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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">84kdv8gQrJGvwqGLbP76BLv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000300603</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00603</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260051i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Serial Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Function and Its Association With Functional Capacity, Dyspnea, and Pulmonary Diffusion in Post-COVID-19 Survivors</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-8299-6332</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rogelin</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9449-8959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aranha</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Ferraz Martins Gra&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4620-9064</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9627-2112</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rosemeri Maurici da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6954-2834</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fialho</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Loureiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Marcelo Rogelin Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Universit&#225;rio. Postal code: 88040-900. Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>marcelorogelin@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260051</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>7</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Survivors of post-COVID-19 may experience persistent functional impairment and late cardiopulmonary sequelae. The right ventricle (RV) is particularly susceptible to injury, and RV free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS), measured by 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE), can detect subclinical RV systolic dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate longitudinal changes in RV systolic function, assessed by RVFWLS, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), fractional area change (FAC), and tricuspid annular systolic velocity (S&#8242;), and to investigate their associations with functional capacity (30-second sit-to-stand test [30STS]), functional status (Post-COVID-19 Functional Status Scale [PCFS]), dyspnea (modified Medical Research Council [mMRC] scale), and carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (KCO) in post-COVID-19 survivors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This observational analysis included participants from a prospective post-COVID-19 cohort evaluated at two follow-up visits (AV1 and AV2), approximately 4 and 13 months after the acute infection. Adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and analyzable transthoracic echocardiography using 2D-STE were included. Statistical significance was defined as a two-sided p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>A total of 49 patients were included; 55.1% were women, the mean age was 50.7 &#177; 10.3 years, 63.3% had obesity, 77.6% required intensive care unit admission, and 67.3% underwent invasive mechanical ventilation. Performance on the 30STS improved (10.1 &#177; 3.3 vs 11.6 &#177; 3.1 repetitions; p = 0.004), and KCO increased (4.1 &#177; 0.7 vs 4.3 &#177; 0.8 mL/min/mmHg/L; p = 0.002), whereas mMRC scores (p = 0.43) and median PCFS scores (p = 0.11) remained unchanged. TAPSE decreased modestly but remained within the normal reference range (2.2 &#177; 0.3 vs 2.1 &#177; 0.2 cm; p = 0.03), while RVFWLS, FAC, and S&#8242; showed no significant changes over time. Cross-sectional correlations between RV systolic indices and clinical outcomes were weak and nonsignificant at both AV1 and AV2 (|r| &lt; 0.30; p &gt; 0.05). Longitudinally, changes in RVFWLS were positively correlated with changes in KCO (r = 0.33; p = 0.05), whereas changes in FAC were inversely correlated with changes in PCFS scores (r = &#8722;0.35; p = 0.02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusios</title>
          <p>In this cohort of post-COVID-19 survivors, functional capacity and pulmonary diffusing capacity improved over time, whereas RVFWLS remained persistently reduced without significant longitudinal change. These exploratory findings suggest that RV systolic indices should not be interpreted in isolation as markers of functional limitation during the late post-COVID-19 period and support the use of an integrated, multiparametric approach to patient assessment.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Serial Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Function and Its Association With Functional Capacity, Dyspnea, and Pulmonary Diffusion in Post-COVID-19 Survivors</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Serial Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Function and Its Association With Functional Capacity, Dyspnea, and Pulmonary Diffusion in Post-COVID-19 Survivors. 2D-STE: 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography; 30STS: 30-second sit-to-stand test; AV1: first post-acute evaluation; AV2: second post-acute evaluation; DLCO: diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; FAC: fractional area change; ICU: intensive care unit; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation; KCO: carbon monoxide transfer coefficient; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; PCFS: Post-COVID-19 Functional Status; RV: right ventricle; RVFWLS: RV free wall longitudinal strain; S&#8242;: tricuspid annular systolic velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; VA: alveolar volume.</attrib>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Right Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Global Longitudinal Strain</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>07/2020</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> This study was funded by CNPq &#8211; MCTIC/CNPq/FNDCT/MS/SCTIE/Decit No. 07/2020.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
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        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="16"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Post-COVID-19 is characterized by new or persistent symptoms that typically develop within 3 months after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, persist for at least 2 months, and substantially affect daily functioning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Dyspnea, reduced exercise tolerance, and fatigue are among the most common manifestations, suggesting that persistent cardiopulmonary abnormalities may contribute to long-term functional impairment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, these symptoms are multifactorial and are often inadequately explained by abnormalities within a single organ system, which underscores the need for integrated phenotyping encompassing cardiac, pulmonary, and functional domains.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Cardiac involvement in COVID-19 ranges from overt myocardial injury to subclinical myocardial dysfunction. The right ventricle (RV) is particularly vulnerable because of its sensitivity to acute increases in pulmonary vascular load resulting from hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, thromboinflammation, microvascular dysfunction, the effects of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and acute respiratory distress syndrome. During the acute phase of COVID-19, RV dysfunction &#8212; including abnormalities identified by 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE)-derived RV longitudinal strain &#8212; has consistently been associated with adverse clinical outcomes and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A Brazilian systematic review with meta-analysis of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 reported a high prevalence of echocardiographic abnormalities, with pooled estimates of left ventricular and RV systolic dysfunction of 25% and 17%, respectively, highlighting the clinical value of cardiac imaging during the acute phase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> 2D-STE provides a sensitive, reproducible assessment of RV mechanics, and RV free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) can identify subtle systolic dysfunction even when conventional indices, such as tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), fractional area change (FAC), and tricuspid annular systolic velocity (S&#8242;), remain within normal reference ranges.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Furthermore, normative data demonstrate clinically meaningful variation in RVFWLS according to age and sex, emphasizing the importance of contextual interpretation and longitudinal assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite accumulating evidence of RV abnormalities during the acute phase of COVID-19, longitudinal data on RVFWLS in patients with post-COVID-19 and its relationship with functional capacity, patient-reported functional status, dyspnea severity, and pulmonary diffusing capacity remain limited. Follow-up studies have yielded heterogeneous results and have generally focused on imaging outcomes alone, with limited integration of functional testing and pulmonary physiological measures, particularly in cohorts characterized by severe acute illness and a high burden of cardiometabolic comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Consequently, it remains unclear whether longitudinal changes in RV mechanics parallel, or diverge from, recovery in functional performance and pulmonary diffusing capacity.</p>
      <p>Accordingly, the primary aim of this study was to characterize the longitudinal trajectory of RVFWLS and conventional RV systolic indices (TAPSE, FAC, and S&#8242;) between approximately 4 and 13 months after acute COVID-19. Secondary aims were to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of RV systolic function with functional capacity assessed by the 30-second sit-to-stand test (30STS), functional status measured by the Post-COVID-19 Functional Status (PCFS) Scale, dyspnea severity assessed using the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale, and pulmonary diffusing capacity measured by the carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (<italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>). We also explored whether baseline functional and pulmonary measures independently predicted follow-up RVFWLS after adjustment for baseline RVFWLS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and setting</title>
        <p>This observational study represents an analysis of a prospective cohort of post-COVID-19 survivors followed at a dedicated post-COVID outpatient research clinic within a tertiary university hospital in southern Brazil. For the present analysis, participants underwent two standardized follow-up evaluations: AV1 (first post-acute evaluation), performed approximately 4 months after the acute phase of COVID-19, and AV2 (second post-acute evaluation), performed approximately 13 months after the acute illness. Medical records from the index hospitalization were reviewed to obtain clinical characteristics and markers of disease severity during the acute phase.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>Eligible participants were adults (&#8805; 18 years) with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swab specimens, who received care during the acute phase and subsequently attended outpatient follow-up. The parent prospective cohort comprised 124 post-COVID-19 survivors. For the present paired longitudinal analysis, participants were eligible if they completed both follow-up assessments and had analyzable transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), including RVFWLS, at both AV1 and AV2. Accordingly, no formal prospective sample size calculation was performed for this secondary analysis.</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria were cognitive or psychiatric impairment precluding the provision of informed consent or completion of study questionnaires; missing required measurements or non-analyzable echocardiographic examinations at AV1 and/or AV2; terminal illness or receipt of palliative care; pregnancy; and age &lt; 18 years.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study procedures and data collection</title>
        <p>At both AV1 and AV2, participants underwent the following assessments, according to their availability at each visit: i) TTE; ii) pulmonary function testing, including spirometry and pulmonary diffusing capacity testing, when applicable; iii) assessment of dyspnea and functional status using the mMRC and the PCFS; iv) anthropometric measurements; and v) evaluation of functional capacity using the 30STS. Vital signs, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and SpO<sub>2</sub>, were recorded at each visit.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Demographic and clinical variables</title>
        <p>Age and sex were recorded for all participants. Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) and classified according to World Health Organization criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Pre-existing comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic lung disease (asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]), heart failure, and coronary artery disease, were collected for descriptive purposes and were not considered primary analytical variables.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Severity of acute COVID-19</title>
        <p>The severity of acute COVID-19 was classified according to the highest level of care required during hospitalization: mild (no hospitalization), moderate (hospital ward admission), or severe (intensive care unit [ICU] admission, with or without IMV). Indicators of respiratory support and other markers of disease severity, including oxygen therapy, IMV, and SpO<sub>2</sub>, were extracted from medical records when available.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of functional capacity</title>
        <p>Functional capacity was assessed using the 30STS according to the Senior Fitness Test protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Age- and sex-specific normative values were used solely to provide clinical context and were not applied as diagnostic cutoffs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of dyspnea and functional status</title>
        <p>Dyspnea severity was assessed using the mMRC (score range, 0-4).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Functional status was evaluated using the PCFS (grades 0-4), based on the validated Brazilian Portuguese version.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acquisition of echocardiographic images</title>
        <p>TTE was performed using a Vivid S6 ultrasound system (GE HealthCare, Tirat Carmel, Israel) equipped with an M4S phased-array transducer, allowing acquisition of 2D, M-mode, Doppler, and myocardial strain images. Image acquisition and quantitative measurements were performed in accordance with contemporary international recommendations for echocardiographic assessment of the right heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic measurements</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain</title>
          <p>RVFWLS was measured using 2D-STE from an RV-focused apical four-chamber view. Images were optimized for myocardial tracking, with a target frame rate of 50-80 frames/s. Analyses were performed using three consecutive cardiac cycles. RVFWLS was calculated as the arithmetic mean of the peak systolic longitudinal strain values obtained from the basal, midventricular, and apical segments of the RV free wall.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Definition of right ventricular systolic dysfunction</title>
      <p>For categorical analyses, RV systolic dysfunction was defined according to prespecified thresholds consistent with contemporary international recommendations: TAPSE &lt; 1.7 cm, FAC &lt; 35%, S&#8242; &lt; 9.5 cm/s, and RVFWLS &gt; &#8722;20% (ie, less negative than &#8722;20%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Pulmonary function testing</title>
      <p>Pulmonary function testing was performed at the study clinic and included spirometry and measurement of diffusing capacity using the single-breath technique. All tests were conducted by trained personnel in accordance with current American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society standards for acceptability and reproducibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pulmonary diffusing capacity was measured as the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (<italic>D</italic><sub>LCO</sub>) using the single-breath method. Alveolar volume (<italic>V</italic><sub>A</sub>) was measured concurrently, and the carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (<italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>) was calculated as <italic>D</italic><sub>LCO</sub>/<italic>V</italic><sub>A</sub>. For the purposes of this study, pulmonary diffusing function was primarily represented by <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> (mL/min/mmHg/L).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Study variables and analytical strategy</title>
