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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pYyNDcPKp7TYZgzRjWFvPtM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000300602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2026007i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Multimodal Evaluation of Cardiac Myosin Inhibitor Response in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Using Echocardiography and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: A Meta-Analysis A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-5918-3873</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Victor de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, acquisition of data, and statistical analysis</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0619-4796</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Vitor Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4178-0651</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Henrique Cartaxo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-1092-4647</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Louise Freire de Albuquerque</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-6590-478X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Estrela</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Victor Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>project administration and supervision</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Jo&#227;o Victor de Oliveira Ramos</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba. Cidade Universit&#225;ria, n/a. Complexo Presidente Castelo Branco III. Postal code: <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>. Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>ramosjoaovictor9713@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Maria Otto</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260077</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiac Myosin Inhibitors (CMIs), including mavacamten and aficamten, represent a novel class of targeted therapies for obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (oHCM). Their effects on echocardiographic parameters and cardiopulmonary performance across Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) have not yet been systematically synthesized.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Primary echocardiographic outcomes included Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF), Left Ventricular Mass Index (LVMI), Interventricular Septal Thickness (IVST), E/e' septal ratio, and resting, Valsalva, and post-exercise Left Ventricular Outflow Tract gradients (LVOT-G). Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) outcomes were also assessed. Data were pooled using random-effects models and reported as Mean Differences (MDs) or Standardized Mean Differences (SMDs), with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Five RCTs comprising 767 participants were included. CMIs significantly reduced resting LVOT-G (MD: &#8722;37.59 mmHg), Valsalva gradients (MD: &#8722;46.45 mmHg), and post-exercise gradients (MD: &#8722;49.45 mmHg; all p &lt; 0.01). Reverse cardiac remodeling was reflected by reductions in LVMI (MD: &#8722;11.96 g/m&#178;), IVST (SMD: &#8722;0.98), and E/e' septal ratio (MD: &#8722;3.53), along with an expected modest reduction in LVEF (MD: &#8722;4.33%). CPET outcomes also improved significantly, including ventilatory efficiency (MD: &#8722;2.25), peak metabolic equivalents (METs) (MD: +0.45), peak circulatory power (MD: +482.78 mL/kg/min &#215; mmHg), and exercise duration (MD: +0.88 min; all p &lt; 0.01). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences between the agents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>CMIs promote reverse cardiac remodeling, improve hemodynamics, and enhance exercise tolerance in patients with oHCM, supporting their role as disease-modifying targeted therapies.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="52"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (oHCM) is a prevalent form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy characterized by asymmetric septal hypertrophy and dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction (LVOTO).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This condition leads to symptoms such as exertional dyspnea, chest pain, fatigue, and syncope, often resulting in reduced functional capacity and increased morbidity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Traditional pharmacological therapies &#8212; including beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and disopyramide &#8212; aim to alleviate symptoms by reducing contractility and LVOTO. However, their effects on disease progression and structural remodeling remain limited. Recently, Cardiac Myosin Inhibitors (CMIs), including mavacamten and aficamten, have emerged as targeted therapies capable of directly modulating sarcomeric function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Early clinical trials suggest that these agents improve hemodynamic parameters, relieve LVOT obstruction, and favorably affect cardiac structure and exercise capacity.</p>
      <p>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) plays a central role in assessing functional capacity in patients with oHCM by providing objective measures such as peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>peak) and ventilatory efficiency, both of which closely correlate with symptom burden and exercise tolerance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Similarly, echocardiographic parameters &#8212; including septal thickness, left atrial volume, and LVEF &#8212; serve as key indicators of myocardial structure and function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Although early studies suggest that CMIs improve these parameters, the magnitude and consistency of these effects across randomized clinical trials remain to be fully established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f6">
        <caption>
          <title>RCTs: Randomized Clinical Trials; CMIs: Cardiac Myosin Inhibitors; CPET: Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing; oHCM: Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-6007i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of CMIs on echocardiographic markers of left ventricular structure and function, as well as CPET outcomes, in patients with oHCM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocol and Registration</title>
        <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The study protocol was prospectively registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under registration number CRD420251078060.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eligibility Criteria</title>
        <p>We included RCTs and pre-specified or clearly identified post hoc analyses derived from RCTs that evaluated the effects of CMIs compared with placebo on CPET outcomes and left ventricular structure and function in patients with oHCM. No restrictions were applied regarding publication date, language, or geographic location. Studies were excluded if they contained incomplete or unavailable data, were conference abstracts, letters, expert opinions, case reports, review articles, duplicate publications, studies involving untreated patients, or animal studies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Search Strategy and Study Selection</title>
        <p>A systematic literature search was conducted in May 2025 using Cochrane CENTRAL, PubMed, and Embase. The search strategy included terms related to CMIs and oHCM (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">detailed in Supplementary Table 1</xref>). Study selection was performed in two stages using Rayyan. Titles and abstracts were screened first, followed by full-text assessment of potentially eligible studies. Both stages were conducted independently by two reviewers, with disagreements resolved by consensus or by consultation with a third reviewer.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes</title>
        <p>CPET outcomes included ventilatory efficiency (minute ventilation [VE]/carbon dioxide output [VCO<sub>2</sub>] slope during exercise), peak circulatory power (peak VO<sub>2</sub> &#215; peak systolic blood pressure), peak metabolic equivalents (METs), and exercise duration. Left ventricular structure and function outcomes included changes from baseline in resting, Valsalva, and post-exercise left ventricular outflow tract gradients (LVOT-G), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), interventricular septal thickness (IVST), and E/e' septal ratio. Subgroup analyses stratified according to study drug (mavacamten or aficamten) were performed whenever feasible. Two investigators independently extracted the data into Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, followed by cross-checking of the extracted information.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality and Risk of Bias Assessment</title>
