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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xtVQ3fhhr4Sm8RvLnL6WPfC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000200201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260058i</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Amyloidosis: Is It Truly a Hypertrophic Phenotype Cardiomyopathy?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9983-6438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tonnison de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, IDOR, Rede D'or, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Tonnison de Oliveira Silva</bold> &#8226; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. Rua Dom Jo&#227;o VI. Postal code: <postal-code>40285-001</postal-code>. Brotas, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>tonnisonsilva@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260058</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="corrected">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Amyloidosis without hypertrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac amyloidosis</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertrophic phenotype</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <related-article related-article-type="correction-forward" id="r1" xlink:href="10.36660/abcimg.20260088" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Cardiac amyloidosis is a classic example of an infiltrative disease whose predominant phenotype is characterized by a hypertrophic pattern of myocardial involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The most relevant studies&#8212;both those focused on the development of disease-modifying therapies and cohorts evaluating diagnostic tools&#8212;have used increased ventricular wall thickness as a key criterion for suspecting cardiac amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Based on this concept, several diagnostic algorithms have proposed ventricular wall thickening as one of the major red flags for investigating amyloid cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>However, increased ventricular wall thickness does not appear to be a universal requirement for diagnosis. Emerging evidence suggests that both Immunoglobulin Light Chain Amyloidosis (AL) and Transthyretin Amyloidosis (ATTR) amyloidosis can be diagnosed, including through noninvasive methods, even in the absence of the classic hypertrophic phenotype.</p>
    <p>Devesa <italic>et al.,</italic> reported a cohort of patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (ejection fraction &gt; 50%) and no increased ventricular wall thickness. In this series, the prevalence of ATTR was approximately 5%. Three patients (5%) were identified with ATTR among 58 individuals; all had the wild-type form, were older than 75 years, and had a maximum wall thickness of 11 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>In another retrospective study including 98 patients with a diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis, participants were divided into two groups: those with increased wall thickness (defined as &#8805; 12 mm) and those without (&lt; 12 mm). Wall thickness was defined as the mean of interventricular septal and inferolateral wall measurements. Of the total cohort, nine patients (9%) did not exhibit increased wall thickness (&lt; 12 mm), with a mean value of 10 mm. All cases corresponded to AL amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Muller SA <italic>et al.,</italic> in investigating the etiology of patients with Heart Failure (HF) and extracardiac red flags suggestive of amyloidosis, analyzed a sample of 114 patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Of these, 12 (11%) did not exhibit increased wall thickness (&lt; 12 mm), although they met other diagnostic criteria, including positive technetium-labeled pyrophosphate scintigraphy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>In a large cohort of patients with cardiac amyloidosis, 1,845 individuals were evaluated between 2006 and 2024. It was observed that 13% of AL cases and approximately 7% of ATTR cases had normal or only mildly increased left ventricular wall thickness (&#8804; 12 mm). Notably, women tended to have lower ventricular wall thickness. Furthermore, within the subgroup with wall thickness &#8804; 12 mm, approximately 70% demonstrated increased relative wall thickness (relative wall thickness [RWT] &gt; 0.42), consistent with concentric remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Case reports further illustrate this clinical scenario. In a recent publication in the European Heart Journal (2024), a 69-year-old man with heart failure and a rare pathogenic variant in the transthyretin protein (TTR) gene (p.Tyr78Phe) was described. In this case, bone scintigraphy showed no tracer uptake, and echocardiography did not reveal increased wall thickness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Thus, the absence of ventricular wall thickening does not exclude cardiac amyloidosis, whether AL or ATTR. Amyloid disease begins long before overt hypertrophy becomes manifest, and its absence may reflect early disease stages&#8212;although this is only one of several possible explanations. Interstitial infiltration by misfolded amyloid fibrils, associated with extracellular space expansion, proteotoxicity, disruption of myocardial architecture, inflammation, and fibrosis, may result in diastolic dysfunction, atrial enlargement, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, even before significant increases in ventricular wall thickness become apparent on echocardiography.