      <p>The primary echocardiographic outcomes were RVFWLS, TAPSE, FAC, and S&#8242; measured at AV1 and AV2. Functional and pulmonary outcomes included performance on the 30STS, PCFS scale grade, mMRC dyspnea score, and <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>.</p>
      <p>Analyses were conducted using three complementary approaches. First, cross-sectional analyses examined the associations between RV echocardiographic parameters and functional or pulmonary outcomes separately at AV1 and AV2. Second, longitudinal analyses evaluated within-participant changes over time, with change scores (&#916;) calculated as the value at AV2 minus the value at AV1. These analyses were restricted to participants with complete paired measurements for the variable of interest. Third, categorical analyses classified participants as improved, stable, or worsened according to prespecified criteria. For RV systolic indices, the predefined thresholds for RV systolic dysfunction were used to facilitate clinically meaningful categorization.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Statistical analysis</title>
      <p>Data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). Figures were generated using R, version 4.5.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing), with the &#8220;tidyverse&#8221; package. Selected stratified analyses, including comparisons according to ICU admission and sex, as well as adjusted models when applicable, were performed in R.</p>
      <p>The distribution of continuous variables was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous variables are presented as mean &#177; SD or median (IQR) as appropriate, whereas categorical variables are presented as absolute and relative frequencies. Comparisons between AV1 and AV2 were performed using paired <italic>t</italic> tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests according to data distribution. Between-group comparisons in stratified analyses were conducted using Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> tests or Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> tests, as appropriate. Categorical variables were compared using Fisher&#8217;s exact test.</p>
      <p>Associations between echocardiographic parameters and functional or pulmonary outcomes were assessed using Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients according to the distributional characteristics of data. Correlation strength was interpreted using prespecified thresholds based on the absolute correlation coefficient: weak (&lt; 0.30), moderate (0.30-0.49), and strong (&#8805; 0.50).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A sensitivity power analysis for correlation coefficients was performed to contextualize the absence of a prospective sample size calculation. Assuming a two-sided significance level of &#945; = 0.05 (p &lt; 0.05) and 80% statistical power, the minimum detectable correlation coefficients were approximately |r| = 0.39 for n = 49, |r| = 0.40 for n = 46, |r| = 0.42 for n = 43, and |r| = 0.46 for n = 35. Accordingly, weaker associations may not have been detected. Because no formal adjustment for multiple comparisons was applied, analyses involving multiple correlations and subgroup comparisons should be considered exploratory. 95%CIs are reported where appropriate, and effect sizes are presented as Cohen&#8217;s <italic>d</italic> or rank-biserial correlation coefficients, as applicable.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Ethical considerations</title>
      <p>The study was approved by the institutional Human Research Ethics Committee in accordance with Brazilian National Health Council Resolution 466/2012 (protocol no. 4.290.578). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before study enrollment.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants and follow-up</title>
        <p>Among the 124 participants enrolled in the parent prospective cohort, 49 completed both follow-up visits and had analyzable paired echocardiographic examinations. Women comprised 55.1% (27/49) of the cohort, and obesity was present in 63.3% (31/49). Pre-existing comorbidities included hypertension in 33 participants (67.3%), diabetes mellitus in 15 (30.6%), chronic lung disease (asthma or COPD) in two (4.1%), and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in one (2.0%).</p>
        <p>Most participants required hospitalization during the acute phase of COVID-19, with 38 (77.6%) admitted to the ICU and 33 (67.3%) requiring IMV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics and acute-phase severity of the study participants (n = 49)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Overall</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, years</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">50.7 &#177; 10.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (44.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (55.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">32.1 &#177; 5.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI category</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (34.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity (&#8805; 30.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (63.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hospitalization during acute COVID-19</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (89.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Severity of acute COVID-19</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mild</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Severe</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (77.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ICU admission</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (22.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (77.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMV</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (32.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (67.3)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; SD or n (%) as appropriate. BMI: body mass index; ICU: intensive care unit; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The AV1 was performed a mean of 122.6 &#177; 52.8 days (4.0 &#177; 1.7 months) after the acute illness, whereas the AV2 occurred after a mean of 417.4 &#177; 24.5 days (13.7 &#177; 0.8 months). The mean interval between assessments was 295.0 &#177; 51.9 days. The study design and principal findings are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Functional capacity, dyspnea, functional status, and pulmonary diffusion</title>
        <p>Between AV1 and AV2, functional capacity as assessed by the 30STS and <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> improved significantly. In contrast, dyspnea severity (mMRC) and functional status (PCFS) remained unchanged (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Functional status, dyspnea, functional capacity, and pulmonary diffusion at AV1 and AV2</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>AV1</th>
                  <th>AV2</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>mMRC</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.0-2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.0-2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.430</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCFS</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (1.0-3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (1.0-3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.110</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30STS</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">11.6 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>K<sub>CO</sub>, mL/min/mmHg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>p-values were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for ordinal variables (mMRC and PCFS) and the paired t test for continuous variables (30STS and KCO). Data are presented as mean &#177; SD or median (IQR) as appropriate. 30STS: 30-second sit-to-stand test; AV1: first post-acute evaluation; AV2: second post-acute evaluation; K<sub>CO</sub>: carbon monoxide transfer coefficient; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; PCFS: Post-COVID-19 Functional Status.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Longitudinal changes in right ventricular function</title>
        <p>Among the RV systolic indices, TAPSE showed a modest decline between AV1 and AV2, although values remained within the normal reference range. No significant longitudinal changes were observed in RVFWLS, FAC, or S&#8242; (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Longitudinal changes in right ventricular echocardiographic measures between AV1 and AV2</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>AV1</th>
                  <th>AV2</th>
                  <th>MD*</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.17 to &#8722;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFWLS, %</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;17.4 &#177; 4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;18.4 &#177; 3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;2.53 to 0.56</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FAC, %</td>
                  <td align="center">46.8 &#177; 7.4</td>
                  <td align="center">44.6 &#177; 11.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;2.26</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;5.75 to 1.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#8242;, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">12.6 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">12.2 &#177; 2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.45</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;1.02 to 0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>*MD was calculated as AV2 &#8722; AV1. Data are presented as mean &#177; SD. AV1: first post-acute evaluation; AV2: second post-acute evaluation; FAC: fractional area change; MD: mean difference; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; S&#8242;: tricuspid annular systolic velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cross-sectional associations between right ventricular function and clinical outcomes</title>
        <p>Cross-sectional analyses performed separately at AV1 and AV2 revealed no significant associations between RV systolic indices and functional or pulmonary outcomes (all p &gt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl">Table S1; Table S2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Longitudinal associations</title>
        <p>In analyses based on within-participant changes (&#916; = AV2 &#8722; AV1), changes in RVFWLS were positively correlated with changes in <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> (r = 0.33; p = 0.05), whereas changes in FAC were inversely correlated with changes in PCFS scores (r = &#8722;0.35; p = 0.02). No other longitudinal correlations reached statistical significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlations between longitudinal changes in RV echocardiographic measures and clinical outcomes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">RV parameter &#916;RV*</th>
                  <th>mMRC</th>
                  <th>PCFS</th>
                  <th>30STS</th>
                  <th>KCO</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFWLS</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.16 (p = 0.28)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.06 (p = 0.71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007 (p = 0.96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33 (p = 0.05)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.12 (p = 0.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.01 (p = 0.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.19 (p = 0.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003 (p = 0.99)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FAC</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.17 (p = 0.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.35 (p = 0.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07 (p = 0.67)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.06 (p = 0.73)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#8242;</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02 (p = 0.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02 (p = 0.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.21 (p = 0.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.28 (p = 0.11)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Values are correlation coefficients (r or &#961;) with corresponding p-values. Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients were used as appropriate. *&#916;RV was calculated as AV2 &#8722; AV1. 30STS: 30-second sit-to-stand test; AV1: first post-acute evaluation; AV2: second post-acute evaluation; FAC: fractional area change; K<sub>CO</sub>: carbon monoxide transfer coefficient; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; PCFS: Post-COVID-19 Functional Status; RV: right ventricle; RVFWLS: RV free-wall longitudinal strain; S&#8242;: tricuspid annular systolic velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In analyses based on categorical trajectories (improved, stable, or worsened), changes in TAPSE were inversely correlated with the trajectory of 30STS performance (&#961; = &#8722;0.37; p = 0.01), whereas all other associations were nonsignificant (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl">Table S3</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Stratified analyses by acute-phase severity and sex</title>
        <p>When participants were stratified according to ICU admission during the acute phase, RVFWLS at AV1 showed a nonsignificant trend toward less favorable values among patients requiring ICU care than among those who did not (&#8722;16.8 &#177; 4.7% vs &#8722;19.3 &#177; 3.4%; p = 0.07). No significant between-group differences were observed for the remaining RV systolic indices or for functional and pulmonary measures (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). At AV2, RV echocardiographic parameters, functional outcomes, and <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> were comparable between the ICU and non-ICU groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Right ventricular echocardiographic measures and clinical outcomes at AV1 according to ICU admission</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Non-ICU (n = 11)</th>
                  <th>ICU (n = 38)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>Effect size*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFWLS, %</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;19.3 &#177; 3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;16.8 &#177; 4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FAC, %</td>
                  <td align="center">49.2 &#177; 7.4</td>
                  <td align="center">46.1 &#177; 7.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#8242;, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">12.4 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">12.7 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30STS, repetitions</td>
                  <td align="center">11.3 &#177; 1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">10.0 &#177; 3.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  <td align="center">0.38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>K<sub>CO</sub>, mL/min/mmHg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 &#177; 0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2 &#177; 0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>mMRC, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.0-3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.0-2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCFS, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (0.5-2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (2.0-3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>p-values were calculated using the Student&#8217;s t test for normally distributed continuous variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed or ordinal variables. Data are presented as mean &#177; SD or median (IQR) as appropriate. *Effect size is presented as Cohen&#8217;s d for independent-samples t tests and rank-biserial correlation for Mann-Whitney U tests. 30STS: 30-second sit-to-stand test; AV1: first post-acute evaluation; FAC: fractional area change; ICU: intensive care unit; K<sub>CO</sub>: carbon monoxide transfer coefficient; mMRC; modified Medical Research Council; PCFS: Post-COVID-19 Functional Status; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; S&#8242;: tricuspid annular systolic velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Right ventricular echocardiographic measures and clinical outcomes at AV2 according to ICU admission</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Non-ICU (n = 11)</th>
