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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="rapid-communication" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5v6txWgZKLNNK7pj79KqTqF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000203001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">03001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260068i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Visualization of the Ascending Aorta by Transthoracic Echocardiography: Could a Modified Parasternal Long-Axis View Provide Additional Imaging of a Longer Aortic Segment?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9929-5448</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farouk</surname>
            <given-names>Heba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9919-409X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>El-Chilali</surname>
            <given-names>Karim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>statistical analysis</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3487-4518</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kloppe</surname>
            <given-names>Axel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>supervision</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cairo University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiovascular Medicine Department</institution>
          <country country="EG">Egypt</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Cairo &#8211; Egypt</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Marienhospital Gelsenkirchen GmbH</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Gelsenkirchen</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="DE">Germany</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Marienhospital Gelsenkirchen GmbH, Gelsenkirchen &#8211; Germany</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Prosper-Hospital gGmbH</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recklinghausen</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">NRW</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="DE">Germany</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Prosper-Hospital gGmbH, Recklinghausen, NRW &#8211; Germany</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ruhr-University Bochum</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology and Angiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bochum</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="DE">Germany</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum &#8211; Germany</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Heba Farouk</bold> &#8226; Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University. Kasr Alainy. CEP: <postal-code>11593</postal-code>. Cairo &#8211; Egypt Email: <email>heba.farouk@outlook.de</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260068</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Ascending aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Assessment of the ascending aorta is an essential component of standard transthoracic echocardiography (TTE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> While visualization of the aortic root and proximal ascending aorta is routinely achieved using the standard parasternal long-axis view (PLAX), imaging of the mid and distal ascending aorta remains technically challenging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Current recommendations suggest moving the transducer to upper left intercostal spaces or alternatively using right parasternal windows to improve visualization of these segments in patients with adequate acoustic windows.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In clinical practice, experienced echocardiographers often obtain satisfactory visualization of the tubular ascending aorta using individualized modifications of conventional views. However, less experienced operators and general cardiologists may fail to consistently image these segments because the upper left parasternal long-axis view (uPLAX) is poorly described in the literature, whereas acquisition of the right parasternal view is more technically demanding and time-consuming.</p>
      <p>In the current study, we describe a modified parasternal long-axis view (mPLAX) designed to facilitate visualization of the mid and distal ascending aorta without changing the patient's position or intercostal space. We also evaluated the non-inferiority of this modified approach compared with the conventional uPLAX view for imaging a longer segment of the tubular ascending aorta.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>A total of 169 consecutive patients referred for TTE were prospectively included in this study, of whom 35% were women. Patients with poor TTE windows, severe congestive symptoms, tachycardia, inability to maintain the left lateral decubitus position, or unsuccessful acquisition of the uPLAX view were excluded.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic acquisition</title>
        <p>The mPLAX view was obtained from the standard PLAX position. After acquisition of the conventional PLAX image, the transducer was translated approximately 2-3 cm medially toward the sternum using a rightward sliding movement. This maneuver was followed by a 20&#176;-30&#176; clockwise rotation of the probe. In some patients, slight caudal angulation was additionally required to maintain alignment of the ascending aortic long axis within the imaging plane.</p>
        <p>Importantly, all maneuvers were performed without changing the intercostal space, patient position, or transducer-skin contact.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurements</title>
