<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">nd5Y5KPTPzZBLjTTx3MwJxc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000301401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260075i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>My Approach To: Bow Hunter's Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Visconti</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Bahiense</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>statistical analysis</role>
          <role>obtaining financing</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Rede D&#8217;Or</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Rede D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Fonte Imagem</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Fonte Imagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Rodrigo Bahiense Visconti</bold> &#8226; Rede D&#8217;Or. Rua Jo&#227;o Borges, 204. CEP: <postal-code>20941-150</postal-code>. Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>Rodrigobvisconti@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260075</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Bow hunter's syndrome (BHS) is a rare and underdiagnosed condition characterized by mechanical compression or temporary occlusion of the vertebral artery due to lateral rotation or hyperextension of the neck. This mechanical stress occurs predominantly in the V3 segment (C1&#8211;C2 level) because of its high degree of mobility.</p>
        <p>The pathophysiology involves two main mechanisms &#8211; hemodynamic, in which extreme rotation immediately reduces local blood flow and causes paroxysmal symptoms (the triad of vertigo, dizziness, and imbalance) that resolve once the head returns to the neutral position; and thromboembolic, triggered by repeated microtrauma and chronic endothelial injury, which may lead to thrombus formation or dissections and result in cerebellar or brainstem infarctions.</p>
        <p>Definitive diagnosis is based on dynamic digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and computed tomography angiography (CTA). However, dynamic vascular Doppler serves as an excellent non-invasive screening method, capable of recording critical real-time hemodynamic changes through positional maneuvers, such as a greater than 50% drop in peak systolic velocity (PSV) or disappearance of diastolic flow.</p>
        <p>Therapeutic management varies according to severity. Mild cases are treated conservatively with a cervical collar, behavioral modifications, and antiplatelet therapy. Surgical interventions &#8211; such as decompression via osteophytectomy or cervical arthrodesis &#8211; and specific endovascular treatments are strictly reserved for patients with refractory symptoms or high risk of stroke.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Vertebral Artery</kwd>
        <kwd>Rare Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f3">
      <caption>
        <title>Top left: CT angiography of the vertebral artery at rest demonstrating normal opacification. Bottom left: Vertebral Doppler ultrasound at rest showing normal blood flow. Top right: CT angiography with contralateral neck rotation demonstrating arterial compression between C1 and C2. Bottom right: Doppler ultrasound with contralateral neck rotation demonstrating a staccato flow pattern.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-0075i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Bow hunter's syndrome (BHS), also known as rotational vertebral artery syndrome or rotational occlusion of the vertebral artery, is a rare and underdiagnosed condition in clinical practice, classified among the compressive syndromes of the vertebrobasilar system. It is characterized by compression or occlusion of the vertebral artery during lateral head rotation, resulting in transient or permanent neurological deficits.</p>
      <p>The name derives from the posture adopted by archers when shooting arrows, during which they perform a vigorous rotation of the neck. An important variant of BHS occurs due to hyperextension of the head, known as the beauty parlor stroke syndrome, described in relation to the position assumed during hair washing in salon sinks.<sup>12</sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Incidence</title>
        <p>The exact incidence of BHS remains unknown in the general population due to its dynamic nature and the high rate of underdiagnosis. It is more frequent among individuals aged 50 to 79 years, with a male predominance of approximately 2:1. However, it may occur at any age, including in children.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pathophysiology</title>
