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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">H6VVGsDYd8YXJ5hZqx8gZ7b</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000201405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260041i</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01405</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>My Approach to Agitated Saline Contrast Echocardiography in Pediatric Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6418-1424</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sawamura</surname>
            <given-names>Karen Saori Shiraishi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6417-1744</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto da Crian&#231;a</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Instituto da Crian&#231;a, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Araguaina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">TO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaina, TO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Karen Saori Shiraishi Sawamura</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto da Crian&#231;a. Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 647. Postal code: <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>. S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>kasaori@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260041</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Agitated saline contrast is a simple, safe, widely available echocardiography technique. It is particularly useful for evaluating right-to-left shunts and pulmonary vascular abnormalities in the pediatric population. This article presents a practical approach to using this technique in pediatric echocardiography. It reviews the underlying physiological principles, the technical aspects of preparation and image acquisition, and the main clinical applications.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <caption>
              <title>My Approach to Agitated Saline Contrast in Pediatric Patients: Clinical Applications. A4C: apical four-chamber view; ASD: atrial septal defect; HPS: hepatopulmonary syndrome; IVC: inferior vena cava; IV: intravenous; LV: left ventricle; PFO: patent foramen ovale; RA: right atrium; PA: pumonary artery.</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/H6VVGsDYd8YXJ5hZqx8gZ7b/0594bfaaa3f3df151f3bab89e0c89d7c2399ee48.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/H6VVGsDYd8YXJ5hZqx8gZ7b/871b32e2ca7852238c5bcc18e49f7190492b7ede.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/H6VVGsDYd8YXJ5hZqx8gZ7b/a881faf5943c94336847ac9682cb2da8c07f83bc.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Ecocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Contrast Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Patent Foramen Ovale</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Septal Defect</kwd>
        <kwd>Hepatopulmonary Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>What is agitated saline contrast?</title>
      <p>Agitated saline contrast consists of the intravenous (IV) administration of normal saline that has been vigorously agitated, a process that promotes the formation of microbubbles from gases dissolved in the fluid under hydrostatic pressure. These microbubbles have a mean diameter greater than 9 &#956;m, which prevents their passage through the pulmonary capillary bed under normal physiological conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>After injection, immediate opacification of the right-sided chambers occurs. The microbubbles have a short half-life and dissolve rapidly as they pass through the pulmonary circulation. Therefore, in an intact cardiopulmonary system, they are not observed in the left-sided chambers.</p>
      <p>The detection of microbubbles in the left atrium (LA) or left ventricle indicates diversion of blood flow beyond the pulmonary capillary bed, consistent with the presence of an intracardiac or intrapulmonary shunt. Under normal conditions, microbubbles (&gt; 9 &#956;m) do not traverse the pulmonary capillaries and dissolve within the lungs. Thus, any visualization of contrast in the left side of the heart is considered abnormal and indicates deviation from normal capillary flow.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Which echocardiographic view should be used?</title>
      <p>For evaluation with agitated saline, the preferred echocardiographic view is the apical four-chamber view, as it provides optimal visualization of the interatrial septum, minimizes shadowing artifacts over the left-sided chambers, and facilitates identification of microbubble passage from the right atrium (RA) to the LA.</p>
      <p>If an adequate apical window cannot be obtained, the subcostal four-chamber view is an appropriate alternative, particularly in the pediatric population, in which this window often provides superior image quality.</p>
      <p>Image acquisition should begin before the arrival of microbubbles in the RA and be maintained for at least 10-20 heartbeats after opacification of this chamber, allowing proper temporal assessment of contrast appearance in the left-sided chambers. The use of harmonic imaging is recommended to increase diagnostic sensitivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In addition, when feasible, physiological maneuvers such as Valsalva or coughing should be synchronized with contrast arrival in the RA to enhance detection of right-to-left shunts.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>How should the solution be prepared?</title>
      <p>Preparation requires peripheral IV access in an upper limb (preferably the right one) and a standardized technique to ensure adequate microbubble formation.</p>
      <p>The technique consists of vigorous agitation by rapidly transferring the solution between two syringes connected by a three-way stopcock approximately 20 times, promoting appropriate microbubble formation (Central Illustration). Before IV administration, any visibly large air bubbles should be discarded to ensure procedural safety.</p>
      <p>Injection should be performed immediately after agitation, as microbubbles have a short half-life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> On echocardiography, the contrast appears as hyperechoic material within the right-sided chambers, allowing dynamic assessment of its distribution and potential passage into the left-sided chambers. Recommended preparation options for pediatric use are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Composition of agitated saline contrast for echocardiography</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Option</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Composition</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>A &#8211;</bold> Saline</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">9 mL of normal saline (0.9%) + 0.2-1 mL of air</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E0BCAE">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>B &#8211;</bold> With blood</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">8 mL of normal saline (0.9%) + 1 mL of blood + 0.2-1 mL of air</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Before IV administration, any visibly large air bubbles should be discarded to ensure procedural safety.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials">