<italic>12,13</italic> Moreover, a dichotomous diagnostic approach based solely on absolute cutoff values (&#8805; 12 mm versus &lt; 12 mm), without considering intra- and interobserver variability, anthropometric differences, and sex-related factors, may contribute to underdiagnosis. This is particularly relevant in individuals with smaller body surface area and in women, in whom absolute ventricular wall thickness tends to be lower.<italic>11</italic> When echocardiography is used exclusively as a screening tool based on isolated septal and posterior wall measurements in search of values &gt; 12 mm, its diagnostic potential may be underutilized. Echocardiographic assessment allows evaluation not only of wall thickness, but also of concentric remodeling patterns, ventricular mass, chamber dimensions, diastolic function, and myocardial strain. These parameters should be interpreted in an integrated manner in the presence of clinical suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Clinical scenarios involving rare genetic variants with atypical phenotypic presentations further reinforce that excessive reliance on the classic morphologic phenotype may delay disease recognition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>The presentation of cardiac amyloidosis without ventricular wall thickening should not be regarded merely as an anecdotal exception, but rather as a potential representation of earlier stages of disease, lower infiltrative burden, sex-related differences, or limitations of isolated morphologic criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>This discussion does not seek to deny the hypertrophic phenotype as the most characteristic presentation of amyloid cardiomyopathy, but rather to acknowledge that it is not universal. Alternative morphological presentations need to be better understood and possibly incorporated into clinical reasoning and diagnostic workflows. This perspective can be crucial for raising early diagnostic suspicion, preventing the disease from remaining undetected until more advanced and severe stages.</p>
  </body>
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    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260058</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Amiloidose Card&#237;aca &#201; Mesmo um Exemplo de Cardiomiopatia de Fen&#243;tipo Hipertr&#243;fico?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9983-6438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tonnison de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
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          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
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        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, IDOR, Rede D'or, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Tonnison de Oliveira Silva</bold> &#8226; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. Rua Dom Jo&#227;o VI. CEP: <postal-code>40285-001</postal-code>. Brotas, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>tonnisonsilva@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Amiloidose sem hipertrofia</kwd>
        <kwd>Amiloidose card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Fen&#243;tipo hipertr&#243;fico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <related-article related-article-type="correction-forward" id="r2" xlink:href="10.36660/abcimg.20260088" ext-link-type="doi"/>
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    <body>
      <p>A amiloidose card&#237;aca &#233; um exemplo cl&#225;ssico de doen&#231;a infiltrativa, cuja principal apresenta&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica corresponde a um padr&#227;o hipertr&#243;fico de acometimento mioc&#225;rdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os estudos mais relevantes, tanto aqueles voltados ao desenvolvimento de terapias modificadoras da hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a quanto as coortes que avaliaram ferramentas diagn&#243;sticas, utilizaram como crit&#233;rio fundamental para a suspeita de amiloidose card&#237;aca a presen&#231;a de aumento da espessura ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A partir desse conceito, diversos trabalhos propuseram fluxos diagn&#243;sticos nos quais o aumento da espessura da parede ventricular figura como um dos principais sinais de alerta para a investiga&#231;&#227;o da cardiomiopatia amiloide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, o aumento da espessura da parede ventricular n&#227;o parece ser uma condi&#231;&#227;o universal para o diagn&#243;stico dessa patologia? &#201; poss&#237;vel diagnosticar a amiloidose amiloidose por cadeias leves de imunoglobulinas (AL) ou amiloidose por transtirretina (ATTR), inclusive por m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos, mesmo sem a presen&#231;a do fen&#243;tipo hipertr&#243;fico cl&#225;ssico?</p>