        <p>To understand the pathophysiology of BHS, it is necessary to correlate the anatomical course of the vertebral artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) &#8211; traditionally divided into four segments &#8211; with its specific mechanical vulnerabilities during cervical kinematics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Segments of the vertebral artery; bottom left: V1 segment; bottom right: V2 segment; top left: V3 segment (the most frequent site); top right: V4 segment.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-0075i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t1" position="float">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flow patterns observed on vascular Doppler in BHS. PSV: Peak Systolic Velocity; EDV: End-Diastolic Velocity; RI: Resistive Index; AT: Acceleration Time; BHS: Bow Hunter's syndrome.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="void" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-0075i-gt01.tif"/></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The V3 segment, due to its anatomical particularities, is the most frequently affected site. This occurs because the hypermobility of the atlantoaxial joint (C1&#8211;C2) accounts for approximately 50% of total cervical rotation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> making this region particularly susceptible to dynamic compression of the vertebral artery.</p>
        <p>Arterial dominance is another critical factor: compression of a dominant vertebral artery carries a greater potential for hemodynamic repercussions, especially when associated with hypoplasia of the contralateral vessel.</p>
        <p>Two pathophysiological mechanisms may occur either independently or simultaneously. The hemodynamic mechanism manifests when extreme cervical rotation (generally greater than 60&#176;) causes mechanical compression and an immediate reduction in blood flow. This drop in perfusion compromises the most vulnerable regions of the posterior circulation, resulting in transient neurological symptoms, which resolve as soon as the head returns to the neutral position and the vessel regains its patency. The severity of symptoms is directly related to the degree of dynamic stenosis, the presence of contralateral hypoplasia, and the efficiency of the circle of Willis in compensating for the deficit through the posterior communicating arteries.</p>
        <p>The thromboembolic mechanism, in turn, is associated with chronic structural damage to the arterial endothelium. Mechanical stress and repeated compression of the vertebral artery produce endothelial microtrauma, culminating in subintimal dissections or mural thrombi. These may give rise to distal embolization, causing cerebellar or brainstem infarctions, even without sustained cervical rotation. This phenomenon is particularly observed in the pediatric population, in which cervical hypermobility predisposes to arterial dissections after minimal trauma or abrupt rotational movements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The clinical presentation of BHS is typically paroxysmal and strictly related to head position. The classic symptomatology consists of a triad of vertigo, dizziness, and imbalance triggered by lateral rotation of the neck, and may also include syncope, diplopia, auditory disturbances, or infarcts within the posterior circulation.</p>
        <p>The differential diagnoses include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, M&#233;ni&#232;re's disease, and vestibular migraine, which makes it imperative to investigate transient symptoms triggered exclusively by cervical rotation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagnosis</title>
        <p>The gold standard for diagnosis is dynamic digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Dynamic computed tomography angiography (CTA) also plays an important role, as it allows three-dimensional reconstruction, assessment of the stenotic segment, and identification of the anatomical structure responsible for the compression.</p>
        <p>Dynamic vascular Doppler emerges, in this context, as a highly effective screening tool, as it is an accessible, low-cost, radiation-free method that does not require contrast administration. The dynamic nature of the examination allows real-time assessment of the vessel's hemodynamic behavior.</p>
        <p>The examination should be performed with the patient in a neutral position and in maximum contralateral rotation, evaluating both vertebral arteries, preferably in the V1 and V2 segments and, when accessible, V3. Neck flexion and extension may be combined with rotation to enhance the maneuver.</p>
        <p>It is essential to maintain the position for 30 to 60 seconds to increase the sensitivity of the test, since flow alterations may exhibit a latency period. Whenever possible, the patient should be asked to adopt the exact position that typically triggers the symptoms.</p>