        <p>The risk of bias of the included RCTs and eligible post hoc analyses derived from these trials was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 (RoB 2) tool for the specific outcomes of interest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> For post hoc analyses, particular attention was paid to the pre-specification of outcomes and the potential for selective outcome reporting. Disagreements between reviewers were resolved through discussion or, when necessary, by consultation with a third reviewer. Given the limited number of included studies, publication bias was not formally assessed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous outcomes were analyzed using Mean Differences (MDs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation and the I&#178; statistic, with p &lt; 0.05 or I&#178; &gt; 50% considered indicative of substantial heterogeneity. Pooled analyses were performed using both the inverse-variance common-effect model and the DerSimonian&#8211;Laird random-effects model, with statistical significance defined as p &lt; 0.05. Forest plots were generated to illustrate individual study estimates and pooled effect sizes. Meta-analyses were performed using RStudio (version 2023.12.1+402) and the meta package for data synthesis and visualization.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Search Results</title>
        <p>A total of 1,448 records were identified through database searching. After screening and eligibility assessment, five RCTs met the inclusion criteria, and their post hoc analyses were incorporated into the meta-analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>PRISMA flow diagram of the systematic review and meta-analysis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-6007i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study and Participant Characteristics</title>
        <p>The included studies comprised a total of 767 participants, with 403 assigned to the CMI group and 364 to the placebo group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Central Illustration</xref>). All trials were published between 2020 and 2024, and their main characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos e dados demogr&#225;ficos basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="7%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Study</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Number of Participants</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Males, %</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Age, years<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">&#8224;</xref> </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">NYHA functional class II vs III, %</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">LVEF, %<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">&#8224;</xref> </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"><italic>LVOT-G at rest</italic>, mm Hg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">&#8224;</xref></th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CMI</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CMI</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CMI</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CMI</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CMI</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CMI</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">EXPLORER-HCM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">123</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">128</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">58.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">58.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72 vs 28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74 vs 26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">EXPLORER-CN</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">82 vs 18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67 vs 33</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">VALOR-HCM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 vs 93</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 vs 93</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">REDWOOD-HCM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61 vs 39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">85 vs 15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SEQUOIA-HCM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">142</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">140</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76 vs 24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76 vs 24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55.3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Mean;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>Median; CMI: Cardiac myosin inhibitor; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVOT-G: left ventricular outflow tract gradient.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>LVEF</title>
        <p>LVEF was significantly reduced with CMIs (MD: &#8722;4.33%; 95% CI: &#8722;5.33 to &#8722;3.33; p &lt; 0.01; I&#178; = 0%), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>. Aficamten was associated with a slightly greater reduction (-5.00; 95% CI: &#8722;6.50 to &#8722;3.50) than mavacamten (-3.80; 95% CI: &#8722;5.14 to &#8722;2.47), although the subgroup difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.24).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Meta-Analysis of Left Ventricular Structural Outcomes. Results of the meta-analysis for (A) LVEF and (B) LVMI, comparing CMIs (aficamten and mavacamten) with placebo. Boxes are proportional to the weight of each study, and horizontal lines represent the corresponding 95% CIs. Diamonds represent the pooled MDs for each subgroup and the overall analysis, with diamond width corresponding to the 95% CI. Values to the left of the vertical line of no effect indicate reductions in these parameters, favoring treatment with CMIs. SE: Standard Error; MD: Mean Differences; CI: confidence intervals.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-6007i-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>LVMI</title>
        <p>A significant reduction in LVMI was observed in patients treated with CMIs compared with placebo (MD: &#8722;11.96 g/m&#178;; 95% CI: &#8722;17.72 to &#8722;6.19; p &lt; 0.01; I&#178; = 68.1%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>). Subgroup analysis showed similar effects for aficamten (MD: &#8722;12.20; 95% CI: &#8722;17.95 to &#8722;6.45) and mavacamten (MD: &#8722;11.49; 95% CI: &#8722;21.56 to &#8722;1.42), with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.90).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>IVST</title>
        <p>CMIs were associated with a moderate reduction in IVST (SMD: &#8722;0.98; 95% CI: &#8722;1.51 to &#8722;0.46; p &lt; 0.01; I&#178; = 48.3%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref>). Aficamten (SMD: &#8722;1.00; 95% CI: &#8722;1.65 to &#8722;0.35) and mavacamten (SMD: &#8722;0.85; 95% CI: &#8722;1.91 to 0.22) showed no significant subgroup differences (p = 0.81).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Meta-Analysis of Interventricular Septal Structural Outcomes. Results of the meta-analysis for (A) IVST and (B) E/e' septal ratio, comparing CMIs (aficamten and mavacamten) with placebo. Values to the left of the vertical line of no effect indicate reductions in IVST and E/e' septal ratio, favoring treatment with CMIs. SMD: Standardized Mean Differences; MD: Mean Differences; CI: confidence intervals; HCM: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy; SE: Standard Error.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-6007i-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>E/e' Septal Ratio</title>
        <p>A significant reduction in the E/e' septal ratio was observed (MD: &#8722;3.53; 95% CI: &#8722;4.35 to &#8722;2.71; p &lt; 0.01; I&#178; = 0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>). Aficamten (-3.60; 95% CI: &#8722;4.75 to &#8722;2.45) and mavacamten (-3.45; 95% CI: &#8722;4.62 to &#8722;2.28) yielded comparable results (p = 0.86).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resting LVOT-G</title>
        <p>CMIs significantly reduced resting LVOT-G (MD: &#8722;37.59 mm Hg; 95% CI: &#8722;47.35 to &#8722;27.83; p &lt; 0.01; I&#178; = 62.9%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4A</xref>). Sensitivity analysis (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Supplementary Figure 1</xref>) confirmed the robustness of this finding, with pooled MDs ranging from &#8722;35.10 to &#8722;39.83 mm Hg across all leave-one-out iterations. Heterogeneity varied from low to moderate (I&#178; = 23.5% to 71.1%), indicating that no individual study disproportionately influenced the overall effect estimate.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Meta-Analysis of LVOT-G Outcomes. Results of the meta-analysis for (A) resting LVOT-G, (B) Valsalva LVOT-G, and (C) post-exercise LVOT-G, comparing CMIs (aficamten and mavacamten) with placebo. Values to the left of the vertical line of no effect indicate lower LVOT-Gs, favoring treatment with CMIs. MD: Mean Differences; CI: confidence intervals; HCM: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy; SE: Standard Error.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-6007i-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valsalva LVOT-G</title>