                  <th>ICU (n = 38)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>Effect size*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFWLS, %</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;18.1 &#177; 2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;18.5 &#177; 3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.38</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FAC, %</td>
                  <td align="center">43.4 &#177; 15.7</td>
                  <td align="center">45.4 &#177; 9.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#8242;, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">12.3 &#177; 1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">12.2 &#177; 2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30STS, repetitions</td>
                  <td align="center">11.9 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">11.5 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>K<sub>CO</sub>, mL/min/mmHg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>mMRC, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.2-1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.0-2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCFS, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (1.0-2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (1.0-3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>p-values were calculated using the Student&#8217;s t test for normally distributed continuous variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed or ordinal variables. Data are presented as mean &#177; SD or median (IQR) as appropriate. *Effect size is presented as Cohen&#8217;s d for independent-samples t tests and rank-biserial correlation for Mann-Whitney U tests. 30STS: 30-second sit-to-stand test; AV2: second post-acute evaluation; FAC: fractional area change; ICU: intensive care unit; K<sub>CO</sub>: carbon monoxide transfer coefficient; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; PCFS: Post-COVID-19 Functional Status; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; S&#8242;: tricuspid annular systolic velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Sex-stratified analyses demonstrated no significant differences in RV echocardiographic parameters or functional and pulmonary outcomes at AV1. At AV2, men exhibited lower TAPSE and FAC values than women, whereas RVFWLS and S&#8242; remained comparable between sexes. PCFS scores showed a borderline difference between men and women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Right ventricular echocardiographic measures and clinical outcomes at AV2 according to sex</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Male (n = 22)</th>
                  <th>Female (n = 27)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>Effect size*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFWLS, %</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;18.0 &#177; 3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;18.7 &#177; 3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FAC, %</td>
                  <td align="center">43.5 &#177; 5.8</td>
                  <td align="center">46.1 &#177; 14.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#8242;, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">12.0 &#177; 2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">12.4 &#177; 2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30STS, repetitions</td>
                  <td align="center">12.3 &#177; 3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">11.1 &#177; 2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>K<sub>CO</sub>, mL/min/mmHg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>mMRC, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5 (0.0-1.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.0-2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCFS, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5 (0.0-2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (2.0-3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>p-values were calculated using the Student&#8217;s t test for normally distributed continuous variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed or ordinal variables. Data are presented as mean &#177; SD or median (IQR) as appropriate. *Effect size is presented as Cohen&#8217;s d for independent-samples t tests and rank-biserial correlation for Mann-Whitney U tests. 30STS: 30-second sit-to-stand test; AV2: second post-acute evaluation; FAC: fractional area change; K<sub>CO</sub>: carbon monoxide transfer coefficient; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; PCFS: Post-COVID-19 Functional Status; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; S&#8242;: tricuspid annular systolic velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In analysis of covariance models with RVFWLS at AV2 as the dependent variable, baseline RVFWLS as a covariate, and each baseline functional or pulmonary measure entered individually as the predictor of interest, none of the baseline functional or pulmonary measures independently predicted follow-up RVFWLS after adjustment for baseline RVFWLS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 8</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ANCOVA models evaluating baseline functional and pulmonary measures as predictors of RVFWLS at AV2 after adjustment for baseline RVFWLS</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Model (predictor at AV1)</th>
                  <th>F (df1, df2)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>Partial &#951;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>mMRC</td>
                  <td align="center">1.930 (1. 47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCFS</td>
                  <td align="center">0.180 (1. 47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30STS</td>
                  <td align="center">1.345 (1. 45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>K<sub>CO</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">0.225 (1. 39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>The dependent variable was RVFWLS at AV2. Baseline RVFWLS (AV1) was included as a covariate. Each model included a single baseline functional or pulmonary measure as the predictor of interest. 30STS: 30-second sit-to-stand test; ANCOVA: analysis of covariance; AV1: first post-acute evaluation; AV2: second post-acute evaluation; df: degrees of freedom; K<sub>CO</sub>: carbon monoxide transfer coefficient; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; PCFS: Post-COVID-19 Functional Status; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study provides a longitudinal assessment of post-COVID-19 survivors from a cohort characterized by severe acute illness and a high burden of cardiometabolic comorbidities. Over a mean follow-up interval of approximately 10 months, objective measures of functional performance, assessed by the 30STS, and pulmonary diffusing function, indexed by the <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>, improved significantly. In contrast, dyspnea severity and self-reported functional status, assessed using the mMRC and the PCFS, respectively, remained unchanged despite a favorable descriptive trend. From a cardiovascular perspective, conventional RV systolic indices remained largely preserved, with the exception of a modest but statistically significant decline in TAPSE, which nevertheless remained within the normal reference range. Likewise, RVFWLS remained mildly reduced without significant longitudinal change, consistent with persistent subclinical RV systolic involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The susceptibility of the RV to injury during acute COVID-19 is well established. Pulmonary vascular abnormalities and thrombo-inflammatory processes increase RV afterload and may precipitate RV systolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In 2022, investigators at the Mayo Clinic compared pre-COVID-19 echocardiograms with the first outpatient post-COVID-19 examination using blinded core laboratory strain analysis and a stringent definition of clinically meaningful deterioration. Overall, they found no clinically meaningful change in mean RV free wall strain, although a subset of patients experienced significant worsening, particularly those with new cardiopulmonary symptoms and pre-existing cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Longitudinal studies from other cohorts have likewise suggested that RV remodeling and dysfunction improve in most survivors but persist in clinically important subgroups, potentially attenuating linear associations when analyses are performed across the entire cohort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Consistent with this heterogeneity, studies focusing on ICU survivors have reported more persistent impairment in RV strain and conventional RV systolic indices than in control populations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> whereas other longitudinal cohorts have demonstrated statistically significant improvements in RV strain over approximately 1 year despite minimal absolute changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Conversely, large cohorts with longer follow-up have reported RV strain values comparable to those of control participants in some settings,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> supporting the concept that post-COVID-19 RV mechanical abnormalities are generally subtle, heterogeneous across clinical phenotypes, and not consistently reflected by symptom burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The present findings, which are characterized by preserved conventional RV systolic indices together with persistently but mildly reduced RVFWLS, fit within this heterogeneous body of evidence and underscore the importance of considering both clinical phenotype and methodological differences when interpreting results across studies.</p>
      <p>The substantial cardiometabolic burden of our cohort also warrants consideration when interpreting the persistently reduced RVFWLS values. Although guideline-recommended thresholds are useful for categorical classification, they were not developed specifically for post-COVID-19 populations with a high prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, in the absence of a non-COVID control group and pre-infection echocardiographic data, residual abnormalities in RVFWLS should be interpreted with caution and should not be attributed solely to prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>
      <p>Cross-sectional analyses performed at both follow-up visits demonstrated weak and nonsignificant correlations (|r| &lt; 0.30; p &gt; 0.05) between RV systolic indices (RVFWLS, TAPSE, FAC, and S&#8242;) and clinical outcomes, including dyspnea (mMRC), functional status (PCFS), functional capacity (30STS), and pulmonary diffusing function (<italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>). These findings suggest that, at a single time point during the late post-COVID-19 period, resting RV systolic performance, whether assessed by conventional echocardiographic parameters or myocardial deformation imaging, does not exhibit a linear relationship with dyspnea severity, self-reported functional limitation, objective functional performance, or pulmonary diffusing capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> This observation is consistent with the multifactorial pathophysiology of post-COVID-19, in which persistent symptoms and perceived functional limitation likely reflect the combined effects of residual pulmonary disease, cardiovascular abnormalities, peripheral deconditioning, autonomic dysfunction, and psychosocial factors. These interacting mechanisms may contribute to the frequently observed dissociation between objective cardiopulmonary measurements and patient-reported outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>When longitudinal changes (&#916;) were analyzed, two modest but biologically plausible associations emerged. Changes in RVFWLS were positively correlated with changes in <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> (r = 0.33; p = 0.05), whereas changes in FAC were inversely correlated with changes in PCFS scores (r = &#8722;0.35; p = 0.02). The association between improvements in pulmonary gas transfer and RV mechanics is physiologically plausible given the sensitivity of RV performance to changes in pulmonary vascular afterload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> However, the association between &#916;RVFWLS and &#916;<italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> reached only the conventional threshold for statistical significance and should therefore be considered hypothesis-generating, particularly because no adjustment for multiple comparisons was performed. Partial recovery of the alveolar-capillary interface may be accompanied by parallel, albeit modest, improvement in RV mechanical function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Similarly, FAC &#8212; which is generally considered a more global measure of RV systolic performance than annular indices alone &#8212; may capture clinically meaningful changes associated with patients&#8217; perceived functional trajectory in selected individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Using the categorical trajectory approach, the inverse correlation between changes in TAPSE and the trajectory of 30STS performance (&#961; = &#8722;0.37; p = 0.01) indicates that greater longitudinal reductions in TAPSE were associated with greater improvement in 30STS performance categories. TAPSE is highly load dependent, reflects only the longitudinal excursion of the tricuspid annulus, and is susceptible to measurement variability. Consequently, current guidelines recommend a multiparametric assessment of RV systolic function rather than reliance on TAPSE as a standalone measure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Although reduced TAPSE during acute COVID-19 hospitalization has consistently been associated with adverse outcomes, including mortality, in meta-analyses,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> a small isolated decline during the late post-COVID-19 period, in the absence of concordant changes in FAC, S&#8242;, or RVFWLS, is more likely to reflect hemodynamic variation, measurement variability, or selective changes in longitudinal annular motion than a true deterioration in global RV systolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The stability of FAC and S&#8242; observed in our cohort further supports this interpretation.</p>
      <p>The significant improvement in 30STS performance together with the increase in <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> suggests objective recovery in both functional performance and pulmonary diffusing capacity, which may not be proportionately reflected by symptom-based or patient-reported functional measures. One plausible explanation is that improvements in 30STS performance partly reflect peripheral reconditioning, including gains in lower-extremity strength and endurance, enhanced tolerance to submaximal exercise, and/or participation in rehabilitation programs, all of which may improve functional performance despite stable echocardiographic findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of rehabilitation interventions in post-COVID-19 populations have consistently demonstrated improvements in functional outcomes, including sit-to-stand performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Likewise, longitudinal studies of survivors of COVID-19 hospitalization have frequently reported progressive improvement in pulmonary diffusing capacity (<italic>D</italic><sub>LCO</sub> and <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>) over time, although residual impairment may persist in some individuals and recovery may eventually plateau, providing context for the modest increase in <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> observed in our cohort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Despite these objective improvements, the stability of median mMRC and PCFS scores is consistent with evidence from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) studies and systematic reviews indicating that exertional intolerance and persistent dyspnea in post-COVID-19 arise from multiple interacting mechanisms (eg, ventilatory, perfusion-related, circulatory, peripheral, and autonomic abnormalities) making it unlikely that any single resting physiological marker adequately explains symptom severity or functional limitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Stratified analyses yielded additional findings that should be regarded as hypothesis-generating. When participants were stratified according to acute-phase severity, RVFWLS showed a nonsignificant trend toward more impaired values among patients requiring ICU admission at AV1, whereas values converged by AV2, a pattern consistent with greater early RV vulnerability in severe COVID-19 followed by partial recovery or physiological adaptation over time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Sex-stratified analyses showed that men had lower TAPSE and FAC values at AV2 and experienced greater longitudinal reductions in TAPSE and S&#8242;, whereas women tended to report greater functional limitation on the PCFS. These observations should be interpreted cautiously because RV systolic indices are influenced by loading conditions and are subject to both biological and technical variability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nevertheless, the greater symptom burden reported by women is consistent with previous studies of post-COVID-19 populations using functional status instruments and rehabilitation cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Finally, analysis of covariance demonstrated that baseline mMRC, PCFS, 30STS, and <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> were not independently associated with RVFWLS at follow-up after adjustment for baseline RVFWLS, suggesting that the initial severity of symptoms, functional impairment, or pulmonary dysfunction did not robustly predict subsequent RV myocardial deformation in this cohort.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical implications</title>