        <p>Although the greatest point of arterial stretching occurs at the C1&#8211;C2 level during contralateral rotation combined with extension, some authors suggest measuring flow in up to nine different positions, combining neutral position, flexion, extension, and ipsilateral and contralateral rotations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>During the procedure, velocities and flow patterns are recorded in the neutral position for later comparison during the maneuvers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Flow variations with a reduction greater than 50% in peak systolic velocity (PSV) are indicative of significant compression. End-diastolic velocity (EDV) often shows a marked reduction; however, the most robust criterion is the complete disappearance of diastolic flow during rotation, which reflects increased downstream vascular resistance due to distal vessel occlusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vascular Doppler of the V2 segment performed in the neutral position (left), demonstrating normal flow; on the right, the same patient shows staccato-pattern flow after contralateral rotation maneuver.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-0075i-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Vascular resistance rises considerably during distal compression maneuvers and decreases during proximal ones. In severe cases, complete absence of flow may be observed, consistent with total occlusion. Another detectable parameter is reactive hyperemia, characterized by an increase greater than 10% in flow velocities after returning to the neutral position. Contralateral evaluation is mandatory, given the risk of bilateral involvement.</p>
        <p>The flow pattern obtained provides information not only about the presence of compression but also about the segment involved. In proximal compressions, a dampened (<italic>tardus-parvus</italic>) pattern is observed, with increased acceleration time and reduced peak velocity. At the exact point of compression, turbulence with elevated velocities may occur. In distal segments, there may be absence of flow, reduced systolic and diastolic velocities with increased resistance index (RI), or a staccato-type pattern (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2" position="float">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>natomical segments of the vertebral artery and main causes of obstruction in BHS.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="void" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-0075i-gt02.tif"/></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The reproduction of neurological symptoms during the maneuvers, with immediate reversal upon returning to the neutral position, supports the positivity of the test.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Treatment</title>
        <p>The therapeutic management of BHS must be individualized based on the severity of symptoms, the risk of stroke, and the presence of cervical instability.</p>
        <p>In patients with mild, infrequent symptoms and no structural neurological lesions, conservative management is the first-line approach. This strategy is based on behavioral modifications (avoiding the triggering position) or the use of a cervical collar. Antithrombotic therapy with antiplatelet agents (such as aspirin or clopidogrel) is indicated to prevent thromboembolic events resulting from endothelial injury. Although safe, conservative treatment shows effectiveness in controlling limiting symptoms or reducing stroke risk in only about 50% of cases.</p>
        <p>Endovascular treatment remains controversial, as BHS results from an extrinsic compressive force that may flatten or fracture the stent structure, especially when the V3 segment is involved. Therefore, this approach should be reserved for highly selected cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Surgical intervention is indicated for severe or refractory cases. It consists of decompression through osteophytectomy (removal of osteophytes), a procedure that generally preserves cervical range of motion, although it carries a risk of recurrence due to postoperative fibrosis.</p>
        <p>An alternative is cervical arthrodesis, which shows the highest success rate in preventing permanent neurological events; however, it imposes a definitive limitation on neck mobility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>BHS is a neglected and frequently underdiagnosed condition capable of causing severe limitations and permanent neurological sequelae, making early diagnosis crucial. Vascular Doppler, due to its wide availability and reproducibility, has become an indispensable tool for screening suspected patients, especially those with neurological symptoms closely related to changes in cervical position.</p>