        <p>CMIs were associated with a significant pooled reduction in Valsalva LVOT-G (MD: &#8722;46.45 mm Hg; 95% CI: &#8722;60.86 to &#8722;32.05; p &lt; 0.01; I&#178; = 76.6%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4B</xref>). Aficamten reduced the gradient by &#8722;40.05 mm Hg (95% CI: &#8722;60.79 to &#8722;19.31), whereas mavacamten reduced it by &#8722;51.83 mm Hg (95% CI: &#8722;75.49 to &#8722;28.17), with no significant difference between subgroups (p = 0.46). Leave-one-out analysis confirmed the robustness of the findings (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Supplementary Figure 2</xref>), with pooled effect estimates ranging from &#8722;41.39 to &#8722;50.43 mm Hg. Heterogeneity remained moderate to high (I&#178; = 50.3% to 83.4%) across all iterations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Post-Exercise LVOT-G</title>
        <p>CMIs were associated with significantly lower post-exercise LVOT-G (MD: &#8722;49.45 mm Hg; 95% CI: &#8722;74.93 to &#8722;23.98; p &lt; 0.01; I&#178; = 84.6%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4C</xref>). Leave-one-out analysis confirmed the robustness of these findings (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Supplementary Figure 3</xref>), with pooled effect estimates ranging from &#8722;56.99 to &#8722;37.10 mm Hg. Heterogeneity decreased substantially (I&#178; = 0%) after exclusion of the EXPLORER-CN study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ventilatory Efficiency</title>
        <p>CMIs significantly improved ventilatory efficiency compared with placebo (MD: &#8722;2.25; 95% CI: &#8722;2.87 to &#8722;1.63; p &lt; 0.01; I&#178; = 0%), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5A</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Meta-Analysis of CPET Outcomes. Results of the meta-analysis for (A) ventilatory efficiency, (B) peak circulatory power, (C) peak METs, and (D) exercise duration, comparing CMIs with placebo. MD: Mean Differences; CI: confidence intervals; HCM: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy; SE: Standard Error.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-6007i-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Peak Circulatory Power</title>
        <p>CMIs significantly increased peak circulatory power (MD: 482.78 mL/kg/min &#215; mm Hg; 95% CI: 274.05 to 691.51; p &lt; 0.01; I&#178; = 47.7%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5B</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Peak METs</title>
        <p>CMIs significantly increased peak METs (MD: 0.45 METs; 95% CI: 0.30 to 0.60; p &lt; 0.01; I&#178; = 0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5C</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise Duration</title>
        <p>Exercise duration was significantly longer in patients treated with CMIs (MD: 0.88 min; 95% CI: 0.53 to 1.24; p &lt; 0.01; I&#178; = 0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5D</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risk of Bias Assessment</title>
        <p>All included studies were judged to be at low risk of bias across all five domains assessed. Accordingly, the overall risk of bias was considered low for all studies. A detailed visual summary of the risk-of-bias assessment is provided in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Supplementary Figure 4</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This meta-analysis synthesizes high-quality evidence from RCTs demonstrating that CMIs &#8212; namely mavacamten and aficamten &#8212; significantly improve cardiopulmonary performance and cardiac structural parameters in patients with oHCM. These findings support the disease-modifying potential of CMIs by directly targeting sarcomeric hypercontractility, a central pathophysiological mechanism in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, rather than relying solely on negative chronotropic or vasodilatory effects.</p>
      <p>The molecular basis of oHCM is primarily driven by pathogenic sarcomeric variants &#8212; most commonly involving MYH7 and MYBPC3 &#8212; that increase the proportion of myosin heads in the Disordered Relaxed (DRX) state, leading to excessive actin&#8211;myosin cross-bridge cycling, increased myocardial ATPase activity, and augmented contractile force even at submaximal calcium concentrations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> This hypercontractile phenotype contributes not only to resting and provoked LVOT-G but also to chronically increased wall stress, myocyte disarray, and maladaptive hypertrophic remodeling, particularly involving the basal interventricular septum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>CMIs bind allosterically to the catalytic domain of &#946;-cardiac myosin, reducing the availability of myosin heads in the DRX state while promoting the super-relaxed state.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> This mechanism stabilizes sarcomeric energetics and directly attenuates contractile force without affecting calcium cycling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Unlike conventional therapies, such as &#946;-blockers and disopyramide, which reduce contractility indirectly through adrenergic or ionotropic modulation and may compromise systemic hemodynamics, CMIs act directly on the underlying molecular mechanism of disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The marked reductions in LVOT-G observed at rest, during the Valsalva maneuver, and after exercise demonstrate effective attenuation of the dynamic obstruction responsible for the hemodynamic burden of oHCM. The magnitude of gradient reduction (e.g., &#8722;37.6 mm Hg at rest and &#8722;46.5 mm Hg during the Valsalva maneuver) is comparable to that reported following septal reduction therapy. Furthermore, the consistency of these effects across different physiological conditions suggests sufficient suppression of basal hypercontractility to mitigate both resting and provocable gradients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Importantly, this gradient reduction translates into enhanced exercise capacity. Peak METs, peak circulatory power, and exercise duration all improved significantly following CMI therapy, with minimal between-study heterogeneity. These CPET parameters reflect integrated cardiovascular performance, encompassing preload reserve, myocardial contractile reserve, chronotropic competence, and peripheral oxygen utilization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Likewise, the improvement in ventilatory efficiency &#8212; a surrogate marker of pulmonary vascular coupling and left-sided filling pressures &#8212; suggests favorable effects on diastolic function and pulmonary vascular compliance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Beyond their hemodynamic effects, CMIs produced statistically and clinically significant reductions in IVST and LVMI, reinforcing their capacity to promote reverse cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> The reduction in septal thickness supports true structural regression rather than merely transient functional unloading. These structural changes were accompanied by improvements in diastolic function, as evidenced by lower E/e' septal ratios, an echocardiographic marker of reduced left ventricular filling pressures and improved ventricular compliance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Given the well-established association between elevated filling pressures and symptom burden in oHCM, these findings indicate that CMIs favorably affect both the mechanical and diastolic components of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The modest reduction in LVEF observed with CMI therapy should be interpreted within the appropriate clinical context. Patients with oHCM frequently exhibit supranormal ejection fractions (&gt; 70%), reflecting hypercontractile systolic mechanics rather than increased forward cardiac output.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> CMIs normalize sarcomeric force generation, reducing LVEF toward the physiological range while preserving stroke volume. Importantly, none of the included studies reported reductions in LVEF below the pathological threshold (&lt; 50%), indicating that this decrease reflects the intended pharmacological effect rather than myocardial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Although aficamten was associated with a slightly greater reduction in LVEF than mavacamten, this difference may be explained by its faster onset of action, shorter half-life (approximately 3 vs. 7 days), and lower interindividual pharmacokinetic variability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences between mavacamten and aficamten across structural and functional outcomes, suggesting a class effect attributable to their shared sarcomeric mechanism of action. Nevertheless, pharmacokinetic differences may influence clinical implementation, particularly with respect to dose titration, echocardiographic monitoring of LVEF, and potential drug&#8211;drug interactions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Heterogeneity was low to moderate across most analyses. The greater variability observed for Valsalva and post-exercise LVOT-G likely reflects differences in provocation protocols and baseline gradient severity among the included studies. Leave-one-out analyses confirmed the robustness of the pooled estimates, further supporting the internal validity of the findings.</p>