        <p>Our findings have three main clinical implications. First, neither RVFWLS nor conventional RV systolic indices emerged as robust standalone markers of late functional impairment or its longitudinal trajectory, supporting the use of an integrated assessment that combines echocardiography with functional testing and pulmonary evaluation, as advocated by recent post-COVID-19 phenotyping studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Second, the modest associations observed in longitudinal (&#916;-based) analyses suggest that temporal changes may be more informative than isolated measurements obtained at a single time point. However, the observed effect sizes were small and lacked consistent replication across analyses, indicating that noncardiac factors (eg, peripheral deconditioning, residual pulmonary disease, autonomic dysfunction, and psychosocial influences) are likely to play a predominant role in determining functional recovery in many patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Third, the optimal timing of cardiopulmonary assessment after COVID-19 remains uncertain. Earlier evaluations, including those performed during the acute phase of illness, may provide greater prognostic value than later assessments and warrant further investigation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>This study has several limitations. First, the relatively small sample size limited statistical power for correlation analyses, particularly after stratification and categorical trajectory classification, increasing the risk of type II error and reducing the precision of effect estimates. Sensitivity power analysis indicated that the available sample size was sufficient to detect correlations of at least moderate magnitude; therefore, weaker associations may have gone undetected. Consequently, nonsignificant findings should not be interpreted as definitive evidence of the absence of an association, and the results should be regarded as exploratory and hypothesis-generating.</p>
        <p>Second, the limited sample size precluded meaningful subgroup analyses according to important cardiometabolic conditions, such as obesity and hypertension, because these would have resulted in small subgroup sizes and unstable estimates.</p>
        <p>Third, no formal adjustment for multiple comparisons was performed; therefore, isolated findings with borderline statistical significance should be interpreted cautiously. Fourth, the absence of both a non-COVID control group and pre-infection echocardiographic data limits attribution of the observed abnormalities specifically to post-COVID-19 sequelae in this cohort with a high burden of pre-existing comorbidities.</p>
        <p>Fifth, the availability of only two follow-up assessments precluded characterization of intermediate recovery trajectories, including the possibility of early improvement followed by a later plateau. Moreover, because the first follow-up assessment occurred approximately 4 months after the acute illness, RV abnormalities present during hospitalization or in the early post-discharge period may already have partially resolved, limiting characterization of the complete course of RV recovery.</p>
        <p>Sixth, mechanistic interpretation is limited by the absence of invasive hemodynamic assessment by right heart catheterization and CPET, both of which could have better distinguished the relative contributions of ventilatory, circulatory, peripheral, and autonomic mechanisms to persistent exercise intolerance. In addition, potentially important confounding factors (eg, pre-COVID-19 physical activity, participation in rehabilitation programs, medical therapies, infecting viral variants, and socioeconomic characteristics) could not be comprehensively accounted for.</p>
        <p>Finally, intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of RVFWLS measurements was not formally assessed. Therefore, the contribution of measurement variability to the small longitudinal changes observed cannot be excluded. Moreover, 2D-STE-derived RV strain is intrinsically influenced by image quality, frame rate, tracking performance, observer variability, and vendor- or software-specific algorithms, while standardization of RV strain cutoff values remains incomplete .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Among post-COVID-19 survivors with severe acute illness and a high burden of cardiometabolic comorbidities, functional capacity and pulmonary diffusing function improved during follow-up, whereas RVFWLS remained mildly reduced without significant longitudinal change. Conventional RV systolic indices remained largely preserved, with the exception of a modest decline in TAPSE that remained within the normal reference range. These exploratory findings suggest a partial dissociation between recovery of functional and pulmonary performance and resting echocardiographic markers of RV systolic function during the late post-COVID-19 period, reinforcing the importance of an integrated, multiparametric, and individualized approach to patient assessment.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01_pt">
        <label>Supplemental Materials</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/84kdv8gQrJGvwqGLbP76BLv/0f76c64ce6818c659b99b22567320b8055161eb1.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
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            <etal>et al</etal>
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          <article-title>Cardiopulmonary Recovery after COVID-19: An Observational Prospective Multicentre Trial</article-title>
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              <surname>Richter</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Study Association:</label>
        <p>This article is part of the master&#8217;s thesis in Medical Sciences submitted by Rogelin M, from the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences of the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
        <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee for Human Subjects under approval number 4,290,578, dated 09/21/2020. All procedures involved in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
        <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
        <p>The data supporting the results of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_suppl">
        <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
        <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/ABCImag-2026-0051_AO_Supplementary_Material.pdf">click here</ext-link>. </p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq &#8211; MCTIC/CNPq/FNDCT/MS/SCTIE/Decit No. 07/2020.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260051</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica Seriada da Fun&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Direito e Sua Associa&#231;&#227;o Com Capacidade Funcional, Dispneia e Difus&#227;o Pulmonar em Sobreviventes da Covid-19 Longa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-8299-6332</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rogelin</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9449-8959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aranha</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Ferraz Martins Gra&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4620-9064</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9627-2112</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rosemeri Maurici da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6954-2834</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fialho</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Loureiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1002">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01002"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Marcelo Rogelin Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Universit&#225;rio. CEP: 88040-900. Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil E-mail: marcelorogelin@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>Sobreviventes da covid-19 longa podem apresentar comprometimento funcional persistente e sequelas cardiopulmonares tardias. O ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) &#233; particularmente suscet&#237;vel a les&#245;es, e a deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito (DLPLVD), medida pela ecocardiografia bidimensional com <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (2D-STE), pode detectar disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica subcl&#237;nica do VD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, por meio da DLPLVD, da excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide (TAPSE), da varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea (FAC) e da velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide (S&#8242;), e investigar suas associa&#231;&#245;es com a capacidade funcional (teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos [TSL-30]), o estado funcional (Escala de Estado Funcional P&#243;s-COVID-19 [PCFS]), a dispneia (escala modificada do Medical Research Council [mMRC]) e o coeficiente de transfer&#234;ncia do mon&#243;xido de carbono (<italic>K</italic><sub><italic>CO</italic></sub>) em sobreviventes da covid-19 p&#243;s-aguda.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Esta an&#225;lise observacional incluiu participantes de uma <underline>coorte</underline> prospectiva de covid-19 p&#243;s-aguda avaliados em duas visitas de acompanhamento (AV1 e AV2), aproximadamente 4 e 13 meses ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o aguda. Foram inclu&#237;dos adultos com infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 confirmada e ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) pass&#237;vel de an&#225;lise por 2D-STE. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p &lt; 0,05 bicaudal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 49 pacientes; 55,1% eram mulheres, a idade m&#233;dia foi de 50,7 &#177; 10,3 anos, 63,3% apresentavam obesidade, 77,6% necessitaram de interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e 67,3% foram submetidos &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva (VMI). O desempenho no TSL-30 melhorou (10,1 &#177; 3,3 vs. 11,6 &#177; 3,1 repeti&#231;&#245;es; p = 0,004), e o K<sub>CO</sub> aumentou (4,1 &#177; 0,7 vs. 4,3 &#177; 0,8 ml/min/mmHg/l; p = 0,002), enquanto os escores da mMRC (p = 0,43) e a mediana dos escores da PCFS (p = 0,11) permaneceram inalterados. A TAPSE apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o discreta, mas permaneceu dentro da faixa de refer&#234;ncia da normalidade (2,2 &#177; 0,3 vs. 2,1 &#177; 0,2 cm; p = 0,03), enquanto a DLPLVD, a FAC e a S&#8242; n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas ao longo do tempo. As correla&#231;&#245;es transversais entre os &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos foram fracas e n&#227;o significativas tanto na AV1 quanto na AV2 (|r| &lt; 0,30; p &gt; 0,05). Na an&#225;lise longitudinal, as altera&#231;&#245;es da DLPLVD apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com as altera&#231;&#245;es do K<sub>CO</sub> (r = 0,33; p = 0,05), enquanto as altera&#231;&#245;es da FAC apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com as altera&#231;&#245;es dos escores da PCFS (r = &#8722;0,35; p = 0,02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Nesta coorte de sobreviventes da covid-19 p&#243;s-aguda, a capacidade funcional e a capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar melhoraram ao longo do tempo, enquanto a DLPLVD permaneceu persistentemente reduzida, sem altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais significativas. Esses achados explorat&#243;rios sugerem que os &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD n&#227;o devem ser interpretados isoladamente como marcadores de limita&#231;&#227;o funcional durante o per&#237;odo tardio da covid-19 p&#243;s-aguda e refor&#231;am o uso de uma abordagem integrada e multiparam&#233;trica para a avalia&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01002">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica Seriada da Fun&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Direito e Sua Associa&#231;&#227;o Com Capacidade Funcional, Dispneia e Difus&#227;o Pulmonar em Sobreviventes da Covid-19 Longa</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica Seriada da Fun&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Direito e Sua Associa&#231;&#227;o Com Capacidade Funcional, Dispneia e Difus&#227;o Pulmonar em Sobreviventes da Covid-19 P&#243;s-Aguda. 2D-STE: ecocardiografia bidimensional com speckle tracking; AV1: primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-aguda; AV2: segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-aguda; DLCO: capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar para mon&#243;xido de carbono; DLPLVD: deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; FAC: varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea; KCO: coeficiente de transfer&#234;ncia do mon&#243;xido de carbono; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PCFS: Escala de Estado Funcional P&#243;s-COVID-19; S&#8242;: velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide; TSL-30: teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva; VA: volume alveolar; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VMI: ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260051-0051i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de P&#243;s-COVID-19 Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Deforma&#231;&#227;o Longitudinal Global</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A covid-19 longa &#233; caracterizada por sintomas novos ou persistentes que geralmente se desenvolvem dentro de 3 meses ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o aguda por SARS-CoV-2, persistem por pelo menos 2 meses e afetam substancialmente o funcionamento di&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Dispneia, redu&#231;&#227;o da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e fadiga est&#227;o entre as manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais comuns, sugerindo que altera&#231;&#245;es cardiopulmonares persistentes podem contribuir para o comprometimento funcional de longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, esses sintomas s&#227;o multifatoriais e frequentemente n&#227;o s&#227;o adequadamente explicados por altera&#231;&#245;es em um &#250;nico sistema org&#226;nico, o que ressalta a necessidade de uma caracteriza&#231;&#227;o integrada abrangendo os dom&#237;nios card&#237;aco, pulmonar e funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O acometimento card&#237;aco na covid-19 varia desde les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica manifesta at&#233; disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica subcl&#237;nica. O ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) &#233; particularmente vulner&#225;vel devido &#224; sua sensibilidade aos aumentos agudos da carga vascular pulmonar decorrentes da vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o pulmonar hip&#243;xica, tromboinflama&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, efeitos da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva (VMI) e s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio agudo. Durante a fase aguda da covid-19, a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD &#8212; incluindo altera&#231;&#245;es identificadas pela deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do VD derivada da ecocardiografia bidimensional com <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (2D-STE) &#8212; tem sido consistentemente associada a desfechos cl&#237;nicos desfavor&#225;veis e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica brasileira com metan&#225;lise de pacientes hospitalizados com covid-19 relatou elevada preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, com estimativas combinadas de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e do VD de 25% e 17%, respectivamente, destacando o valor cl&#237;nico da imagem card&#237;aca durante a fase aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A 2D-STE fornece uma avalia&#231;&#227;o sens&#237;vel e reprodut&#237;vel da mec&#226;nica do VD, e a deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito (DLPLVD) pode identificar disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica sutil mesmo quando &#237;ndices convencionais, como a excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide (TAPSE), a varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea (FAC) e a velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide (S&#8242;), permanecem dentro dos valores de refer&#234;ncia da normalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, dados normativos demonstram varia&#231;&#245;es clinicamente relevantes da DLPLVD de acordo com a idade e o sexo, enfatizando a import&#226;ncia da interpreta&#231;&#227;o contextualizada e da avalia&#231;&#227;o longitudinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Apesar do crescente corpo de evid&#234;ncias sobre altera&#231;&#245;es do VD durante a fase aguda da covid-19, os dados longitudinais sobre a DLPLVD em pacientes com covid-19 longa e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a capacidade funcional, o estado funcional autorrelatado, a gravidade da dispneia e a capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar permanecem limitados. Estudos de seguimento t&#234;m produzido resultados heterog&#234;neos e, de modo geral, concentraram-se apenas em desfechos de imagem, com integra&#231;&#227;o limitada de testes funcionais e medidas fisiol&#243;gicas pulmonares, particularmente em coortes caracterizadas por doen&#231;a aguda grave e elevada carga de comorbidades cardiometab&#243;licas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Consequentemente, permanece incerto se as altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais da mec&#226;nica do VD acompanham ou divergem da recupera&#231;&#227;o do desempenho funcional e da capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