        <p>The length of the visualized ascending aortic segment was measured from the aortic annulus to the distal limit of the visible aortic segment in the PLAX, uPLAX, and mPLAX views. Ascending aortic diameter was measured at end-diastole using the leading-edge-to-leading-edge method in each view.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The mPLAX view was considered non-inferior to the uPLAX view if the lower boundary of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference in visualized ascending aortic length exceeded the predefined non-inferiority margin of 3 mm.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the baseline clinical and echocardiographic characteristics. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows representative examples of imaging the ascending aorta using different TTE views.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline and echocardiographic characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">All patients (n = 169)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Male (n = 110)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Female (n = 59)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">67 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">66 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">69 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.084</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Height, cm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">171 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">175 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">163 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Weight, kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">84 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">89 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">76 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="top">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">28.1 &#177; 5.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29.3 &#177; 6.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">28.3 &#177; 4.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.139</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">BSA, m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.95 &#177; 0.23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.04 &#177; 0.22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.79 &#177; 0.16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">135 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">89 (81%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">46 (78%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.649</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">53 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">37 (34%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">16 (27%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.384</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">114 (68%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">76 (69%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">38 (64%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.536</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">49 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.970</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="top">CAD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">70 (41%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">55 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Aorta segment length in PLAX, mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31.4 &#177; 5.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31.7 &#177; 6.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">30.8 &#177; 5.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.323</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Aorta diameter in PLAX, mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31.9 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">33.3 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29.3 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Aorta segment length in uPLAX, mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">44.3 &#177; 8.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45.7 &#177; 8.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">41.5 &#177; 7.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Aorta diameter in uPLAX, mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">33.2 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">33.9 &#177; 4.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31.8 &#177; 6.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Aorta segment length in mPLAX, mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">60.6 &#177; 9.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">62.1 &#177; 8.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">57.9 &#177; 9.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Aorta diameter in mPLAX, mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">34.9 &#177; 5.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">35.7 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">33.5 &#177; 6.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.020</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; CAD: coronary artery disease; mPLAX: modified parasternal long-axis view; PLAX: parasternal long-axis view; uPLAX: upper left parasternal long-axis view.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Visualization of the ascending aorta in three patients (A, B, and C) using the uPLAX view (left panels) and the mPLAX (right panels).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260068-0068i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Visualization of the ascending aorta</title>
        <p>The visualized ascending aortic segment was significantly longer using the mPLAX view than using the uPLAX view (60.6 &#177; 9.3 mm vs 44.3 &#177; 8.2 mm, respectively). The mean difference (MD) between both techniques was 16.4 mm (95% CI, 15.1-17.6 mm; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ascending aortic diameter</title>
        <p>The ascending aortic diameter measured in the mPLAX view was significantly greater than that obtained in the uPLAX view (34.9 &#177; 5.7 mm vs 33.2 &#177; 5.3 mm, respectively), with a MD of 1.7 mm (95% CI, 1.2-2.3 mm; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>This difference was primarily observed among individuals with hypertension (n = 135). In this subgroup, ascending aortic diameter measured 35.6 &#177; 5.7 mm in the mPLAX view compared with 33.5 &#177; 5.4 mm in the uPLAX view, corresponding to a MD of 2.1 mm (95% CI, 1.5-2.7 mm; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>In contrast, among individuals without hypertension (n = 34), ascending aortic diameter was comparable between the two views (32.4 &#177; 5.0 mm in mPLAX vs 32.1 &#177; 5.2 mm in uPLAX), with no statistically significant difference (MD, 0.3 mm; 95% CI, &#8722;1.3 to 1.9 mm; p = 0.709).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Non-inferiority analysis</title>
        <p>The predefined criterion for non-inferiority of the mPLAX view relative to the uPLAX view for visualization of a longer ascending aortic segment was met.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sex-based analysis</title>