      <p>Collectively, these findings reinforce the role of CMIs as upstream modulators of oHCM pathophysiology, offering a pharmacological alternative to septal reduction therapy for patients with persistent gradients and symptomatic limitation despite guideline-directed medical therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Given their favorable effects on cardiac structure, function, and symptoms, CMIs may also hold promise as preventive therapy in genotype-positive individuals at high risk or in patients with early phenotypic expression, although this hypothesis remains investigational.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> In addition, CMIs may represent an attractive therapeutic option for patients who are ineligible for or unwilling to undergo septal myectomy or alcohol septal ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> Nevertheless, because of the potential for excessive LVEF reduction, careful echocardiographic monitoring remains essential during dose titration.</p>
      <p>Several limitations should be acknowledged. First, the number of included RCTs was relatively small, and follow-up periods were short, precluding conclusions regarding long-term outcomes such as heart failure progression, atrial fibrillation, or sudden cardiac death. Second, most studies excluded patients with advanced NYHA functional class, mid-ventricular obstruction, or apical variants, limiting the generalizability of these findings. Future studies should evaluate myocardial fibrosis and extracellular volume, incorporate genotype-stratified analyses, and investigate synergistic therapeutic strategies, including combinations of CMIs with RAAS inhibitors or antifibrotic agents. Finally, long-term registries will be essential to establish the long-term safety, cost-effectiveness, and durability of treatment response.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>CMIs significantly improve functional capacity and promote favorable cardiac remodeling in patients with oHCM by directly targeting sarcomeric hypercontractility, the central mechanism underlying LVOTO and myocardial hypertrophy. This meta-analysis demonstrates that mavacamten and aficamten reduce LVOT-G, improve diastolic function, and enhance exercise capacity, with consistent effects across both agents. These findings support the incorporation of CMIs as disease-modifying therapy for oHCM, although additional studies are warranted to establish their long-term clinical benefits and broader applicability.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
        <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
      <p>The underlying content of the research is contained within the manuscript.</p>
    </sec>
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        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/pYyNDcPKp7TYZgzRjWFvPtM/ad95272b188eb888e110e1d53c296697c9629685.pdf"/>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2026007</article-id>
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          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Multimodal da Resposta aos Inibidores da Miosina Card&#237;aca na Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica Obstrutiva por Meio de Ecocardiografia e TECP: Uma Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-5918-3873</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Victor de Oliveira</given-names>
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          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0619-4796</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Vitor Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4178-0651</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Henrique Cartaxo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-1092-4647</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Louise Freire de Albuquerque</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-6590-478X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Estrela</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Victor Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
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          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
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        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Jo&#227;o Victor de Oliveira Ramos</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba. Cidade Universit&#225;ria, n/a. Complexo Presidente Castelo Branco III. CEP: <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>. Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>ramosjoaovictor9713@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Maria Otto</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os inibidores da miosina card&#237;aca (IMCs), incluindo mavacamten e aficamten, representam uma nova classe de terapias-alvo para a Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva (CMH-o), cujos efeitos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e cardiopulmonares em Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Randomizados (ECRs) ainda n&#227;o foram sintetizados sistematicamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Realizar uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise de ECRs seguindo as diretrizes PRISMA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Os desfechos inclu&#237;ram Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (FEVE), &#205;ndice de Massa do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (IMVE), Espessura do Septo Interventricular (ESIV), rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' septal, gradientes do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (TSVE) e desfechos do Teste de Esfor&#231;o Cardiopulmonar (TECP). Os dados foram agrupados por meio de modelos de efeitos aleat&#243;rios e expressos como Diferen&#231;as M&#233;dias (DM) ou Diferen&#231;as M&#233;dias Padronizadas (DMP), com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Cinco ECRs, totalizando 767 participantes, foram inclu&#237;dos. Os IMCs reduziram significativamente os gradientes do TSVE em repouso (DM: &#8722;37,59 mmHg), durante a manobra de Valsalva (DM: &#8722;46,45 mmHg) e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio (DM: &#8722;49,45 mmHg; todos p &lt; 0,01). Observou-se remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural, com redu&#231;&#245;es do IMVE (DM: &#8722;11,96 g/m&#178;), da ESIV (DMP: &#8722;0,98) e da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' septal (DM: &#8722;3,53), al&#233;m de redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE (DM: &#8722;4,33%). O TECP demonstrou melhora da efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (DM: &#8722;2,25), do pico de equivalentes metab&#243;licos (METs) (DM: +0,45), da pot&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria (DM: +482,78 mL/kg/min &#215; mmHg) e da dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio (DM: +0,88 min; todos p &lt; 0,01). As an&#225;lises de subgrupos n&#227;o revelaram diferen&#231;as entre os agentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os IMCs promovem remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca reversa, melhora hemodin&#226;mica e aumento da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com CMH-o, refor&#231;ando seu papel como terapia-alvo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f12">
        <caption>