        <p>Assim, o objetivo prim&#225;rio deste estudo foi caracterizar a trajet&#243;ria longitudinal da DLPLVD e dos &#237;ndices convencionais de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD (TAPSE, FAC e S&#8242;) entre aproximadamente 4 e 13 meses ap&#243;s a covid-19 aguda. Os objetivos secund&#225;rios foram investigar as associa&#231;&#245;es transversais e longitudinais da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD com a capacidade funcional avaliada pelo teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos (TSL-30), o estado funcional mensurado pela Escala de Estado Funcional P&#243;s-COVID-19 (PCFS), a gravidade da dispneia avaliada pela escala modificada do Medical Research Council (mMRC) e a capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar mensurada pelo coeficiente de transfer&#234;ncia do mon&#243;xido de carbono (<italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>). Tamb&#233;m exploramos se as medidas funcionais e pulmonares basais prediziam independentemente a DLPLVD no seguimento ap&#243;s ajuste para a DLPLVD basal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo e cen&#225;rio</title>
          <p>Este estudo observacional representa uma an&#225;lise de uma coorte prospectiva de sobreviventes da covid-19 longa acompanhados em um ambulat&#243;rio de pesquisa especializado em covid-19 longa vinculado a um hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio no sul do Brasil. Para a presente an&#225;lise, os participantes foram submetidos a duas avalia&#231;&#245;es padronizadas de seguimento: AV1 (primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-aguda), realizada aproximadamente 4 meses ap&#243;s a fase aguda da covid-19, e AV2 (segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-aguda), realizada aproximadamente 13 meses ap&#243;s a doen&#231;a aguda. Os prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos referentes &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o inicial foram revisados para obten&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e dos marcadores de gravidade da doen&#231;a durante a fase aguda.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Foram eleg&#237;veis adultos (&#8805; 18 anos) com infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 confirmada por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase com transcri&#231;&#227;o reversa, utilizando amostras obtidas por <italic>swab</italic> nasofar&#237;ngeo e/ou orofar&#237;ngeo, que receberam atendimento durante a fase aguda e posteriormente realizaram acompanhamento ambulatorial. A coorte prospectiva original foi composta por 124 sobreviventes da covid-19 longa. Para a presente an&#225;lise longitudinal pareada, os participantes foram considerados eleg&#237;veis caso tivessem completado ambas as avalia&#231;&#245;es de seguimento e apresentassem ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) pass&#237;vel de an&#225;lise, incluindo a DLPLVD, tanto na AV1 quanto na AV2. Assim, n&#227;o foi realizado c&#225;lculo formal do tamanho amostral para esta an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram comprometimento cognitivo ou psiqui&#225;trico que impedisse o fornecimento do consentimento informado ou o preenchimento dos question&#225;rios do estudo; aus&#234;ncia das medidas requeridas ou exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos n&#227;o pass&#237;veis de an&#225;lise na AV1 e/ou AV2; doen&#231;a terminal ou recebimento de cuidados paliativos; gesta&#231;&#227;o; e idade &lt; 18 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos do estudo e coleta de dados</title>
          <p>Na AV1 e na AV2, os participantes foram submetidos &#224;s seguintes avalia&#231;&#245;es, de acordo com sua disponibilidade em cada visita: i) ETT; ii) testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, incluindo espirometria e avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar, quando aplic&#225;vel; iii) avalia&#231;&#227;o da dispneia e do estado funcional por meio da mMRC e da PCFS; iv) medidas antropom&#233;tricas; e v) avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional por meio do TSL-30. Os sinais vitais, incluindo press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e SpO<sub>2</sub>, foram registrados em cada visita.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>A idade e o sexo foram registrados para todos os participantes. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal foi calculado como o peso em quilogramas dividido pela altura em metros ao quadrado (kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) e classificado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> As comorbidades pr&#233;-existentes, incluindo hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes melito, doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica (asma ou doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, foram coletadas para fins descritivos e n&#227;o foram consideradas vari&#225;veis anal&#237;ticas prim&#225;rias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Gravidade da covid-19 aguda</title>
          <p>A gravidade da covid-19 aguda foi classificada de acordo com o maior n&#237;vel de assist&#234;ncia necess&#225;rio durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o: leve (sem hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o), moderada (interna&#231;&#227;o em enfermaria) ou grave (interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de terapia intensiva [UTI], com ou sem VMI). Os indicadores de suporte respirat&#243;rio e outros marcadores de gravidade da doen&#231;a, incluindo oxigenoterapia, VMI e SpO<sub>2</sub>, foram extra&#237;dos dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos quando dispon&#237;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional</title>
          <p>A capacidade funcional foi avaliada por meio do TSL-30, de acordo com o protocolo do Senior Fitness Test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Valores normativos espec&#237;ficos para idade e sexo foram utilizados exclusivamente para fornecer contexto cl&#237;nico e n&#227;o foram aplicados como pontos de corte diagn&#243;sticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da dispneia e do estado funcional</title>
          <p>A gravidade da dispneia foi avaliada por meio da mMRC (intervalo de escores, 0-4).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O estado funcional foi avaliado por meio da PCFS (graus de 0-4), com base na vers&#227;o brasileira validada em portugu&#234;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          <p>A ETT foi realizada utilizando um sistema de ultrassonografia Vivid S6 (GE HealthCare, Tirat Carmel, Israel), equipado com um transdutor setorial M4S, permitindo a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens bidimensionais, em modo M, Doppler e de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens e as mensura&#231;&#245;es quantitativas foram realizadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais contempor&#226;neas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mensura&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          <sec>
            <title>DLPLVD</title>
            <p>A DLPLVD foi mensurada por meio da 2D-STE a partir da janela apical de quatro c&#226;maras com foco no VD. As imagens foram otimizadas para o rastreamento mioc&#225;rdico, com frequ&#234;ncia de quadros-alvo de 50-80 quadros/s. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos. A DLPLVD foi calculada como a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica dos valores de pico da deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal sist&#243;lica obtidos nos segmentos basal, m&#233;dio e apical da parede livre do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD</title>
        <p>Para as an&#225;lises categ&#243;ricas, a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD foi definida de acordo com limiares predefinidos consistentes com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais contempor&#226;neas: TAPSE &lt; 1,7 cm, FAC &lt; 35%, S&#8242; &lt; 9,5 cm/s e DLPLVD &gt; &#8722;20% (isto &#233;, menos negativa que &#8722;20%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar</title>
        <p>Os testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foram realizados no ambulat&#243;rio do estudo e inclu&#237;ram espirometria e mensura&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de difus&#227;o utilizando a t&#233;cnica da respira&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica. Todos os testes foram conduzidos por profissionais treinados, de acordo com os padr&#245;es atuais da American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society para aceitabilidade e reprodutibilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar foi mensurada como a capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar para mon&#243;xido de carbono (<italic>D</italic><sub>LCO</sub>) utilizando o m&#233;todo da respira&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica. O volume alveolar (<italic>V</italic><sub>A</sub>) foi mensurado concomitantemente, e o <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> foi calculado como <italic>D</italic><sub>LCO</sub>/<italic>V</italic><sub>A</sub>. Para os prop&#243;sitos deste estudo, a fun&#231;&#227;o de difus&#227;o pulmonar foi representada principalmente pelo <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> (ml/min/mmHg/l).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis do estudo e estrat&#233;gia anal&#237;tica</title>
        <p>Os desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos prim&#225;rios foram a DLPLVD, a TAPSE, a FAC e a S&#8242; mensuradas na AV1 e na AV2. Os desfechos funcionais e pulmonares inclu&#237;ram o desempenho no TSL-30, o grau na escala PCFS, o escore de dispneia da mMRC e o <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises foram conduzidas utilizando tr&#234;s abordagens complementares. Primeiramente, an&#225;lises transversais examinaram as associa&#231;&#245;es entre os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do VD e os desfechos funcionais ou pulmonares separadamente na AV1 e na AV2. Em seguida, an&#225;lises longitudinais avaliaram as altera&#231;&#245;es intraindividuais ao longo do tempo, com os escores de varia&#231;&#227;o (&#916;) calculados como o valor da AV2 menos o valor da AV1. Essas an&#225;lises foram restritas aos participantes com medidas pareadas completas para a vari&#225;vel de interesse. Por fim, an&#225;lises categ&#243;ricas classificaram os participantes como melhorados, est&#225;veis ou com piora de acordo com crit&#233;rios predefinidos. Para os &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, os limiares predefinidos para disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD foram utilizados para facilitar uma categoriza&#231;&#227;o clinicamente relevante.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram inseridos no Microsoft Excel e analisados no IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, vers&#227;o 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EUA). As figuras foram geradas no R, vers&#227;o 4.5.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing), utilizando o pacote &#8220;tidyverse&#8221;. An&#225;lises estratificadas selecionadas, incluindo compara&#231;&#245;es de acordo com interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI e sexo, bem como modelos ajustados, quando aplic&#225;vel, foram realizadas no R.</p>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil), conforme apropriado, enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre AV1 e AV2 foram realizadas utilizando o teste <italic>t</italic> pareado ou o teste de postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon, de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos nas an&#225;lises estratificadas foram conduzidas utilizando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou o teste <italic>U</italic> de Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas utilizando o teste exato de Fisher.</p>
        <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es entre os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e os desfechos funcionais ou pulmonares foram avaliadas por meio dos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson ou de Spearman, de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas distribucionais dos dados. A for&#231;a das correla&#231;&#245;es foi interpretada utilizando limiares predefinidos com base no valor absoluto do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o: fraca (&lt; 0,30), moderada (0,30&#8211;0,49) e forte (&#8805; 0,50).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de poder de sensibilidade para coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o com o objetivo de contextualizar a aus&#234;ncia de um c&#225;lculo prospectivo do tamanho amostral. Assumindo um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia bicaudal de &#945; = 0,05 (p &lt; 0,05) e poder estat&#237;stico de 80%, os coeficientes m&#237;nimos de correla&#231;&#227;o detect&#225;veis foram aproximadamente |r| = 0,39 para n = 49, |r| = 0,40 para n = 46, |r| = 0,42 para n = 43 e |r| = 0,46 para n = 35. Assim, associa&#231;&#245;es mais fracas podem n&#227;o ter sido detectadas. Como n&#227;o foi realizado ajuste formal para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas, as an&#225;lises envolvendo m&#250;ltiplas correla&#231;&#245;es e compara&#231;&#245;es entre subgrupos devem ser consideradas explorat&#243;rias. Intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% s&#227;o apresentados quando apropriado, e os tamanhos de efeito s&#227;o apresentados como <italic>d</italic> de Cohen ou coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o bisserial por postos, conforme aplic&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o, em conformidade com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de (protocolo n&#186; 4.290.578). O consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os participantes antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes e seguimento</title>
          <p>Entre os 124 participantes inclu&#237;dos na coorte prospectiva original, 49 completaram ambas as visitas de seguimento e apresentaram exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pareados pass&#237;veis de an&#225;lise. As mulheres representaram 55,1% (27/49) da coorte, e obesidade estava presente em 63,3% (31/49). As comorbidades pr&#233;-existentes inclu&#237;ram HAS em 33 participantes (67,3%), diabetes melito em 15 (30,6%), doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica (asma ou DPOC) em dois (4,1%) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida em um (2,0%).</p>
