dobutamina o fluxo das microf&#237;stulas pareceu ficar suprimido, mas n&#227;o foi dada a devida aten&#231;&#227;o naquela ocasi&#227;o. O EE sob esfor&#231;o foi realizado em bicicleta supina (ciclomaca), o que permitiu um acompanhamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico em tempo real. Verificou-se que a partir da FC de 108 bpm o fluxo da microf&#237;stula foi totalmente suprimido, ao mesmo tempo em que houve a positiva&#231;&#227;o das ondas T do ECG, sugerindo uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre os eventos. Por outro lado, o fluxo na CDA permaneceu bem evidente.</p>
        <p>Mesmo na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau II, o efeito inotr&#243;pico positivo no VE durante o EE com exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o determinou supress&#227;o do fluxo diast&#243;lico da coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica. Contudo, o decorrente aumento na press&#227;o intracavit&#225;ria e o encurtamento da di&#225;stole devem ter contribu&#237;do para a supress&#227;o total do fluxo nas microf&#237;stulas. Esse fluxo das microf&#237;stulas tem sido considerado um roubo de fluxo porque n&#227;o h&#225; comunica&#231;&#227;o com a rede coronariana, sendo lan&#231;ado diretamente na cavidade do VE sem nutrir os mi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em nosso relato de caso foi interessante verificar pela primeira vez que o denominado roubo de fluxo deixou de ocorrer ap&#243;s um moderado aumento no desempenho contr&#225;til do VE, o que poderia contribuir para a magnitude das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e o progn&#243;stico. Contudo, n&#227;o podemos inferir que a supress&#227;o do roubo de fluxo &#233; o &#250;nico determinante de normaliza&#231;&#227;o da polaridade da onda T do ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nesse caso de CMH apical com microf&#237;stulas, a modifica&#231;&#227;o da polaridade da onda T do ECG n&#227;o foi compat&#237;vel com pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o ou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, visto que, apesar do adicional inotropismo positivo, ocorreu na presen&#231;a de coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas normais e concomitantemente &#224; supress&#227;o do roubo de fluxo pelas microf&#237;stulas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225; sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 6.312.526 (aprovado em 20/09/2023). Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
          <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
          <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