      <p>Clinical suspicion in cases of syncope without an apparent cause is essential, and routine dynamic positional maneuvers should be incorporated into cervical vascular examination protocols. Although methods such as dynamic CTA and DSA remain crucial for anatomical mapping and final therapeutic planning, Doppler plays a decisive role in optimizing and guiding the indication for these invasive examinations.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
        <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
      <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
    </sec>
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        <mixed-citation>5 Kimihira L, Yoshimoto T, Ihara M. New Diagnostic Algorithm for Detection of Covert Bow Hunter's Syndrome. Int J Med Sci. 2021;18(10):2162-5. doi: 10.7150/ijms.56442.</mixed-citation>
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        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colasurdo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endovascular Management of Extracranial Vertebral Artery Stenosis</article-title>
          <source>J Neurointerv Surg</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jnis-2024-022618</pub-id>
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        <mixed-citation>6 Chen H, Colasurdo M, Costa ML, Kan P. Endovascular Management of Extracranial Vertebral Artery Stenosis. J Neurointerv Surg. 2025;18(1):3-7. doi: 10.1136/jnis-2024-022618.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260075</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Como Eu Fa&#231;o: S&#237;ndrome de <italic>Bow Hunter</italic></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Visconti</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Bahiense</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Rede D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Fonte Imagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Rodrigo Bahiense Visconti</bold> &#8226; Rede D&#8217;Or. Rua Jo&#227;o Borges, 204. CEP: <postal-code>20941-150</postal-code>. Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>Rodrigobvisconti@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome de <italic>bow hunter</italic> (SBH) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara e subdiagnosticada, caracterizada pela compress&#227;o mec&#226;nica ou oclus&#227;o tempor&#225;ria da art&#233;ria vertebral devido &#224; rota&#231;&#227;o lateral ou hiperextens&#227;o do pesco&#231;o. Esse estresse mec&#226;nico ocorre de forma predominante no segmento V3 (n&#237;vel C1-C2) devido &#224; grande mobilidade local.</p>
        <p>A fisiopatologia envolve dois mecanismos principais: o hemodin&#226;mico, em que a rota&#231;&#227;o extrema reduz de imediato o fluxo sangu&#237;neo local e causa sintomas parox&#237;sticos (tr&#237;ade de vertigem, tontura e desequil&#237;brio) que desaparecem com o retorno da cabe&#231;a &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o neutra; e o tromboemb&#243;lico, desencadeado por microtraumas repetidos e les&#245;es cr&#244;nicas no endot&#233;lio vascular, o que pode originar trombos ou dissec&#231;&#245;es e culminar em infartos cerebelares ou no tronco encef&#225;lico.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico definitivo baseia-se na angiografia por subtra&#231;&#227;o digital (ASD) din&#226;mica e na angiotomografia computadorizada (AngioTC). Contudo, o Doppler vascular din&#226;mico atua como um excelente m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de triagem, capaz de registrar, em tempo real, varia&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas cr&#237;ticas por meio de manobras posicionais, como a redu&#231;&#227;o superior a 50% da velocidade de pico sist&#243;lico (VPS) ou o desaparecimento do fluxo diast&#243;lico.</p>
        <p>A abordagem terap&#234;utica varia conforme a gravidade. Casos leves recebem tratamento conservador, com colar cervical, modifica&#231;&#245;es comportamentais e antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios. Interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas &#8211; como a descompress&#227;o por osteofitectomia ou a artrodese cervical &#8211; e tratamentos endovasculares espec&#237;ficos s&#227;o estritamente reservados a pacientes com sintomas refrat&#225;rios ou alto risco de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Vertebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Raras</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f6">
        <caption>