          <p>A maioria dos participantes necessitou de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o durante a fase aguda da covid-19, sendo que 38 (77,6%) foram internados em UTI e 33 (67,3%) necessitaram de VMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1002">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais e gravidade da fase aguda dos participantes do estudo (n = 49)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                    <th>Geral</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Idade, anos</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">50,7 &#177; 10,3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sexo</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Masculino</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (44,9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Feminino</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (55,1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">32,1 &#177; 5,8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Categoria do IMC</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Eutrofia (18,5-24,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2,0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sobrepeso (25,0-29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (34,7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesidade (&#8805; 30,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (63,3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o durante a covid-19 aguda</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>N&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (10,2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sim</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (89,8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gravidade da covid-19 aguda</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Leve</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (10,2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderada</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (12,2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grave</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (77,6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>N&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (22,4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sim</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (77,6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>VMI</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>N&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (32,7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sim</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (67,3)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1002">
                  <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n (%), conforme apropriado. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva; VMI: ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>A AV1 foi realizada, em m&#233;dia, 122,6 &#177; 52,8 dias (4,0 &#177; 1,7 meses) ap&#243;s a doen&#231;a aguda, enquanto a AV2 ocorreu ap&#243;s uma m&#233;dia de 417,4 &#177; 24,5 dias (13,7 &#177; 0,8 meses). O intervalo m&#233;dio entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es foi de 295,0 &#177; 51,9 dias. O delineamento do estudo e os principais achados est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Capacidade funcional, dispneia, estado funcional e difus&#227;o pulmonar</title>
          <p>Entre a AV1 e a AV2, a capacidade funcional avaliada pelo TSL-30 e o <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> melhoraram significativamente. Em contraste, a gravidade da dispneia (mMRC) e o estado funcional (PCFS) permaneceram inalterados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2002">
              <label>Tabela 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Estado funcional, dispneia, capacidade funcional e difus&#227;o pulmonar na AV1 e na AV2</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                    <th>AV1</th>
                    <th>AV2</th>
                    <th>Valor de p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>mMRC</td>
                    <td align="center">1,0 (0,0-2,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,0 (0,0-2,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,430</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCFS</td>
                    <td align="center">2,0 (1,0-3,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,0 (1,0-3,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,110</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TSL-30</td>
                    <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 3,3</td>
                    <td align="center">11,6 &#177; 3,1</td>
                    <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>K<sub>CO</sub>, mL/min/mmHg/L</td>
                    <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 0,7</td>
                    <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 0,8</td>
                    <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2002">
                  <p>Os valores de p foram calculados utilizando o teste de postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon para vari&#225;veis ordinais (mMRC e PCFS) e o teste t pareado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas (TSL-30 e K<sub>CO</sub>). Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana (IIQ), conforme apropriado. AV1: primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-aguda; AV2: segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-aguda; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; K<sub>CO</sub>: coeficiente de transfer&#234;ncia do mon&#243;xido de carbono; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PCFS: Escala de Estado Funcional P&#243;s-COVID-19; TSL-30: teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD</title>
          <p>Entre os &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, a TAPSE apresentou discreta redu&#231;&#227;o entre a AV1 e a AV2, embora os valores tenham permanecido dentro dos valores de refer&#234;ncia da normalidade. N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais significativas na DLPLVD, na FAC ou na S&#8242; (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3002">
              <label>Tabela 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas do VD entre a AV1 e a AV2</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                    <th>AV1</th>
                    <th>AV2</th>
                    <th>DM*</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                    <th>Valor de p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TAPSE, cm</td>
                    <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                    <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 0,2</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,09</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,17 a &#8722;0,01</td>
                    <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DLPLVD, %</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;17,4 &#177; 4,5</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;18,4 &#177; 3,5</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,99</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;2,53 a 0,56</td>
                    <td align="center">0,21</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FAC, %</td>
                    <td align="center">46,8 &#177; 7,4</td>
                    <td align="center">44,6 &#177; 11,2</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;2,26</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;5,75 a 1,23</td>
                    <td align="center">0,20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S&#8242;, cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">12,6 &#177; 2,4</td>
                    <td align="center">12,2 &#177; 2,0</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,45</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;1,02 a 0,12</td>
                    <td align="center">0,12</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3002">
                  <p>*DM foi calculada como AV2 &#8722; AV1. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. AV1: primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-aguda; AV2: segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-aguda; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; DLPLVD: deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; DM: diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia; FAC: varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; S&#8242;: velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es transversais entre a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises transversais realizadas separadamente na AV1 e na AV2 n&#227;o revelaram associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre os &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD e os desfechos funcionais ou pulmonares (todos p &gt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl_pt">Tabela S1; Tabela S2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es longitudinais</title>
          <p>Nas an&#225;lises baseadas nas altera&#231;&#245;es intraindividuais (&#916; = AV2 &#8722; AV1), as altera&#231;&#245;es da DLPLVD apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com as altera&#231;&#245;es do <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> (r = 0,33; p = 0,05), enquanto as altera&#231;&#245;es da FAC apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com as altera&#231;&#245;es dos escores da PCFS (r = &#8722;0,35; p = 0,02). Nenhuma outra correla&#231;&#227;o longitudinal atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4002">
              <label>Tabela 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#245;es entre as altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas do VD e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Par&#226;metro &#916;VD*</th>
                    <th>mMRC</th>
                    <th>PCFS</th>
                    <th>TSL-30</th>
                    <th>KCO</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RVFWLS</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,16 (p = 0,28)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,06 (p = 0,71)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,007 (p = 0,96)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,33 (p = 0,05)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TAPSE</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,12 (p = 0,43)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,01 (p = 0,92)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,19 (p = 0,21)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,003 (p = 0,99)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FAC</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,17 (p = 0,25)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,35 (p = 0,02)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,07 (p = 0,67)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,06 (p = 0,73)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S&#8242;</td>
                    <td align="center">0,02 (p = 0,89)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,02 (p = 0,89)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,21 (p = 0,17)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,28 (p = 0,11)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4002">
                  <p>Os valores representam coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o (r ou &#961;) com os respectivos valores de p. Foram utilizados os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson ou de Spearman, conforme apropriado. *&#916;VD foi calculado como AV2 &#8722; AV1. AV1: primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-aguda; AV2: segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-aguda; DLPLVD: deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; FAC: varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea; K<sub>CO</sub>: coeficiente de transfer&#234;ncia do mon&#243;xido de carbono; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PCFS: Escala de Estado Funcional P&#243;s-COVID-19; RVFWLS: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; S&#8242;: velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide; TSL-30: teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Nas an&#225;lises baseadas em trajet&#243;rias categ&#243;ricas (melhora, estabilidade ou piora), as altera&#231;&#245;es da TAPSE apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com a trajet&#243;ria de desempenho no TSL-30 (&#961; = &#8722;0,37; p = 0,01), enquanto todas as demais associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram significativas (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl_pt">Tabela S3</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estratificadas de acordo com a gravidade da fase aguda e o sexo</title>
          <p>Quando os participantes foram estratificados de acordo com a interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI durante a fase aguda, a DLPLVD na AV1 apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o significativa a valores menos favor&#225;veis entre os pacientes que necessitaram de cuidados em UTI em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que n&#227;o necessitaram (&#8722;16,8 &#177; 4,7% vs. &#8722;19,3 &#177; 3,4%; p = 0,07). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos para os demais &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD nem para as medidas funcionais e pulmonares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5002">Tabela 5</xref>). Na AV2, os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do VD, os desfechos funcionais e o <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> foram compar&#225;veis entre os grupos UTI e n&#227;o UTI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6002">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5002">
              <label>Tabela 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas do VD e desfechos cl&#237;nicos na AV1 de acordo com a interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                    <th>N&#227;o UTI (n = 11)</th>
                    <th>UTI (n = 38)</th>
                    <th>Valor de p</th>
                    <th>Tamanho de efeito*</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DLPLVD, %</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;19,3 &#177; 3,4</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;16,8 &#177; 4,7</td>
                    <td align="center">0,07</td>
                    <td align="center">0,55</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TAPSE, cm</td>
                    <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                    <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                    <td align="center">0,81</td>
                    <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FAC, %</td>
                    <td align="center">49,2 &#177; 7,4</td>
                    <td align="center">46,1 &#177; 7,3</td>
                    <td align="center">0,25</td>
                    <td align="center">0,40</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S&#8242;, cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">12,4 &#177; 2,3</td>
                    <td align="center">12,7 &#177; 2,4</td>
                    <td align="center">0,71</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TSL-30, repeti&#231;&#245;es</td>
                    <td align="center">11,3 &#177; 1,6</td>
                    <td align="center">10,0 &#177; 3,6</td>
                    <td align="center">0,36</td>
                    <td align="center">0,38</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>K<sub>CO</sub>, ml/min/mmHg/l</td>
                    <td align="center">4,0 &#177; 0,5</td>
                    <td align="center">4,2 &#177; 0,8</td>
                    <td align="center">0,32</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,30</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>mMRC, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,0 (0,0-3,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,0 (0,0-2,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,09</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCFS, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,0 (0,5-2,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,0 (2,0-3,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,65</td>
                    <td align="center">0,27</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5002">
                  <p>Os valores de p foram calculados utilizando o teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste U de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis ordinais ou cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana (IIQ), conforme apropriado. *Tamanho do efeito apresentado como d de Cohen para os testes t de amostras independentes e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o bisserial por postos para o teste U de Mann-Whitney. AV1: primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-aguda; DLPLVD: deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; FAC: varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; K<sub>CO</sub>: coeficiente de transfer&#234;ncia do mon&#243;xido de carbono; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PCFS: Escala de Estado Funcional P&#243;s-COVID-19; S&#8242;: velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide; TSL-30: teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6002">
              <label>Tabela 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas do VD e desfechos cl&#237;nicos na AV2 de acordo com a interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                    <th>N&#227;o UTI (n = 11)</th>