        <p>Ascending aortic length and diameter were greater in men than in women using both imaging approaches. However, the incremental gain in visualized aortic length achieved with the mPLAX view compared with the uPLAX view was similar between sexes (16.3 mm [95% CI, 14.8-17.9 mm] in men vs 16.4 mm [95% CI, 14.3-18.5 mm] in women).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>This study has several limitations. First, it represents a single-center experience and therefore requires external validation before widespread adoption. Nevertheless, given the simplicity and rapid acquisition of the mPLAX view, we believe that this approach is readily applicable in routine clinical practice.</p>
        <p>Second, ascending aortic measurements obtained using the mPLAX view were not compared with reference imaging modalities such as computed tomography. However, in individuals without hypertension, aortic diameters measured using the mPLAX and uPLAX views were highly consistent.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In this study, we proposed a mPLAX focused on optimizing visualization of the ascending aorta. The rightward transducer translation partially removes the left ventricle from the imaging plane, whereas the simultaneous clockwise rotation and slight caudal angulation improve alignment with the ascending aortic long axis by correcting the heart-aorta angle.<sup>7</sup></p>
      <p>We believe that the mPLAX view may serve as an additional non-inferior TTE window for visualization of a longer segment of the tubular ascending aorta during routine TTE examinations. Because this view can be obtained without changing the patient's position or intercostal space, it is easier and faster to acquire, particularly for general cardiologists and less experienced echocardiographers performing high-volume daily studies.</p>
      <p>This approach may be especially useful during routine TTE follow-up of patients with previously documented mid-distal ascending aortic aneurysms identified by computed tomography and adequate parasternal acoustic windows.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
        <p>This retrospective study analyzed fully anonymized echocardiographic data. No interventions were performed, and ethics committee approval was not required under local regulations.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
        <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
      <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
      <p>All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author, subject to ethical and confidentiality considerations.</p>
    </sec>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260068</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Visualiza&#231;&#227;o da Aorta Ascendente pela Ecocardiografia Transtor&#225;cica: Uma Vista Paraesternal Longitudinal Modificada Poderia Fornecer Imagem Adicional de um Segmento A&#243;rtico Mais Longo?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9929-5448</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farouk</surname>
            <given-names>Heba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9919-409X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>El-Chilali</surname>
            <given-names>Karim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3487-4518</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kloppe</surname>
            <given-names>Axel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>supervis&#227;o</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cairo</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="EG">Egito</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo &#8211; Egito</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Gelsenkirchen</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="DE">Alemanha</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Marienhospital Gelsenkirchen GmbH, Gelsenkirchen &#8211; Alemanha</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recklinghausen</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">NRW</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="DE">Alemanha</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Prosper-Hospital gGmbH, Recklinghausen, NRW &#8211; Alemanha</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bochum</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="DE">Alemanha</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum &#8211; Alemanha</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Heba Farouk</bold> &#8226; Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University. Kasr Alainy. CEP: <postal-code>11593</postal-code>. Cairo &#8211; Egito Email: <email>heba.farouk@outlook.de</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Aorta ascendente</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem da aorta</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente &#233; um componente essencial da ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) padr&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta e da por&#231;&#227;o proximal da aorta ascendente seja rotineiramente obtida por meio da vista paraesternal longitudinal padr&#227;o (PLAX), o imageamento das por&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dia e distal da aorta ascendente ainda permanece tecnicamente desafiador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> As recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais sugerem o deslocamento do transdutor para espa&#231;os intercostais superiores esquerdos ou, alternativamente, o uso de janelas paraesternais direitas para melhorar a visualiza&#231;&#227;o desses segmentos em pacientes com janelas ac&#250;sticas adequadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, ecocardiografistas experientes frequentemente obt&#234;m visualiza&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria da por&#231;&#227;o tubular da aorta ascendente utilizando modifica&#231;&#245;es individualizadas das vistas convencionais. Entretanto, operadores menos experientes e cardiologistas gerais podem n&#227;o conseguir visualizar consistentemente esses segmentos, uma vez que a vista paraesternal longitudinal superior esquerda (uPLAX) &#233; pouco descrita na literatura, enquanto a aquisi&#231;&#227;o da vista paraesternal direita &#233; tecnicamente mais exigente e mais demorada.