          <title>ECR: Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Randomizados; IMC: inibidores da miosina card&#237;aca; TECP: Teste de Esfor&#231;o Cardiopulmonar; CMH-o: Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-6007i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva (CMH-o) &#233; uma forma prevalente de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, caracterizada por hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica e obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da Via de Sa&#237;da do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VSVE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Essa condi&#231;&#227;o leva a sintomas como dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, dor tor&#225;cica, fadiga e s&#237;ncope, frequentemente resultando em redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional e aumento da morbidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os tratamentos farmacol&#243;gicos tradicionais como betabloqueadores, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio e disopiramida visam reduzir os sintomas por meio da diminui&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade e da obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE. No entanto, seus efeitos sobre a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e o remodelamento card&#237;aco permanecem limitados. Recentemente, os inibidores da miosina card&#237;aca (IMCs), incluindo mavacamten e aficamten, surgiram como terapias direcionadas capazes de modular diretamente a fun&#231;&#227;o sarcom&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os primeiros ensaios sugerem que esses agentes podem melhorar os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, aliviar a obstru&#231;&#227;o e promover efeitos ben&#233;ficos sobre a estrutura card&#237;aca e a capacidade funcional.</p>
        <p>O Teste de Esfor&#231;o Cardiopulmonar (TECP) desempenha papel central na avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional de pacientes com CMH-o, fornecendo medidas objetivas, como o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x) e a efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria, intimamente correlacionadas com a carga sintom&#225;tica e a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Paralelamente, par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos &#8212; incluindo espessura do septo interventricular (ESIV), volume do &#225;trio esquerdo e FEVE &#8212; constituem indicadores fundamentais da estrutura e da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Embora estudos iniciais sugiram que os IMCs possam promover melhorias nessas medidas, a magnitude e a consist&#234;ncia desses efeitos em ensaios cl&#237;nicos ainda precisam ser estabelecidas de forma mais robusta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise teve como objetivo sintetizar as evid&#234;ncias provenientes de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) sobre os efeitos dos IMCs nos marcadores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da estrutura e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, bem como nos desfechos do TECP em pacientes com CMH-o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo e Registro</title>
          <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise foi conduzida de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions e seguiu as diretrizes PRISMA (<italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O protocolo foi registrado prospectivamente no Registro Internacional Prospectivo de Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas (PROSPERO), sob o n&#250;mero CRD420251078060.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos ECRs e an&#225;lises <italic>post hoc</italic> pr&#233;-especificadas ou claramente identificadas como derivadas desses ECRs que avaliaram os efeitos dos IMCs em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo sobre desfechos relacionados ao TECP e &#224; estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em pacientes com CMH-o. N&#227;o foram aplicadas restri&#231;&#245;es quanto ao idioma, &#224; data de publica&#231;&#227;o ou &#224; origem geogr&#225;fica dos estudos. Foram exclu&#237;dos estudos com dados incompletos ou indispon&#237;veis, resumos de congressos, cartas ao editor, opini&#245;es de especialistas, relatos de caso, revis&#245;es, publica&#231;&#245;es duplicadas, estudos envolvendo pacientes n&#227;o tratados e estudos experimentais em animais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
          <p>A busca bibliogr&#225;fica sistem&#225;tica foi realizada em maio de 2025 nas bases de dados Cochrane CENTRAL, PubMed e Embase. Os termos de busca contemplaram os inibidores da miosina card&#237;aca e a CMH-o (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">descritos na Tabela Suplementar 1</xref>). A sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos foi realizada em duas etapas, utilizando o software Rayyan. Inicialmente, foi conduzida a triagem de t&#237;tulos e resumos, seguida da avalia&#231;&#227;o dos textos completos dos estudos potencialmente eleg&#237;veis. As duas etapas foram realizadas de forma independente por dois revisores, sendo as diverg&#234;ncias resolvidas por consenso ou por um terceiro revisor.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos de interesse</title>
          <p>Os desfechos relacionados &#224; estrutura e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo inclu&#237;ram altera&#231;&#245;es no gradiente da VSVE em repouso, durante a manobra de Valsalva e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha de base; altera&#231;&#245;es na Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (FEVE) e no &#205;ndice de Massa do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (IMVE); al&#233;m de redu&#231;&#245;es da ESIV e da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' septal. Os desfechos do TECP compreenderam a efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (redu&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto [VE]/produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono [VCO<sub>2</sub>] durante o exerc&#237;cio), a pot&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria de pico (pVO<sub>2</sub> &#215; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima), os equivalentes metab&#243;licos de pico e o tempo de exerc&#237;cio. Sempre que poss&#237;vel, foram realizadas an&#225;lises de subgrupos estratificadas de acordo com o medicamento utilizado (mavacamten ou aficamten). Dois autores realizaram, de forma independente, a extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados em planilhas do Microsoft Excel, seguida da confer&#234;ncia cruzada dos resultados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica e do risco de vi&#233;s</title>
          <p>O risco de vi&#233;s dos ECRs e das an&#225;lises post hoc eleg&#237;veis derivadas desses estudos foi avaliado por meio da ferramenta Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 (RoB 2), aplicada aos desfechos espec&#237;ficos de interesse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Nas an&#225;lises post hoc, foi dada especial aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; pr&#233;-especifica&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos e ao potencial risco de relato seletivo. As diverg&#234;ncias entre os revisores foram resolvidas por consenso ou mediante consulta a um terceiro revisor. Em raz&#227;o do n&#250;mero reduzido de estudos inclu&#237;dos, o vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi avaliado formalmente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os desfechos cont&#237;nuos foram analisados por meio de Diferen&#231;as M&#233;dias (DM), com respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC de 95%). A heterogeneidade foi avaliada por meio da estimativa de m&#225;xima verossimilhan&#231;a restrita (<italic>restricted maximum likelihood,</italic> ou <italic>REML</italic>) e da estat&#237;stica I&#178;, sendo considerados indicativos de heterogeneidade substancial valores de I&#178; &gt; 50% ou p &lt; 0,05. As an&#225;lises combinadas foram realizadas utilizando os modelos de efeitos fixos por vari&#226;ncia inversa e de efeitos aleat&#243;rios de DerSimonian-Laird, adotando-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de p &lt; 0,05. Os resultados foram apresentados por meio de <italic>forest plots</italic>, utilizados para ilustrar os tamanhos de efeito individuais e combinados. As metan&#225;lises foram conduzidas no software RStudio (vers&#227;o 2023.12.1+402), utilizando o pacote meta para s&#237;ntese e visualiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados da pesquisa</title>
          <p>Um total de 1.448 registros foi identificado por meio da busca nas bases de dados. Ap&#243;s a triagem e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da elegibilidade, cinco ECRs atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, e suas an&#225;lises post hoc foram incorporadas &#224; metan&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama de fluxo PRISMA da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-6007i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos estudos e participantes</title>