                    <th>UTI (n = 38)</th>
                    <th>Valor de p</th>
                    <th>Tamanho de efeito*</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DLPLVD, %</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;18,1 &#177; 2,7</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;18,5 &#177; 3,7</td>
                    <td align="center">0,69</td>
                    <td align="center">0,12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TAPSE, cm</td>
                    <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 0,2</td>
                    <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 0,3</td>
                    <td align="center">0,38</td>
                    <td align="center">0,29</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FAC, %</td>
                    <td align="center">43,4 &#177; 15,7</td>
                    <td align="center">45,4 &#177; 9,9</td>
                    <td align="center">0,97</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S&#8242;, cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">12,3 &#177; 1,6</td>
                    <td align="center">12,2 &#177; 2,1</td>
                    <td align="center">0,89</td>
                    <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TSL-30, repeti&#231;&#245;es</td>
                    <td align="center">11,9 &#177; 2,4</td>
                    <td align="center">11,5 &#177; 3,1</td>
                    <td align="center">0,89</td>
                    <td align="center">0,13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>K<sub>CO</sub>, ml/min/mmHg/l</td>
                    <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 0,7</td>
                    <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 0,8</td>
                    <td align="center">0,51</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,23</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>mMRC, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,0 (0,2-1,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,0 (0,0-2,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,40</td>
                    <td align="center">0,05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCFS, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,0 (1,0-2,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,0 (1,0-3,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,50</td>
                    <td align="center">0,22</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6002">
                  <p>Os valores de p foram calculados utilizando o teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste U de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis ordinais ou cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana (IIQ), conforme apropriado. *Tamanho do efeito apresentado como d de Cohen para os testes t de amostras independentes e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o bisserial por postos para o teste U de Mann-Whitney. AV2: segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-aguda; DLPLVD: deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; FAC: varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; K<sub>CO</sub>: coeficiente de transfer&#234;ncia do mon&#243;xido de carbono; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PCFS: Escala de Estado Funcional P&#243;s-COVID-19; S&#8242;: velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide; TSL-30: teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estratificadas por sexo n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;as significativas nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do VD nem nos desfechos funcionais e pulmonares na AV1. Na AV2, os homens apresentaram valores mais baixos de TAPSE e FAC do que as mulheres, enquanto a DLPLVD e a S&#8242; permaneceram compar&#225;veis entre os sexos. Os escores da PCFS apresentaram uma diferen&#231;a lim&#237;trofe entre homens e mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7002">Tabela 7</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t7002">
              <label>Tabela 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas do VD e desfechos cl&#237;nicos na AV2 de acordo com o sexo</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                    <th>Masculino (n = 22)</th>
                    <th>Feminino (n = 27)</th>
                    <th>Valor de p</th>
                    <th>Tamanho do efeito*</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DLPLVD, %</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;18,0 &#177; 3,3</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;18,7 &#177; 3,7</td>
                    <td align="center">0,47</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TAPSE, cm</td>
                    <td align="center">2,0 &#177; 0,2</td>
                    <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                    <td align="center">0,01</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,71</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FAC, %</td>
                    <td align="center">43,5 &#177; 5,8</td>
                    <td align="center">46,1 &#177; 14,3</td>
                    <td align="center">0,04</td>
                    <td align="center">0,34</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S&#8242;, cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">12,0 &#177; 2,1</td>
                    <td align="center">12,4 &#177; 2,0</td>
                    <td align="center">0,46</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,21</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TSL-30, repeti&#231;&#245;es</td>
                    <td align="center">12,3 &#177; 3,2</td>
                    <td align="center">11,1 &#177; 2,8</td>
                    <td align="center">0,19</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8722;0,23</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>K<sub>CO</sub>, ml/min/mmHg/l</td>
                    <td align="center">4,4 &#177; 0,9</td>
                    <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 0,7</td>
                    <td align="center">0,36</td>
                    <td align="center">0,30</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>mMRC, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,5 (0,0-1,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,0 (0,0-2,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,66</td>
                    <td align="center">0,18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCFS, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,5 (0,0-2,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,0 (2,0-3,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,05</td>
                    <td align="center">0,22</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN7002">
                  <p>Os valores de p foram calculados utilizando o teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste U de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis ordinais ou cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana (IIQ), conforme apropriado. *Tamanho do efeito apresentado como d de Cohen para os testes t de amostras independentes e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o bisserial por postos para o teste U de Mann-Whitney. AV2: segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-aguda; DLPLVD: deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; FAC: varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; K<sub>CO</sub>: coeficiente de transfer&#234;ncia do mon&#243;xido de carbono; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PCFS: Escala de Estado Funcional P&#243;s-COVID-19; S&#8242;: velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide; TSL-30: teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Nos modelos de an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia com a DLPLVD na AV2 como vari&#225;vel dependente, a DLPLVD basal como covari&#225;vel e cada medida funcional ou pulmonar basal inserida individualmente como preditora de interesse, nenhuma das medidas funcionais ou pulmonares basais predisse independentemente a DLPLVD no seguimento ap&#243;s ajuste para a DLPLVD basal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8002">Tabela 8</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t8002">
              <label>Tabela 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Modelos de ANCOVA avaliando medidas funcionais e pulmonares basais como preditoras da DLPLVD na AV2 ap&#243;s ajuste para a DLPLVD basal</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Modelo (preditor na AV1)</th>
                    <th>F (gl1, gl2)</th>
                    <th>Valor de p</th>
                    <th>&#951;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup> parcial</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>mMRC</td>
                    <td align="center">1,930 (1, 47)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,17</td>
                    <td align="center">0,039</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCFS</td>
                    <td align="center">0,180 (1, 47)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,67</td>
                    <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TSL-30</td>
                    <td align="center">1,345 (1, 45)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,25</td>
                    <td align="center">0,029</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>K<sub>CO</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">0,225 (1, 39)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,64</td>
                    <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN8002">
                  <p>A vari&#225;vel dependente foi a DLPLVD na AV2. A DLPLVD basal (AV1) foi inclu&#237;da como covari&#225;vel. Cada modelo incluiu uma &#250;nica medida funcional ou pulmonar basal como preditora de interesse. ANCOVA: an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia; AV1: primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-aguda; AV2: segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-aguda; DLPLVD: deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; gl: graus de liberdade; K<sub>CO</sub>: coeficiente de transfer&#234;ncia do mon&#243;xido de carbono; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PCFS: Escala de Estado Funcional P&#243;s-COVID-19; TSL-30: teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo fornece uma avalia&#231;&#227;o longitudinal de sobreviventes da covid-19 longa pertencentes a uma coorte caracterizada por doen&#231;a aguda grave e elevada carga de comorbidades cardiometab&#243;licas. Ao longo de um intervalo m&#233;dio de seguimento de aproximadamente 10 meses, medidas objetivas de desempenho funcional, avaliadas pelo TSL-30, e da fun&#231;&#227;o de difus&#227;o pulmonar, representada pelo <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>, melhoraram significativamente. Em contraste, a gravidade da dispneia e o estado funcional autorrelatado, avaliados pela mMRC e pela PCFS, respectivamente, permaneceram inalterados, apesar de uma tend&#234;ncia descritiva favor&#225;vel. Do ponto de vista cardiovascular, os &#237;ndices convencionais de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD permaneceram amplamente preservados, com exce&#231;&#227;o de uma discreta, por&#233;m estatisticamente significativa, redu&#231;&#227;o da TAPSE, que, ainda assim, permaneceu dentro dos valores de refer&#234;ncia da normalidade. Da mesma forma, a DLPLVD permaneceu discretamente reduzida, sem altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais significativas, consistente com comprometimento sist&#243;lico subcl&#237;nico persistente do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A suscetibilidade do VD &#224; les&#227;o durante a fase aguda da covid-19 est&#225; bem estabelecida. Altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares e processos tromboinflamat&#243;rios aumentam a p&#243;s-carga do VD e podem precipitar disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em 2022, pesquisadores da Mayo Clinic compararam ecocardiogramas realizados antes da covid-19 com o primeiro exame ambulatorial ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o, utilizando an&#225;lise cega da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por um laborat&#243;rio central e uma defini&#231;&#227;o rigorosa de deteriora&#231;&#227;o clinicamente significativa. De modo geral, n&#227;o encontraram altera&#231;&#227;o clinicamente significativa na m&#233;dia da deforma&#231;&#227;o da parede livre do VD, embora um subgrupo de pacientes tenha apresentado piora significativa, particularmente aqueles com novos sintomas cardiopulmonares e doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;-existente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Estudos longitudinais de outras coortes tamb&#233;m sugeriram que o remodelamento e a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD melhoram na maioria dos sobreviventes, mas persistem em subgrupos clinicamente relevantes, potencialmente atenuando associa&#231;&#245;es lineares quando as an&#225;lises s&#227;o realizadas em toda a coorte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em conson&#226;ncia com essa heterogeneidade, estudos focados em sobreviventes de UTI relataram comprometimento mais persistente da deforma&#231;&#227;o do VD e dos &#237;ndices convencionais de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD em compara&#231;&#227;o com popula&#231;&#245;es controle,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> enquanto outras coortes longitudinais demonstraram melhora estatisticamente significativa da deforma&#231;&#227;o do VD ao longo de aproximadamente 1 ano, apesar de altera&#231;&#245;es absolutas m&#237;nimas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em contrapartida, grandes coortes com seguimento mais prolongado relataram valores de deforma&#231;&#227;o do VD compar&#225;veis aos dos participantes controle em alguns cen&#225;rios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> refor&#231;ando o conceito de que as altera&#231;&#245;es da mec&#226;nica do VD na covid-19 longa s&#227;o em geral sutis, heterog&#234;neas entre diferentes fen&#243;tipos cl&#237;nicos e nem sempre se refletem na carga de sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Os presentes achados, caracterizados pela preserva&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices convencionais de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD em conjunto com uma DLPLVD persistentemente, por&#233;m discretamente, reduzida, inserem-se nesse conjunto heterog&#234;neo de evid&#234;ncias e refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia de considerar tanto o fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico quanto as diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados entre estudos.</p>