          <title>&#192; esquerda acima AngioTC da art&#233;ria vertebral em repouso com enchimento normal, esquerda abaixo fluxo vertebral em repouso normal, direita acima AngioTC com rota&#231;&#227;o contralateral do pesco&#231;o demonstrando compress&#227;o arterial entre C1 e C2, direita abaixo Doppler com rota&#231;&#227;o contralateral demonstrando fluxo com padr&#227;o Staccato.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-0075i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome de <italic>bow hunter</italic> (SBH), tamb&#233;m conhecida como s&#237;ndrome da art&#233;ria vertebral rotacional ou oclus&#227;o rotacional da art&#233;ria vertebral, &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara e subdiagnosticada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, classificada entre as s&#237;ndromes compressivas do sistema vertebrobasilar. Caracteriza-se pela compress&#227;o ou oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria vertebral durante a rota&#231;&#227;o lateral da cabe&#231;a, resultando em d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos transit&#243;rios ou permanentes.</p>
        <p>O nome deriva da postura adotada por arqueiros ao dispararem flechas, momento em que realizam uma rota&#231;&#227;o vigorosa do pesco&#231;o. Uma variante importante da SBH ocorre por hiperextens&#227;o da cabe&#231;a, conhecida como s&#237;ndrome do sal&#227;o de beleza (<italic>beauty parlor stroke syndrome</italic>), descrita em raz&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o assumida durante a lavagem dos cabelos em lavat&#243;rios de sal&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Incid&#234;ncia</title>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia exata da SBH permanece desconhecida na popula&#231;&#227;o geral devido &#224; sua natureza din&#226;mica e ao elevado &#237;ndice de subdiagn&#243;stico. &#201; mais frequente em indiv&#237;duos entre 50 e 79 anos de idade, com predom&#237;nio no sexo masculino na propor&#231;&#227;o de 2:1. No entanto, pode manifestar-se em qualquer faixa et&#225;ria, inclusive em crian&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fisiopatologia</title>
          <p>Para compreender a fisiopatologia da SBH, &#233; necess&#225;rio correlacionar o trajeto anat&#244;mico da art&#233;ria vertebral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>) &#8211; tradicionalmente dividido em quatro segmentos &#8211; com suas vulnerabilidades mec&#226;nicas espec&#237;ficas durante a cinem&#225;tica cervical (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Segmentos da art&#233;ria vertebral; esquerda abaixo: segmento V1; direita abaixo: segmento V2; esquerda acima: segmento V3 (local mais frequente); e direita acima: segmento V4.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-0075i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t3" position="float">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Padr&#245;es de fluxo encontrados ao Doppler vascular na SBH. VPS: Velocidade de Pico Sist&#243;lico; VDF: Velocidade Diast&#243;lica Final; MO: Morfologia da Onda; IR: &#205;ndice de Resist&#234;ncia; TA: Tempo de Acelera&#231;&#227;o; SBH: s&#237;ndrome de bow hunter.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="void" rules="none">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-0075i-gt01-pt.tif"/></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O segmento V3, devido &#224;s suas particularidades anat&#244;micas, &#233; o ponto de acometimento mais frequente. Isso ocorre porque a hipermobilidade da articula&#231;&#227;o atlantoaxial (C1&#8211;C2) &#233; respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente 50% da rota&#231;&#227;o cervical total,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> tornando essa regi&#227;o especialmente suscet&#237;vel &#224; compress&#227;o din&#226;mica da art&#233;ria vertebral.</p>
          <p>A domin&#226;ncia arterial &#233; outro fator cr&#237;tico: a compress&#227;o de uma art&#233;ria vertebral dominante apresenta maior potencial de repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, especialmente quando associada &#224; hipoplasia do vaso contralateral.</p>
          <p>Dois mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos podem ocorrer de forma isolada ou concomitante. O mecanismo hemodin&#226;mico manifesta-se quando a rota&#231;&#227;o cervical extrema (geralmente superior a 60&#176;) provoca compress&#227;o mec&#226;nica e redu&#231;&#227;o imediata do fluxo sangu&#237;neo. Essa queda de perfus&#227;o compromete as regi&#245;es mais vulner&#225;veis do territ&#243;rio posterior, resultando em sintomas neurol&#243;gicos transit&#243;rios, que cessam assim que a cabe&#231;a retorna &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o neutra e o vaso recupera sua pat&#234;ncia. A gravidade dos sintomas est&#225; diretamente relacionada ao grau de estenose din&#226;mica, &#224; presen&#231;a de hipoplasia contralateral e &#224; efici&#234;ncia do pol&#237;gono de Willis em compensar o d&#233;ficit por meio das art&#233;rias comunicantes posteriores.</p>