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, descrevemos uma vista paraesternal longitudinal modificada (mPLAX), desenvolvida para facilitar a visualiza&#231;&#227;o das por&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dia e distal da aorta ascendente sem alterar a posi&#231;&#227;o do paciente ou o espa&#231;o intercostal. Tamb&#233;m avaliamos a n&#227;o inferioridade dessa abordagem modificada em compara&#231;&#227;o com a vista uPLAX convencional para o imageamento de um segmento mais longo da por&#231;&#227;o tubular da aorta ascendente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Um total de 169 pacientes consecutivos encaminhados para realiza&#231;&#227;o de ETT foi prospectivamente inclu&#237;do neste estudo, dos quais 35% eram mulheres. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com janelas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas inadequadas, sintomas congestivos graves, taquicardia, incapacidade de manter a posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo ou falha na aquisi&#231;&#227;o da vista uPLAX.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          <p>A vista mPLAX foi obtida a partir da posi&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o da PLAX. Ap&#243;s a aquisi&#231;&#227;o da imagem convencional da PLAX, o transdutor foi deslocado aproximadamente 2-3 cm medialmente em dire&#231;&#227;o ao esterno, utilizando um movimento de deslizamento para a direita. Essa manobra foi seguida por uma rota&#231;&#227;o de 20&#176;-30&#176; da sonda no sentido hor&#225;rio. Em alguns pacientes, tamb&#233;m foi necess&#225;ria uma discreta angula&#231;&#227;o caudal para manter o alinhamento do eixo longitudinal da aorta ascendente dentro do plano de imagem.</p>
          <p>Destaca-se que todas as manobras foram realizadas sem altera&#231;&#227;o do espa&#231;o intercostal, da posi&#231;&#227;o do paciente ou do contato entre o transdutor e a pele.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas</title>
          <p>O comprimento do segmento visualizado da aorta ascendente foi medido desde o anel a&#243;rtico at&#233; o limite distal do segmento a&#243;rtico vis&#237;vel nas vistas PLAX, uPLAX e mPLAX. O di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente foi medido ao final da di&#225;stole utilizando o m&#233;todo de borda anterior &#224; borda anterior em cada vista.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A vista mPLAX foi considerada n&#227;o inferior &#224; vista uPLAX se o limite inferior do intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] 95%) para a diferen&#231;a no comprimento visualizado da aorta ascendente excedesse a margem de n&#227;o inferioridade previamente definida de 3 mm.</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas basais. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> apresenta exemplos representativos do imageamento da aorta ascendente utilizando diferentes vistas de ETT.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Todos os pacientes (n = 169)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Masculino (n = 110)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Feminino (n = 59)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">67 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">66 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">69 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0,084</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Altura, cm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">171 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">175 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">163 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Peso, kg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">84 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">89 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">76 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">28,1 &#177; 5,6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">29,3 &#177; 6,1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">28,3 &#177; 4,7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0,139</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">ASC, m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1,95 &#177; 0,23</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2,04 &#177; 0,22</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1,79 &#177; 0,16</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">HAS</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">135 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">89 (81%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">46 (78%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0,649</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">53 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">37 (34%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">16 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0,384</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">114 (68%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">76 (69%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">38 (64%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0,536</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">49 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">32 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">17 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0,970</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">DAC</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">70 (41%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">55 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Comprimento do segmento da aorta na PLAX, mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">31,4 &#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">31,7 &#177; 6,1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">30,8 &#177; 5,6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0,323</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Di&#226;metro da aorta na PLAX, mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">31,9 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">33,3 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">29,3 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Comprimento do segmento da aorta na uPLAX, mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">44,3 &#177; 8,2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45,7 &#177; 8,0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">41,5 &#177; 7,8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Di&#226;metro da aorta na uPLAX, mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">33,2 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">33,9 &#177; 4,8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">31,8 &#177; 6,0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0,015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Comprimento do segmento da aorta na mPLAX, mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">60,6 &#177; 9,3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">62,1 &#177; 8,8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">57,9 &#177; 9,7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Di&#226;metro da aorta na mPLAX, mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">34,9 &#177; 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">35,7 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">33,5 &#177; 6,2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0,020</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; mPLAX: vista paraesternal longitudinal modificada; PLAX: vista paraesternal longitudinal; uPLAX: vista paraesternal longitudinal superior esquerda.