          <p>Os estudos inclu&#237;dos compreenderam um total de 767 participantes, sendo 403 alocados para o grupo IMC e 364 para o grupo placebo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura Central</xref>). Todos os ensaios foram publicados entre 2020 e 2024, e suas principais caracter&#237;sticas est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos e dados demogr&#225;ficos basais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="7%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Estudos</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">N&#250;mero de Participantes</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Homens, %</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Idade, em anos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Classe funcional NYHA II vs III, %</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">FEVE, %<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">VSVE-G em repouso, mm Hg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">IMC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">IMC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">IMC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">IMC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">IMC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">IMC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">EXPLORER-HCM</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">123</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">128</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">54</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">65</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">58.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">58.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">72 vs 28</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">74 vs 26</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">74</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">74</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">EXPLORER-CN</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">54</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">27</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">75,9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">63,0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52,4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">51,0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">82 vs 18</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">67 vs 33</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">77,8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">77,0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">VALOR-HCM</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">56</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">56</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">51,8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">50,0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">59,8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">60,9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 vs 93</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 vs 93</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">67,9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">68,3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">51,2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">46,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">REDWOOD-HCM</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">46</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">38</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">57</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">59</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">61 vs 39</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">85 vs 15</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">70<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">75<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">53<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">71<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">SEQUOIA-HCM</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">142</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">140</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">60,6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">57,9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">59,2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">59,0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">76 vs 24</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">76 vs 24</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">74,8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">74,8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">54,8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">55,3</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>M&#233;dia;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
                <p>Mediana; IMC: Inibidores da miosina card&#237;aca; FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NYHA: New York Heart Association; VSVE-G: gradiente da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>FEVE</title>
          <p>A FEVE apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa com o uso de IMCs (DM: &#8722;4,33%; IC de 95%: &#8722;5,33 a &#8722;3,33; p &lt; 0,01; I&#178; = 0%), conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2A</xref>. O aficamten promoveu redu&#231;&#227;o ligeiramente maior (-5,00; IC de 95%: &#8722;6,50 a &#8722;3,50) do que o mavacamten (-3,80; IC de 95%: &#8722;5,14 a &#8722;2,47), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os subgrupos (p = 0,24).</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Metan&#225;lise dos desfechos estruturais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo . Resultados da metan&#225;lise para (A) FEVE e (B) IMVE, comparando os inibidores da miosina card&#237;aca (aficamten e mavacamten) com placebo. As caixas s&#227;o proporcionais ao peso de cada estudo na an&#225;lise, e as linhas horizontais representam os respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. Os losangos representam as DMs combinadas dos subgrupos e da popula&#231;&#227;o total, e sua largura corresponde ao IC de 95%. Valores &#224; esquerda da linha vertical de efeito nulo indicam redu&#231;&#227;o desses par&#226;metros, favorecendo o tratamento com inibidores da miosina card&#237;aca. MD: Diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias; SE: Erro padr&#227;o; CI: Intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-6007i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>IMVE</title>
          <p>Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do IMVE em pacientes tratados com IMCs em compara&#231;&#227;o com o placebo (DM: &#8722;11,96 g/m&#178;; IC de 95%: &#8722;17,72 a &#8722;6,19; p &lt; 0,01; I&#178; = 68,1%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2B</xref>). A an&#225;lise de subgrupos mostrou efeitos semelhantes para o aficamten (DM: &#8722;12,20; IC de 95%: &#8722;12,20; IC de 95%: &#8722;17,95 a &#8722;6,45) e o mavacamten (DM: &#8722;11,49; IC de 95%: &#8722;11,49; IC de 95%: &#8722;21,56 a &#8722;1,42), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (p = 0,90).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ESIV</title>
          <p>Os IMCs promoveram redu&#231;&#227;o moderada da ESIV (DMP: &#8722;0,98; IC de 95%: &#8722;1,51 a &#8722;0,46; p &lt; 0,01; I&#178; = 48,3%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3A</xref>). O aficamten (DMP: &#8722;1,00; IC de 95%: &#8722;12,20; IC de 95%: &#8722;1,65 a &#8722;0,35) e o mavacamten (DMP: &#8722;0,85; IC de 95%: &#8722;1,91 a 0,22) n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa entre os subgrupos (p = 0,81).</p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Metan&#225;lise dos desfechos estruturais do septo interventricular. Resultados da metan&#225;lise para (A) ESIV e (B) rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' septal, comparando os inibidores da miosina card&#237;aca (aficamten e mavacamten) com placebo. Valores &#224; esquerda da linha vertical de efeito nulo indicam redu&#231;&#227;o da espessura septal e da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e', favorecendo o tratamento com inibidores da miosina card&#237;aca. SMD: Diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias padronizadas; SE: Erro padr&#227;o; CI: Intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-6007i-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' septal</title>
          <p>Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' septal (DM &#8722;3,53; IC de 95%: &#8722;4,35 a &#8722;2,71; p &lt; 0,01; I&#178; = 0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3B</xref>). O aficamten (-3,60; IC de 95%: &#8722;4,75 a &#8722;2,45) e o mavacamten (-3,45; IC de 95%: &#8722;4,62 a &#8722;2,28) produziram resultados compar&#225;veis (p = 0,86).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>VSVE em repouso</title>