          <p>O mecanismo tromboemb&#243;lico, por sua vez, associa-se a danos estruturais cr&#244;nicos do endot&#233;lio arterial. O estresse mec&#226;nico e a compress&#227;o repetida sobre a art&#233;ria vertebral geram microtraumas endoteliais, culminando em dissec&#231;&#245;es sub&#237;ntimas ou trombos murais. Estes podem originar embolia distal, provocando infartos cerebelares ou do tronco encef&#225;lico, mesmo sem a manuten&#231;&#227;o da rota&#231;&#227;o cervical. Esse fen&#244;meno &#233; particularmente observado na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, na qual a hipermobilidade cervical predisp&#245;e a dissec&#231;&#245;es arteriais ap&#243;s traumas m&#237;nimos ou movimentos rotacionais bruscos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico da SBH &#233; tipicamente parox&#237;stico e estritamente relacionado &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o da cabe&#231;a. A sintomatologia cl&#225;ssica constitui a tr&#237;ade de vertigem, tontura e desequil&#237;brio iniciada pela rota&#231;&#227;o lateral do pesco&#231;o, podendo cursar tamb&#233;m com s&#237;ncope, diplopia, altera&#231;&#245;es auditivas ou infartos em territ&#243;rio de circula&#231;&#227;o posterior.</p>
          <p>Os diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais incluem a vertigem posicional parox&#237;stica benign), a s&#237;ndrome de Meni&#232;re e a enxaqueca vestibular, o que torna imperativa a investiga&#231;&#227;o de sintomas transit&#243;rios deflagrados exclusivamente pela rota&#231;&#227;o cervical.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagn&#243;stico</title>
          <p>O padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico &#233; a angiografia por subtra&#231;&#227;o digital (ASD) din&#226;mica. A angiotomografia computadorizada (AngioTC) din&#226;mica tamb&#233;m desempenha papel relevante, pois possibilita a reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do segmento estenosado e a identifica&#231;&#227;o da estrutura anat&#244;mica respons&#225;vel pela compress&#227;o.</p>
          <p>O Doppler vascular din&#226;mico surge, nesse contexto, como uma ferramenta de triagem altamente eficaz, por ser um m&#233;todo acess&#237;vel, de baixo custo, livre de radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante e que dispensa o uso de meio de contraste. O car&#225;ter din&#226;mico do exame permite avaliar, em tempo real, o comportamento hemodin&#226;mico do vaso.</p>
          <p>O exame deve ser realizado com o paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o neutra e em rota&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima contralateral, avaliando-se ambas as art&#233;rias vertebrais, preferencialmente nos segmentos V1, V2 e, quando acess&#237;vel, V3. A flex&#227;o e a extens&#227;o do pesco&#231;o podem ser associadas &#224; rota&#231;&#227;o para potencializar a manobra.</p>
          <p>&#201; fundamental manter a posi&#231;&#227;o por 30 a 60 segundos para aumentar a sensibilidade do teste, uma vez que as altera&#231;&#245;es de fluxo podem apresentar per&#237;odo de lat&#234;ncia. Sempre que poss&#237;vel, deve-se solicitar ao paciente que adote a posi&#231;&#227;o exata que costuma desencadear os sintomas.</p>
          <p>Embora o maior ponto de distens&#227;o da art&#233;ria ocorra ao n&#237;vel de C1-C2 durante a rota&#231;&#227;o contralateral associada &#224; extens&#227;o, alguns autores sugerem a aferi&#231;&#227;o dos fluxos em at&#233; nove posi&#231;&#245;es distintas, combinando posi&#231;&#227;o neutra, flex&#227;o, extens&#227;o e rota&#231;&#245;es ipsilaterais e contralaterais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Durante o procedimento, registram-se as velocidades e o padr&#227;o de fluxo na posi&#231;&#227;o neutra para posterior compara&#231;&#227;o durante as manobras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). Varia&#231;&#245;es de fluxo com redu&#231;&#227;o superior a 50% na velocidade de pico sist&#243;lico (VPS) s&#227;o indicativas de compress&#227;o significativa. A velocidade diast&#243;lica final (VDF) costuma apresentar redu&#231;&#227;o importante; contudo, o crit&#233;rio mais robusto &#233; o desaparecimento completo do fluxo diast&#243;lico durante a rota&#231;&#227;o, o que traduz o aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular a jusante pela oclus&#227;o distal do vaso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura central</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Doppler vascular do segmento V2 realizado em posi&#231;&#227;o neutra (&#224; esquerda), demonstrando fluxo normal; &#224; direita, observa-se no mesmo paciente fluxo com padr&#227;o Staccato ap&#243;s manobra de rota&#231;&#227;o contralateral.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-0075i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>A resist&#234;ncia vascular eleva-se consideravelmente nas manobras de compress&#227;o distal e reduz-se nas proximais. Em casos graves, observa-se aus&#234;ncia completa de fluxo por oclus&#227;o total. Outro par&#226;metro detect&#225;vel &#233; a hiperemia reativa, caracterizada pelo incremento superior a 10% nas velocidades de fluxo ap&#243;s o retorno &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o neutra. A investiga&#231;&#227;o contralateral &#233; mandat&#243;ria, dado o risco de acometimento bilateral.</p>