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Visualiza&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente em tr&#234;s pacientes (A, B e C) utilizando a uPLAX (pain&#233;is &#224; esquerda) e a mPLAX (pain&#233;is &#224; direita).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260068-0068i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Visualiza&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente</title>
          <p>O segmento visualizado da aorta ascendente foi significativamente mais longo utilizando a vista mPLAX em compara&#231;&#227;o com a vista uPLAX (60,6 &#177; 9,3 mm vs 44,3 &#177; 8,2 mm, respectivamente). A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia (DM) entre ambas as t&#233;cnicas foi de 16,4 mm (IC 95%, 15,1-17,6 mm; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente</title>
          <p>O di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente medido na vista mPLAX foi significativamente maior do que o obtido na vista uPLAX (34,9 &#177; 5,7 mm vs 33,2 &#177; 5,3 mm, respectivamente), com DM de 1,7 mm (IC 95%, 1,2-2,3 mm; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>Essa diferen&#231;a foi observada principalmente entre indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (n = 135). Nesse subgrupo, o di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente foi de 35,6 &#177; 5,7 mm na vista mPLAX em compara&#231;&#227;o com 33,5 &#177; 5,4 mm na vista uPLAX, correspondendo a uma DM de 2,1 mm (IC 95%, 1,5-2,7 mm; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>Em contraste, entre indiv&#237;duos sem hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (n = 34), o di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente foi semelhante entre as duas vistas (32,4 &#177; 5,0 mm na mPLAX vs 32,1 &#177; 5,2 mm na uPLAX), sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (DM, 0,3 mm; IC 95%, &#8722;1,3 a 1,9 mm; p = 0,709).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de n&#227;o inferioridade</title>
          <p>O crit&#233;rio previamente definido para n&#227;o inferioridade da vista mPLAX em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vista uPLAX para visualiza&#231;&#227;o de um segmento mais longo da aorta ascendente foi atingido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise baseada no sexo</title>
          <p>O comprimento e o di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente foram maiores em homens do que em mulheres utilizando ambas as abordagens de imageamento. Entretanto, o ganho incremental no comprimento visualizado da aorta obtido com a vista mPLAX em compara&#231;&#227;o com a vista uPLAX foi semelhante entre os sexos (16,3 mm [IC 95%, 14,8-17,9 mm] nos homens vs 16,4 mm [IC 95%, 14,3-18,5 mm] nas mulheres).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, trata-se de uma experi&#234;ncia de centro &#250;nico e, portanto, requer valida&#231;&#227;o externa antes de sua ampla ado&#231;&#227;o. Ainda assim, considerando a simplicidade e a r&#225;pida aquisi&#231;&#227;o da vista mPLAX, acreditamos que essa abordagem seja prontamente aplic&#225;vel &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica rotineira.</p>
          <p>Em segundo lugar, as medidas da aorta ascendente obtidas com a vista mPLAX n&#227;o foram comparadas com m&#233;todos de imagem de refer&#234;ncia, como a tomografia computadorizada. Entretanto, em indiv&#237;duos sem hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, os di&#226;metros da aorta medidos pelas vistas mPLAX e uPLAX mostraram elevada concord&#226;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, propusemos uma vista mPLAX voltada para a otimiza&#231;&#227;o da visualiza&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente. O deslocamento do transdutor para a direita remove parcialmente o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do plano de imagem, enquanto a rota&#231;&#227;o hor&#225;ria simult&#226;nea e a discreta angula&#231;&#227;o caudal melhoram o alinhamento com o eixo longitudinal da aorta ascendente ao corrigirem o &#226;ngulo cora&#231;&#227;o-aorta.</p>
        <p>Acreditamos que a vista mPLAX possa representar uma janela adicional n&#227;o inferior de ETT para visualiza&#231;&#227;o de um segmento mais longo da por&#231;&#227;o tubular da aorta ascendente durante exames rotineiros de ETT. Como essa vista pode ser obtida sem altera&#231;&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o do paciente ou do espa&#231;o intercostal, sua aquisi&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais simples e r&#225;pida, particularmente para cardiologistas gerais e ecocardiografistas menos experientes que realizam grande volume de exames di&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>Essa abordagem pode ser especialmente &#250;til durante o seguimento rotineiro por ETT de pacientes com aneurismas previamente documentados da por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia-distal da aorta ascendente identificados por tomografia computadorizada e com janelas ac&#250;sticas paraesternais adequadas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
          <p>Este estudo retrospectivo analisou dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos totalmente anonimizados. Nenhuma interven&#231;&#227;o foi realizada, e a aprova&#231;&#227;o por Comit&#234; de &#201;tica n&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria de acordo com as regulamenta&#231;&#245;es locais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
          <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
        <p>Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente], sujeito a considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas e de confidencialidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
