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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">x5GjdFCWcjVDrR5nBYZy63z</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000303401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">03401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260069i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Beyond the Appendage: Left Atrial Wall Thrombosis in Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2792-7076</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Resende</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8250-5878</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carlos</surname>
            <given-names>Tom&#225;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4998-2247</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9255-3064</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Coimbra</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Coimbra, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Bernardo Resende</bold> &#8226; Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Coimbra. Praceta Professor Mota Pinto Coimbra. Postal code: <postal-code>3004-561</postal-code>. Coimbra &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>bernardoresende028@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Dantas</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260069</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A 61-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic valvular heart disease and permanent atrial fibrillation (AF), chronically anticoagulated with rivaroxaban, presented with acute ischemic stroke and bilateral upper-limb ischemia. Neuroimaging revealed an acute infarction in the right middle cerebral artery territory and a subacute infarction in the left posterior cerebral artery territory (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>). Doppler ultrasound confirmed arterial occlusion in both upper limbs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figure 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Multimodality imaging findings; A) Brain computed tomography performed three days after admission showing an evolved cortico-subcortical ischemic lesion in the right temporoparietal region; B) Upper-limb arterial Doppler ultrasound of the right subclavian artery demonstrating arterial occlusion; C) Transesophageal echocardiography showing the LA appendage with marked spontaneous echocardiographic contrast and no organized thrombus; D) Transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of the mitral valve demonstrating features of rheumatic mitral stenosis, with spectral Doppler findings consistent with significant valvular obstruction; E) Two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic image demonstrating a large mural thrombus adherent to the lateral and posterior walls of the left atrium, measuring up to 37 mm in its longest axis; F) Live three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic imaging of the LA mural thrombus</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260069-0069i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated marked left atrial (LA) enlargement, dense spontaneous echocardiographic contrast within the left atrial appendage (LAA), and reduced appendage flow velocities, without evidence of an organized thrombus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>). The mitral valve exhibited features consistent with chronic rheumatic disease, with an estimated valve area of 1.0 cm&#178; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>). Notably, two- and three-dimensional imaging identified a large mural thrombus adherent to the LA wall, extending along the lateral and posterior walls and measuring approximately 4 &#215; 0.8 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1E-F</xref>; Supplementary Videos 1-3).</p>
    <p>Three months after hospital discharge, the patient remains enrolled in a rehabilitation program, with persistent severe motor and cognitive deficits.</p>
    <p>LA mural thrombus is an uncommon finding, reported in approximately 2.7% of anticoagulated patients with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although oral anticoagulation reduces thromboembolic risk, the INVICTUS trial demonstrated superior outcomes with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) compared with rivaroxaban in patients with rheumatic heart disease&#8211;associated AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>This case highlights a rare but clinically significant presentation of LA mural thrombus and reinforces current recommendations favoring VKA therapy in rheumatic AF. Importantly, it underscores that cardioembolic sources may extend beyond the LAA.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
        <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
      <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
    </sec>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260069</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Al&#233;m do Ap&#234;ndice: Trombose da Parede Atrial Esquerda na Estenose Mitral Reum&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2792-7076</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Resende</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8250-5878</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carlos</surname>
            <given-names>Tom&#225;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4998-2247</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9255-3064</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Coimbra, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Bernardo Resende</bold> &#8226; Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Coimbra. Praceta Professor Mota Pinto Coimbra. CEP: <postal-code>3004-561</postal-code>. Coimbra &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>bernardoresende028@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Dantas</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Uma mulher de 61 anos, com hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a valvar reum&#225;tica e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) permanente, em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica com rivaroxabana, apresentou-se com acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico agudo e isquemia bilateral de membros superiores. A neuroimagem revelou um infarto agudo no territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia direita e um infarto subagudo no territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria cerebral posterior esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1A</xref>). O Doppler ultrassonogr&#225;fico confirmou oclus&#227;o arterial em ambos os membros superiores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1B</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Achados de imagem em multimodalidade; A) Tomografia computadorizada de cr&#226;nio realizada tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o, mostrando les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica c&#243;rtico-subcortical evolu&#237;da na regi&#227;o temporoparietal direita; B) Ultrassom Doppler arterial de membro superior, evidenciando oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita; C) Ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica mostrando o AAE com contraste espont&#226;neo marcado e aus&#234;ncia de trombo organizado; D) Avalia&#231;&#227;o transesof&#225;gica da valva mitral demonstrando caracter&#237;sticas de estenose mitral reum&#225;tica, com achados no Doppler espectral compat&#237;veis com obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar significativa; E) Imagem bidimensional transesof&#225;gica demonstrando grande trombo mural aderido &#224;s paredes lateral e posterior do AE, medindo at&#233; 37 mm em seu maior eixo; F) Imagem tridimensional em tempo real da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica mostrando o trombo mural no AE</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260069-0069i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica demonstrou acentuado aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), contraste espont&#226;neo denso no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) e redu&#231;&#227;o das velocidades de esvaziamento do ap&#234;ndice, sem evid&#234;ncia de trombo organizado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1C</xref>). A valva mitral apresentava caracter&#237;sticas compat&#237;veis com doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, com &#225;rea valvar estimada em 1,0 cm&#178; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1D</xref>). Vale destacar que as imagens bidimensionais e tridimensionais identificaram um grande trombo mural aderido &#224; parede do AE, estendendo-se pelas paredes lateral e posterior e medindo aproximadamente 4 &#215; 0,8 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1E&#8211;F</xref>; V&#237;deos Suplementares 1&#8211;3).</p>
      <p>Tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, a paciente permanece em um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, com d&#233;ficits motores e cognitivos graves persistentes.</p>
      <p>A trombose mural do AE &#233; um achado incomum, relatado em aproximadamente 2,7% dos pacientes com FA em uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral reduza o risco tromboemb&#243;lico, o estudo INVICTUS demonstrou desfechos superiores com antagonistas da vitamina K (AVKs) em compara&#231;&#227;o com rivaroxabana em pacientes com FA associada &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este caso destaca uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o rara, por&#233;m clinicamente relevante, de trombo mural no AE e refor&#231;a as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais que favorecem o uso de AVK na FA reum&#225;tica. De forma importante, evidencia que as fontes cardioemb&#243;licas podem se estender al&#233;m do AAE.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
          <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
        <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