          <p>O padr&#227;o de fluxo obtido fornece subs&#237;dios n&#227;o apenas sobre a presen&#231;a da compress&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m sobre o segmento envolvido. Em compress&#245;es proximais, observa-se um padr&#227;o amortecido (<italic>tardus parvus</italic>), com aumento do tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de pico. No ponto exato da compress&#227;o, pode haver turbul&#234;ncia com eleva&#231;&#227;o das velocidades. Nos segmentos distais, verifica-se aus&#234;ncia de fluxo, redu&#231;&#227;o das velocidades de pico e diast&#243;lica com aumento do &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia (IR), ou o padr&#227;o do tipo Staccato (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4" position="float">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Segmentos anat&#244;micos da art&#233;ria vertebral &#233; principais causas de obstru&#231;&#227;o na SBH.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="void" rules="none">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-0075i-gt02-pt.tif"/></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A reprodu&#231;&#227;o de sintomas neurol&#243;gicos durante as manobras, com revers&#227;o imediata ao retornar &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o neutra, corrobora a positividade do teste.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tratamento</title>
          <p>O manejo terap&#234;utico da SBH deve ser individualizado com base na gravidade dos sintomas, no risco de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e na presen&#231;a de instabilidade cervical.</p>
          <p>Em pacientes com sintomas leves, infrequentes e sem les&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas estruturais, a conduta conservadora &#233; a primeira escolha. Essa baseia-se em modifica&#231;&#245;es comportamentais (como evitar a posi&#231;&#227;o desencadeante) ou no uso de colar cervical. A terapia antitromb&#243;tica com antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios (como aspirina ou clopidogrel) &#233; indicada para prevenir eventos tromboemb&#243;licos decorrentes da les&#227;o endotelial. Apesar de ser uma abordagem segura, o tratamento conservador demonstra efic&#225;cia no controle dos sintomas limitantes ou na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de AVC em apenas cerca de 50% dos casos.</p>
          <p>O tratamento endovascular permanece controverso, pois a SBH decorre de uma for&#231;a compressiva extr&#237;nseca que pode achatar ou fraturar a estrutura do <italic>stent</italic>, especialmente quando h&#225; envolvimento do segmento V3. Portanto, essa abordagem deve ser reservada para casos altamente selecionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica &#233; indicada para casos graves ou refrat&#225;rios. Consiste na descompress&#227;o por osteofitectomia (remo&#231;&#227;o de oste&#243;fitos), procedimento que geralmente preserva a amplitude do movimento cervical, embora apresente risco de recidiva devido &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de fibroses p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias.</p>
          <p>Uma alternativa &#233; a artrodese cervical, que apresenta a maior taxa de sucesso na preven&#231;&#227;o de fen&#244;menos neurol&#243;gicos permanentes; contudo, imp&#245;e uma limita&#231;&#227;o definitiva da mobilidade do pesco&#231;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A SBH &#233; uma doen&#231;a negligenciada e frequentemente subdiagnosticada, capaz de impor limita&#231;&#245;es graves e sequelas neurol&#243;gicas permanentes aos pacientes, o que torna o seu diagn&#243;stico precoce crucial. O Doppler vascular, devido &#224; sua ampla disponibilidade e reprodutibilidade, consolida-se como uma ferramenta indispens&#225;vel na triagem de pacientes suspeitos, principalmente aqueles com sintomas neurol&#243;gicos intimamente relacionados a mudan&#231;as na posi&#231;&#227;o cervical.</p>
        <p>A suspei&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em quadros de s&#237;ncope sem causa aparente &#233; fundamental, devendo-se incorporar manobras posicionais din&#226;micas de rotina aos protocolos de exames vasculares cervicais. Embora m&#233;todos como a AngioTC din&#226;mica e a ASD permane&#231;am cruciais para o mapeamento anat&#244;mico e planejamento terap&#234;utico final, o Doppler desempenha papel decisivo ao otimizar e direcionar a indica&#231;&#227;o desses exames invasivos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
          <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
        <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