        <p>A elevada carga de comorbidades cardiometab&#243;licas da nossa coorte tamb&#233;m merece considera&#231;&#227;o na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos valores persistentemente reduzidos da DLPLVD. Embora os limiares recomendados pelas diretrizes sejam &#250;teis para a classifica&#231;&#227;o categ&#243;rica, eles n&#227;o foram desenvolvidos especificamente para popula&#231;&#245;es com covid-19 longa que apresentam alta preval&#234;ncia de obesidade, HAS e diabetes melito. Assim, na aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle sem covid-19 e de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;vios &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o, altera&#231;&#245;es residuais da DLPLVD devem ser interpretadas com cautela e n&#227;o devem ser atribu&#237;das exclusivamente &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via por SARS-CoV-2.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises transversais realizadas em ambas as avalia&#231;&#245;es de seguimento demonstraram correla&#231;&#245;es fracas e n&#227;o significativas (|r| &lt; 0,30; p &gt; 0,05) entre os &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD (DLPLVD, TAPSE, FAC e S&#8242;) e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos, incluindo dispneia (mMRC), estado funcional (PCFS), capacidade funcional (TSL-30) e fun&#231;&#227;o de difus&#227;o pulmonar (<italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>). Esses achados sugerem que, em um &#250;nico momento durante o per&#237;odo tardio da covid-19 longa, o desempenho sist&#243;lico do VD em repouso, seja avaliado por par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais ou por imagem de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, n&#227;o apresenta rela&#231;&#227;o linear com a gravidade da dispneia, a limita&#231;&#227;o funcional autorrelatada, o desempenho funcional objetivo ou a capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Essa observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; consistente com a fisiopatologia multifatorial da covid-19 longa, na qual os sintomas persistentes e a limita&#231;&#227;o funcional percebida provavelmente refletem os efeitos combinados de doen&#231;a pulmonar residual, altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, descondicionamento perif&#233;rico, disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e fatores psicossociais. A intera&#231;&#227;o entre esses mecanismos pode contribuir para a dissocia&#231;&#227;o frequentemente observada entre medidas cardiopulmonares objetivas e desfechos autorrelatados pelos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Quando as altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais (&#916;) foram analisadas, emergiram duas associa&#231;&#245;es modestas, por&#233;m biologicamente plaus&#237;veis. As altera&#231;&#245;es da DLPLVD apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com as altera&#231;&#245;es do <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> (r = 0,33; p = 0,05), enquanto as altera&#231;&#245;es da FAC apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com as altera&#231;&#245;es dos escores da PCFS (r = &#8722;0,35; p = 0,02). A associa&#231;&#227;o entre melhora da transfer&#234;ncia pulmonar de gases e da mec&#226;nica do VD &#233; fisiologicamente plaus&#237;vel, considerando a sensibilidade do desempenho do VD &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es da p&#243;s-carga vascular pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Entretanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#916;DLPLVD e &#916;<italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> atingiu apenas o limiar convencional de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica e, portanto, deve ser considerada geradora de hip&#243;teses, especialmente porque n&#227;o foi realizado ajuste para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. A recupera&#231;&#227;o parcial da interface alv&#233;olo-capilar pode ser acompanhada por melhora paralela, embora discreta, da fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> De forma semelhante, a FAC &#8212; geralmente considerada uma medida mais global do desempenho sist&#243;lico do VD do que os &#237;ndices anulares isoladamente &#8212; pode captar altera&#231;&#245;es clinicamente relevantes associadas &#224; trajet&#243;ria funcional percebida pelos pacientes em indiv&#237;duos selecionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Utilizando a abordagem baseada em trajet&#243;rias categ&#243;ricas, a correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre as altera&#231;&#245;es da TAPSE e a trajet&#243;ria de desempenho no TSL-30 (&#961; = &#8722;0,37; p = 0,01) indica que maiores redu&#231;&#245;es longitudinais da TAPSE estiveram associadas a maior melhora nas categorias de desempenho do TSL-30. A TAPSE &#233; altamente dependente das condi&#231;&#245;es de carga, reflete apenas a excurs&#227;o longitudinal do anel tric&#250;spide e est&#225; sujeita &#224; variabilidade de mensura&#231;&#227;o. Consequentemente, as diretrizes atuais recomendam uma avalia&#231;&#227;o multiparam&#233;trica da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD em vez da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da TAPSE como medida isolada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Embora a redu&#231;&#227;o da TAPSE durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por covid-19 aguda tenha sido consistentemente associada a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis, incluindo mortalidade, em metan&#225;lises,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> uma pequena redu&#231;&#227;o isolada durante o per&#237;odo tardio da covid-19 longa, na aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es concordantes na FAC, na S&#8242; ou na DLPLVD, provavelmente reflete varia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, variabilidade de mensura&#231;&#227;o ou altera&#231;&#245;es seletivas do movimento longitudinal do anel, em vez de uma deteriora&#231;&#227;o real da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A estabilidade da FAC e da S&#8242; observada em nossa coorte refor&#231;a essa interpreta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A melhora significativa no desempenho do TSL-30, juntamente com o aumento do <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>, sugere recupera&#231;&#227;o objetiva tanto do desempenho funcional quanto da capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar, a qual pode n&#227;o ser proporcionalmente refletida por medidas baseadas em sintomas ou autorrelatadas do estado funcional. Uma explica&#231;&#227;o plaus&#237;vel &#233; que a melhora no desempenho do TSL-30 reflita parcialmente o recondicionamento perif&#233;rico, incluindo ganhos de for&#231;a e resist&#234;ncia dos membros inferiores, aumento da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio subm&#225;ximo e/ou participa&#231;&#227;o em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, fatores que podem melhorar o desempenho funcional apesar da estabilidade dos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises de interven&#231;&#245;es de reabilita&#231;&#227;o em popula&#231;&#245;es com covid-19 longa demonstraram consistentemente melhora dos desfechos funcionais, incluindo o desempenho no teste de sentar e levantar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, estudos longitudinais com sobreviventes de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por covid-19 frequentemente relataram melhora progressiva da capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar (<italic>D</italic><sub>LCO</sub> e <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>) ao longo do tempo, embora comprometimento residual possa persistir em alguns indiv&#237;duos e a recupera&#231;&#227;o possa eventualmente atingir um plat&#244;, contextualizando o discreto aumento do <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> observado em nossa coorte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Apesar dessas melhoras objetivas, a estabilidade da mediana dos escores da mMRC e da PCFS &#233; consistente com evid&#234;ncias provenientes de estudos que utilizaram o teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP) e de revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas, indicando que a intoler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o e a dispneia persistente na covid-19 longa decorrem de m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos inter-relacionados (p.ex., altera&#231;&#245;es ventilat&#243;rias, relacionadas &#224; perfus&#227;o, circulat&#243;rias, perif&#233;ricas e auton&#244;micas), tornando improv&#225;vel que qualquer marcador fisiol&#243;gico isolado em repouso explique adequadamente a gravidade dos sintomas ou a limita&#231;&#227;o funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estratificadas forneceram achados adicionais que devem ser considerados geradores de hip&#243;teses. Quando os participantes foram estratificados de acordo com a gravidade da fase aguda, a DLPLVD apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o significativa a valores mais comprometidos entre os pacientes que necessitaram de interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI na AV1, enquanto os valores convergiram na AV2, um padr&#227;o consistente com maior vulnerabilidade inicial do VD na covid-19 grave, seguida por recupera&#231;&#227;o parcial ou adapta&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> As an&#225;lises estratificadas por sexo mostraram que os homens apresentaram valores mais baixos de TAPSE e FAC na AV2 e experimentaram maiores redu&#231;&#245;es longitudinais da TAPSE e da S&#8242;, enquanto as mulheres tenderam a relatar maior limita&#231;&#227;o funcional na PCFS. Essas observa&#231;&#245;es devem ser interpretadas com cautela, pois os &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD s&#227;o influenciados pelas condi&#231;&#245;es de carga e est&#227;o sujeitos &#224; variabilidade biol&#243;gica e t&#233;cnica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Ainda assim, a maior carga de sintomas relatada pelas mulheres &#233; consistente com estudos pr&#233;vios em popula&#231;&#245;es com covid-19 longa que utilizaram instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado funcional e coortes de reabilita&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Por fim, a an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia demonstrou que os valores basais da mMRC, da PCFS, do TSL-30 e do <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> n&#227;o estiveram independentemente associados &#224; DLPLVD no seguimento ap&#243;s ajuste para a DLPLVD basal, sugerindo que a gravidade inicial dos sintomas, do comprometimento funcional ou da disfun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar n&#227;o predisse de forma robusta a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica subsequente do VD nesta coorte.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>Nossos achados apresentam tr&#234;s principais implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Primeiramente, nem a DLPLVD nem os &#237;ndices convencionais de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD se mostraram marcadores isolados robustos de comprometimento funcional tardio ou de sua trajet&#243;ria longitudinal, refor&#231;ando o uso de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o integrada que combine ecocardiografia, testes funcionais e avalia&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, conforme proposto por estudos recentes de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica da covid-19 longa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Em segundo lugar, as associa&#231;&#245;es modestas observadas nas an&#225;lises longitudinais (baseadas em &#916;) sugerem que as altera&#231;&#245;es ao longo do tempo podem ser mais informativas do que medidas isoladas obtidas em um &#250;nico momento. Entretanto, os tamanhos de efeito observados foram pequenos e n&#227;o apresentaram replica&#231;&#227;o consistente entre as an&#225;lises, indicando que fatores n&#227;o card&#237;acos (p.ex., descondicionamento perif&#233;rico, doen&#231;a pulmonar residual, disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e influ&#234;ncias psicossociais) provavelmente desempenham papel predominante na determina&#231;&#227;o da recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional em muitos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Em terceiro lugar, o momento ideal para a avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar ap&#243;s a covid-19 permanece incerto. Avalia&#231;&#245;es mais precoces, incluindo aquelas realizadas durante a fase aguda da doen&#231;a, podem apresentar maior valor progn&#243;stico do que avalia&#231;&#245;es tardias e merecem investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, o tamanho amostral relativamente pequeno limitou o poder estat&#237;stico das an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o, particularmente ap&#243;s a estratifica&#231;&#227;o e a classifica&#231;&#227;o das trajet&#243;rias categ&#243;ricas, aumentando o risco de erro do tipo II e reduzindo a precis&#227;o das estimativas de efeito. A an&#225;lise de poder de sensibilidade indicou que o tamanho amostral dispon&#237;vel foi suficiente para detectar correla&#231;&#245;es de magnitude pelo menos moderada; portanto, associa&#231;&#245;es mais fracas podem n&#227;o ter sido detectadas. Consequentemente, achados n&#227;o significativos n&#227;o devem ser interpretados como evid&#234;ncia definitiva da aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o, e os resultados devem ser considerados explorat&#243;rios e geradores de hip&#243;teses.</p>
          <p>Em segundo lugar, o tamanho amostral limitado impossibilitou an&#225;lises de subgrupos clinicamente relevantes de acordo com importantes condi&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas, como obesidade e HAS, pois isso resultaria em subgrupos pequenos e estimativas inst&#225;veis.</p>
          <p>Em terceiro lugar, n&#227;o foi realizado ajuste formal para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas; portanto, achados isolados com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica lim&#237;trofe devem ser interpretados com cautela. Em quarto lugar, a aus&#234;ncia tanto de um grupo controle sem covid-19 quanto de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;vios &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o limita a atribui&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es observadas especificamente &#224;s sequelas da covid-19 longa nesta coorte com elevada carga de comorbidades pr&#233;-existentes.</p>
          <p>Em quinto lugar, a disponibilidade de apenas duas avalia&#231;&#245;es de seguimento impossibilitou a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de trajet&#243;rias intermedi&#225;rias de recupera&#231;&#227;o, incluindo a possibilidade de melhora precoce seguida de um plat&#244; em momento posterior. Al&#233;m disso, como a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o de seguimento ocorreu aproximadamente 4 meses ap&#243;s a doen&#231;a aguda, altera&#231;&#245;es do VD presentes durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou no per&#237;odo inicial ap&#243;s a alta podem j&#225; ter se resolvido parcialmente, limitando a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o completa da recupera&#231;&#227;o do VD.</p>
          <p>Em sexto lugar, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o mecan&#237;stica &#233; limitada pela aus&#234;ncia de avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva por cateterismo das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas e de TECP, ambos os quais poderiam distinguir melhor as contribui&#231;&#245;es relativas dos mecanismos ventilat&#243;rios, circulat&#243;rios, perif&#233;ricos e auton&#244;micos para a intoler&#226;ncia persistente ao exerc&#237;cio. Al&#233;m disso, fatores de confus&#227;o potencialmente importantes (p.ex., n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica antes da covid-19, participa&#231;&#227;o em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, terapias m&#233;dicas, variantes virais infectantes e caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas) n&#227;o puderam ser considerados de forma abrangente.</p>
          <p>Por fim, a reprodutibilidade intraobservador e interobservador das mensura&#231;&#245;es da DLPLVD n&#227;o foi formalmente avaliada. Portanto, n&#227;o se pode excluir a contribui&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade de mensura&#231;&#227;o para as pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais observadas. Al&#233;m disso, a deforma&#231;&#227;o do VD derivada da 2D-STE &#233; intrinsecamente influenciada pela qualidade da imagem, frequ&#234;ncia de quadros, desempenho do rastreamento, variabilidade entre observadores e algoritmos espec&#237;ficos do fabricante ou do <italic>software</italic>, enquanto a padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte para deforma&#231;&#227;o do VD permanece incompleta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Entre sobreviventes da covid-19 longa com doen&#231;a aguda grave e elevada carga de comorbidades cardiometab&#243;licas, a capacidade funcional e a fun&#231;&#227;o de difus&#227;o pulmonar melhoraram durante o seguimento, enquanto a DLPLVD permaneceu discretamente reduzida, sem altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais significativas. Os &#237;ndices convencionais de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD permaneceram amplamente preservados, com exce&#231;&#227;o de uma discreta redu&#231;&#227;o da TAPSE, que permaneceu dentro dos valores de refer&#234;ncia da normalidade. Esses achados explorat&#243;rios sugerem uma dissocia&#231;&#227;o parcial entre a recupera&#231;&#227;o do desempenho funcional e pulmonar e os marcadores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em repouso da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD durante o per&#237;odo tardio da covid-19 longa, refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia de uma abordagem integrada, multiparam&#233;trica e individualizada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl_pt" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Material Suplementar</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01_pt">
          <label>Material Suplementar</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/84kdv8gQrJGvwqGLbP76BLv/0f76c64ce6818c659b99b22567320b8055161eb1.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq &#8211; MCTIC/CNPq/FNDCT/MS/SCTIE/Decit n&#186; 07/2020.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Rogelin M pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos sob o n&#250;mero de parecer 4.290.578, em 21/09/2020. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque de 1975 e suas emendas posteriores. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
          <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
          <p>Os dados que d&#227;o suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_suppl001">
          <label>*Material suplementar</label>
          <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/ABCImag-2026-0051_AO_Supplementary_Material.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>. </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