      <p>Devesa <italic>et al.,</italic> publicaram uma coorte de pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; 50%) e sem aumento da espessura ventricular. Nessa s&#233;rie, a preval&#234;ncia de ATTR foi de aproximadamente 5%. Foram identificados tr&#234;s pacientes (5%) com ATTR, em um total de 58 indiv&#237;duos, todos com forma selvagem, idade superior a 75 anos e espessura m&#225;xima de parede de 11 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em outro estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 98 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose card&#237;aca, os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos: com aumento da espessura da parede (definido como espessura &#8805; 12 mm) e sem aumento (&lt; 12 mm). A espessura da parede foi definida como a m&#233;dia entre a espessura do septo e da parede inferolateral. Do total, nove pacientes (9%) n&#227;o apresentavam aumento da espessura (&lt; 12 mm), com valor m&#233;dio de 10 mm. Todos os casos correspondiam &#224; forma AL de amiloidose card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Muller <italic>et al.,</italic> ao investigarem a etiologia de pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) e sinais extracard&#237;acos sugestivos de amiloidose, analisaram uma amostra de 114 pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca. Desses, 12 (11%) n&#227;o apresentavam aumento da espessura da parede (espessura &lt; 12 mm), embora preenchessem outros crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos, como cintilografia com pirofosfato positiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em uma grande coorte de pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca, 1.845 indiv&#237;duos foram avaliados entre 2006 e 2024. Observou-se que 13% dos casos de amiloidose AL e cerca de 7% dos casos de ATTR apresentavam espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal ou apenas discretamente aumentada (&#8804; 12 mm). Notavelmente, as mulheres tendiam a apresentar menores espessuras ventriculares. Al&#233;m disso, nesse subgrupo com espessura ventricular &#8804; 12 mm, aproximadamente 70% apresentavam aumento da espessura relativa da parede (espessura relativa de parede [ER] &gt; 0,42), caracterizando remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Relatos de caso tamb&#233;m ilustram esse cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico. Em publica&#231;&#227;o recente no European Heart Journal (2024), descreveu-se um paciente do sexo masculino, de 69 anos, com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e portador de variante patog&#234;nica rara no gene prote&#237;na transtirretina (TTR) (p.Tyr78Phe). Nesse caso, a cintilografia &#243;ssea n&#227;o demonstrou capta&#231;&#227;o e o ecocardiograma n&#227;o evidenciou aumento da espessura parietal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim, a aus&#234;ncia de espessamento da parede n&#227;o exclui amiloidose card&#237;aca, seja na forma AL, seja na ATTR. A doen&#231;a amiloide se inicia muito antes da chamada "hipertrofia" manifesta, e sua aus&#234;ncia pode refletir est&#225;gios iniciais da enfermidade &#8212; embora essa seja apenas uma das poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es. A infiltra&#231;&#227;o intersticial por fibrilas amiloides mal dobradas, associada &#224; expans&#227;o do espa&#231;o extracelular, &#224; toxicidade proteica, &#224; desorganiza&#231;&#227;o da arquitetura mioc&#225;rdica, &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o e a algum grau de fibrose de reparo, j&#225; pode resultar em disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, mesmo antes de se traduzir em aumento significativo da espessura ventricular detect&#225;vel ao ecocardiograma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o racioc&#237;nio dicot&#244;mico baseado exclusivamente em pontos de corte absolutos (&#8805; 12 mm versus &lt; 12 mm), sem considerar variabilidade intra e interobservador, diferen&#231;as antropom&#233;tricas e fatores relacionados ao sexo, pode contribuir para subdiagn&#243;stico. Esse aspecto &#233; particularmente relevante em indiv&#237;duos com menor superf&#237;cie corporal e em mulheres, nos quais a espessura ventricular absoluta tende a ser menor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O ecocardiograma, quando utilizado apenas como ferramenta de rastreamento baseada na mensura&#231;&#227;o isolada do septo e da parede posterior em busca de valores &gt; 12 mm, pode ter seu potencial subaproveitado. A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica permite analisar n&#227;o apenas a espessura parietal, mas tamb&#233;m o remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico, a massa ventricular, o tamanho das c&#226;maras, di&#225;stole e strain mioc&#225;rdico, par&#226;metros que devem ser considerados de forma integrada diante de suspeita cl&#237;nica de amiloidose card&#237;aca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Situa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a variantes gen&#233;ticas raras, com apresenta&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas an&#244;malas, refor&#231;am que a valoriza&#231;&#227;o excessiva do fen&#243;tipo morfol&#243;gico cl&#225;ssico pode retardar o reconhecimento da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o da amiloidose card&#237;aca sem espessamento ventricular n&#227;o representa apenas exce&#231;&#227;o aned&#243;tica, podendo representar formas mais precoces, menor carga infiltrativa detect&#225;vel, diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo, variantes gen&#233;ticas com caracter&#237;sticas distintas ou limita&#231;&#245;es do crit&#233;rio morfol&#243;gico isolado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora o fen&#243;tipo hipertr&#243;fico seja a apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais caracter&#237;stica da cardiomiopatia amiloide, ele n&#227;o ocorre universalmente. A exist&#234;ncia dessas apresenta&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas alternativas precisa ser melhor compreendida e incorporada ao racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico e aos fluxos diagn&#243;sticos. Essa perspectiva pode ser decisiva para antecipar a suspeita diagn&#243;stica, evitando que a doen&#231;a permane&#231;a fora do radar at&#233; fases mais avan&#231;adas e de maior gravidade.</p>
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