          <p>Houve forte evid&#234;ncia de que os IMCs reduziram os gradientes da VSVE em repouso (DM: &#8722;37,59 mmHg; IC de 95%: &#8722;47,35 a &#8722;27,83; p &lt; 0,01; I&#178; = 62,9%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4A</xref>). A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Figura Suplementar 1</xref>) confirmou a consist&#234;ncia desse efeito, com DMs combinadas variando de &#8722;35,10 a &#8722;39,83 mmHg em todas as omiss&#245;es. A heterogeneidade variou de moderada a substancial (I&#178; = 23,5% a 71,1%), indicando que nenhum estudo exerceu influ&#234;ncia desproporcional sobre o resultado global.</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Metan&#225;lise dos desfechos relativos &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Resultados da metan&#225;lise para (A) gradiente da VSVE em repouso, (B) gradiente da VSVE durante a manobra de Valsalva e (C) gradiente da VSVE ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, comparando os inibidores da miosina card&#237;aca (aficamten e mavacamten) com placebo. Valores &#224; esquerda da linha vertical de efeito nulo indicam redu&#231;&#227;o dos gradientes da VSVE, favorecendo o tratamento com inibidores da miosina card&#237;aca. SD: Desvio padr&#227;o; SE: Erro padr&#227;o; CI: Intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-6007i-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>VSVE durante a manobra de Valsalva</title>
          <p>Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o combinada dos gradientes da VSVE durante a manobra de Valsalva com o uso de IMCs (DM: &#8722;46,45 mmHg; IC de 95%: &#8722;60,86 a &#8722;32,05; p &lt; 0,01; I&#178; = 76,6%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4B</xref>). O aficamten apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o de &#8722;40,05 mmHg (IC de 95%: &#8722;60,79 a &#8722;19,31), enquanto o mavacamten apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o de &#8722;51,83 mmHg (IC de 95%: &#8722;75,49 a &#8722;28,17), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os subgrupos (p = 0,46). A an&#225;lise <italic>leave-one-out</italic> confirmou a estabilidade dos resultados (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Figura Suplementar 2</xref>), com efeitos combinados variando de &#8722;41,39 a &#8722;50,43 mmHg. A heterogeneidade permaneceu de moderada a alta (I&#178; = 50,3% a 83,4%) em todas as itera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>VSVE ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>Houve forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre menores gradientes da VSVE ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio e o uso de IMCs (DM: &#8722;49,45 mmHg; IC 95%: &#8722;74,93 a &#8722;23,98; p &lt; 0,01; I&#178; = 84,6%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4C</xref>). A an&#225;lise <italic>leave-one-out</italic> confirmou a robustez dos resultados (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Figura Suplementar 3</xref>), com efeitos combinados variando de &#8722;56,99 a &#8722;37,10 mmHg. A heterogeneidade diminuiu substancialmente (I&#178; = 0%) quando o estudo EXPLORER-CN foi exclu&#237;do.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria</title>
          <p>Os IMCs melhoraram significativamente a efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria em compara&#231;&#227;o com o placebo (DM: &#8722;2,25; IC de 95%: &#8722;2,87 a &#8722;1,63; p &lt; 0,01; I&#178; = 0%), conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5A</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Metan&#225;lise dos desfechos do TECP. Resultados da metan&#225;lise para (A) efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria, (B) pot&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria de pico, (C) equivalentes metab&#243;licos de pico e (D) tempo de exerc&#237;cio, comparando os inibidores da miosina card&#237;aca com placebo. MD: Diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias; SE: Erro padr&#227;o; CI: Intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-6007i-gf06-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pot&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria de pico</title>
          <p>Observou-se aumento significativo da pot&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria de pico com o uso de IMCs (DM: 482,78 mL/kg/min &#215; mmHg; IC de 95%: 274,05 a 691,51; p &lt; 0,01; I&#178; = 47,7%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5B</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Equivalentes metab&#243;licos de pico</title>
          <p>Os IMCs aumentaram significativamente os equivalentes metab&#243;licos de pico (DM: 0,45; IC de 95%: 0,30 a 0,60; p &lt; 0,01; I&#178; = 0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5C</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tempo de exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio foi significativamente maior com o uso de IMCs (DM: 0,88 minuto; IC de 95%: 0,53 a 1,24; p &lt; 0,01; I&#178; = 0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5D</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s</title>
          <p>Todos os estudos foram classificados como de baixo risco de vi&#233;s em todos os cinco dom&#237;nios avaliados. Consequentemente, o risco global de vi&#233;s foi considerado baixo para todos os estudos. Uma representa&#231;&#227;o visual detalhada da avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Figura Suplementar 4</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esta metan&#225;lise re&#250;ne evid&#234;ncias de alto n&#237;vel provenientes de ECRs e demonstra que os Inibidores da Miosina Card&#237;aca (IMCs), especificamente mavacamten e aficamten, promovem melhorias significativas no desempenho cardiopulmonar e nos par&#226;metros estruturais em pacientes com CMH-o. Esses achados refor&#231;am o potencial dos IMCs como terapias modificadoras da doen&#231;a, uma vez que atuam diretamente sobre a hipercontratilidade sarcom&#233;rica, mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico central da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, diferentemente dos tratamentos convencionais, cujos efeitos decorrem predominantemente da redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou da contratilidade por mecanismos indiretos.</p>
        <p>A fisiopatologia da CMH-o est&#225; intimamente relacionada &#224; presen&#231;a de variantes patog&#234;nicas, principalmente nos genes MYH7 e MYBPC3, que alteram a din&#226;mica das cabe&#231;as de miosina e aumentam a propor&#231;&#227;o de mol&#233;culas no estado desordenado-relaxado (DRX). Como consequ&#234;ncia, ocorre aumento da forma&#231;&#227;o de pontes cruzadas actina-miosina, maior atividade ATP&#225;sica mioc&#225;rdica e incremento da for&#231;a contr&#225;til mesmo em concentra&#231;&#245;es subm&#225;ximas de c&#225;lcio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Esse fen&#243;tipo hipercontr&#225;til contribui n&#227;o apenas para a obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da VSVE, mas tamb&#233;m para o aumento cr&#244;nico do estresse parietal, desorganiza&#231;&#227;o dos mi&#243;citos e desenvolvimento de remodelamento hipertr&#243;fico maladaptativo, especialmente na regi&#227;o basal do septo interventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os IMCs atuam de forma alost&#233;rica sobre o dom&#237;nio catal&#237;tico da cadeia pesada da &#946;-miosina card&#237;aca, reduzindo o n&#250;mero de cabe&#231;as de miosina dispon&#237;veis para intera&#231;&#227;o com a actina e favorecendo sua perman&#234;ncia no estado super-relaxado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Dessa forma, reduzem a gera&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o e o consumo energ&#233;tico do sarc&#244;mero sem interferir diretamente na homeostase do c&#225;lcio intracelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Esse mecanismo difere substancialmente do observado com agentes convencionais, como betabloqueadores e disopiramida, que reduzem a contratilidade de maneira indireta por meio da modula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica ou ionotr&#243;pica, frequentemente &#224; custa de efeitos hemodin&#226;micos sist&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As redu&#231;&#245;es expressivas dos gradientes da VSVE em repouso, durante a manobra de Valsalva e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio demonstram atenua&#231;&#227;o direta da obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica respons&#225;vel pela sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica caracter&#237;stica da CMH-o. A magnitude dessa redu&#231;&#227;o (-37,6 mmHg em repouso e &#8722;46,5 mmHg durante a manobra de Valsalva) &#233; compar&#225;vel &#224; observada ap&#243;s terapias de redu&#231;&#227;o septal, enquanto a consist&#234;ncia dos resultados nas diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es de avalia&#231;&#227;o sugere efeito sustentado sobre os gradientes tanto basais quanto provoc&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que essa redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente se traduz em um ganho significativo da capacidade funcional. Os IMCs promoveram aumento dos equivalentes metab&#243;licos de pico, da pot&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria e do tempo de exerc&#237;cio, com baixa heterogeneidade entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos. Os resultados no TECP refletem de forma integrada a reserva card&#237;aca, a resposta cronotr&#243;pica, a reserva contr&#225;til e a capacidade perif&#233;rica de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, observou-se melhora significativa da efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria, um marcador indireto da intera&#231;&#227;o entre circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca esquerda, sugerindo redu&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e melhora da complac&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os IMCs tamb&#233;m promoveram redu&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente e clinicamente significativas da ESIV e do IMVE, refor&#231;ando seu potencial de induzir remodelamento card&#237;aco reverso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o da espessura septal sugere regress&#227;o estrutural verdadeira, e n&#227;o apenas melhora funcional transit&#243;ria. Esse remodelamento &#233; complementado pela melhora funcional diast&#243;lica, evidenciada pela redu&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' septal, um indicador ecocardiogr&#225;fico amplamente utilizado para estimar as press&#245;es de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Considerando a estreita rela&#231;&#227;o entre aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento e sintomas na CMH-o, esses resultados sugerem que os IMCs atuam simultaneamente sobre os componentes obstrutivos e diast&#243;licos da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A discreta redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE observada com os IMCs deve ser interpretada &#224; luz da fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a. Pacientes com CMH-o frequentemente apresentam FEVE supranormal (&gt; 70%), reflexo da hipercontratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e n&#227;o necessariamente de maior d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup>Ao reduzirem a hiperatividade sarcom&#233;rica, os IMCs tendem a normalizar a FEVE, mantendo o volume sist&#243;lico preservado. &#201; importante ressaltar que nenhum dos estudos inclu&#237;dos relatou redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE para valores considerados patol&#243;gicos (&lt; 50%), indicando que essa diminui&#231;&#227;o representa efeito farmacodin&#226;mico esperado e n&#227;o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> O aficamten demonstrou redu&#231;&#245;es ligeiramente maiores na FEVE em compara&#231;&#227;o com o mavacamten, o que pode refletir seu in&#237;cio mais r&#225;pido, meia-vida mais curta (~3 dias vs. ~7 dias) e variabilidade interindividual reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises de subgrupos n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;as significativas entre mavacamten e aficamten nos desfechos estruturais ou funcionais, refor&#231;ando a hip&#243;tese de efeito de classe decorrente do mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o compartilhado. No entanto, diferen&#231;as farmacocin&#233;ticas entre os f&#225;rmacos podem influenciar aspectos pr&#225;ticos do tratamento, especialmente quanto &#224; titula&#231;&#227;o da dose, necessidade de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da FEVE e potencial para intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> A heterogeneidade foi baixa ou moderada na maior parte das an&#225;lises. A maior variabilidade observada nos gradientes provoc&#225;veis da VSVE provavelmente decorre de diferen&#231;as entre os protocolos de provoca&#231;&#227;o utilizados e das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas das popula&#231;&#245;es inclu&#237;das, particularmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; magnitude dos gradientes basais. As an&#225;lises <italic>leave-one-out</italic> confirmaram a robustez das estimativas combinadas e refor&#231;aram a consist&#234;ncia dos resultados.</p>
        <p>Em conjunto, os achados desta metan&#225;lise fortalecem o papel dos IMCs como terapias capazes de atuar diretamente sobre a fisiopatologia da CMH-o, constituindo alternativa farmacol&#243;gica promissora para pacientes com obstru&#231;&#227;o persistente e limita&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tica apesar do tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, podendo, em casos selecionados, reduzir a necessidade de terapias invasivas de redu&#231;&#227;o septal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Considerando seus efeitos sobre remodelamento card&#237;aco, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e capacidade funcional, esses f&#225;rmacos podem futuramente desempenhar papel na interven&#231;&#227;o precoce de indiv&#237;duos portadores de variantes gen&#233;ticas de alto risco ou com express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica inicial da doen&#231;a, hip&#243;tese que ainda depende de confirma&#231;&#227;o em estudos prospectivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os IMCs podem ser particularmente &#250;teis em pacientes ineleg&#237;veis ou que n&#227;o desejam se submeter &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o septal ou miotomia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> Entretanto, em raz&#227;o do potencial de redu&#231;&#227;o excessiva da FEVE, permanece fundamental a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica seriada durante a titula&#231;&#227;o e o acompanhamento terap&#234;utico.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas. Em primeiro lugar, o n&#250;mero de ECRs inclu&#237;dos ainda &#233; reduzido, e o tempo de seguimento foi relativamente curto, impossibilitando conclus&#245;es sobre desfechos de longo prazo, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita. Al&#233;m disso, a maioria dos estudos excluiu pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada (classe funcional III ou IV da NYHA), obstru&#231;&#227;o mesoventricular ou variantes apicais da doen&#231;a, limitando a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para essas popula&#231;&#245;es. Estudos futuros dever&#227;o avaliar marcadores de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e volume extracelular, incorporar an&#225;lises estratificadas por gen&#243;tipo e investigar estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas combinadas, como a associa&#231;&#227;o de IMCs a bloqueadores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona ou agentes antifibr&#243;ticos. Registros de longo prazo tamb&#233;m ser&#227;o fundamentais para definir a seguran&#231;a, a durabilidade da resposta cl&#237;nica e a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade dessa estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os inibidores da miosina card&#237;aca promovem melhora significativa da capacidade funcional e induzem remodelamento card&#237;aco favor&#225;vel em pacientes com CMH-o, ao atuarem diretamente sobre a hipercontratilidade sarcom&#233;rica, principal mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico da doen&#231;a. Esta metan&#225;lise demonstra que mavacamten e aficamten reduzem de forma consistente os gradientes da VSVE, melhoram par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o, favorecem a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e aumentam o desempenho ao exerc&#237;cio, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre os agentes avaliados. Em conjunto, esses achados refor&#231;am o papel dos inibidores da miosina card&#237;aca como terapias modificadoras da doen&#231;a na CMH-o. No entanto, estudos com acompanhamento em longo prazo e popula&#231;&#245;es mais heterog&#234;neas ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar a durabilidade dos benef&#237;cios observados e definir seu impacto sobre desfechos cl&#237;nicos de maior relev&#226;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
          <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
        <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>*Material suplementar</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl2">
          <label>Material suplementar</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/pYyNDcPKp7TYZgzRjWFvPtM/ad95272b188eb888e110e1d53c296697c9629685.pdf"/>
          <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12307/2026-0077_appendix.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