      <title>Materials</title>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Peripheral IV access (preferably in an upper limb);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Two 10 mL syringes;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Three-way stopcock.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <sec>
        <title>Main indications in pediatric echocardiography</title>
        <sec>
          <title>a) Investigation of intracardiac shunts</title>
          <p>Agitated saline is widely used in pediatric echocardiography for the investigation and characterization of intracardiac shunts, particularly patent foramen ovale (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) and atrial septal defects, including coronary sinus-type defects (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The key technical criterion for diagnosing an intracardiac shunt is the early appearance of microbubbles in the left-sided chambers, typically within the first 3 heartbeats after RA opacification. In sedated patients, brief abdominal compression may be applied to increase the sensitivity of the test.</p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrating opacification of the RA after infusion of agitated saline contrast via peripheral IV access, with early passage of microbubbles into the LA through a PFO. IV: intravenous; LA: left atrium; PFO: patent foramen ovale; RA: right atrium.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260041-0041i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transesophageal echocardiography in the four-chamber view after infusion of agitated saline contrast via peripheral IV access in the left upper limb, demonstrating opacification of the coronary sinus, the LSVC, and the LV, secondary to the presence of a coronary sinus-type ASD. ASD: atrial septal defect; LA: left atrium; LSVC: left superior vena cava; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260041-0041i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          <p>This technique also assists in the characterization of venous anomalies, such as persistent left superior vena cava (SVC), unroofed coronary sinus, and arteriovenous fistulas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>b) Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) in pediatrics</title>
          <p>HPS in pediatric patients occurs in the context of liver disease or portal hypertension and is characterized by intrapulmonary vascular dilation, partly mediated by increased nitric oxide production. This process leads to the formation of pulmonary microfistulas and disruption of the ventilation-perfusion relationship, allowing poorly oxygenated blood to enter the systemic circulation.</p>
          <p>Diagnosis is based on the triad of underlying liver disease, evidence of intrapulmonary vascular dilation on echocardiography, and an increased alveolar-arterial gradient on arterial blood gas analysis. Clinically, it presents predominantly with hypoxemia of variable severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>On echocardiography, a delayed appearance of microbubbles in the left-sided chambers (&gt; 3 heartbeats) is observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). This pattern differentiates HPS from intracardiac shunts, in which contrast appears early.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transthoracic echocardiography in the apical four-chamber view demonstrating delayed appearance of microbubbles (&gt; 3 heartbeats) in the left-sided chambers after infusion of agitated saline via peripheral IV access. IV: intravenous.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260041-0041i-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>c) Arteriovenous fistulas after Glenn/Fontan procedures</title>
          <p>Following Glenn/Fontan surgeries, the development of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas is related to the hemodynamic alterations inherent to single-ventricle physiology. The absence of pulsatile pulmonary flow, exclusion of hepatic flow with consequent deprivation of the so-called "hepatic factor," and chronically elevated central venous pressure promote endothelial dysfunction and pulmonary vascular remodeling, favoring microfistula formation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Clinically, these patients may present with persistent or progressive cyanosis. On agitated saline echocardiography, the characteristic finding is delayed appearance of microbubbles in the left-sided chambers, consistent with an intrapulmonary shunt pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transesophageal echocardiography in a patient following extracardiac Fontan surgery. The arrow indicates the RSPV, where microbubbles are observed after injection of agitated saline via peripheral IV access, which suggests the presence of pulmonary microfistulas. IV: intravenous; RA: right atrium; RSPV: right superior pulmonary vein.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260041-0041i-gf04.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The origin of the shunt determines the site of contrast injection<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Upper limb access (cephalic or basilic veins)</italic> allows evaluation of SVC drainage into the pulmonary arteries and is useful for detecting pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas in cases of uneven flow distribution;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Lower limb access (saphenous or femoral veins)</italic> is mandatory to assess the distribution of the hepatic factor. Early appearance of microbubbles in the left-sided chambers after injection via the inferior vena cava confirms the presence of an intrapulmonary shunt.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>d) Pericardiocentesis</title>
          <p>Agitated saline injection can be used during pericardiocentesis to confirm, under echocardiographic guidance, correct positioning of the needle or catheter within the pericardial space, particularly when the aspirate is bloody or there is uncertainty regarding instrument location.</p>
          <p>The appearance of microbubbles in the pericardial space after the injection of 3&#8211;5 mL of agitated saline allows differentiation between the pericardial space and the cardiac chambers, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>, reducing the risk of inadvertent puncture of intracardiac structures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transthoracic echocardiography with infusion of agitated saline into the pericardial space to confirm correct needle positioning during puncture.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260041-0041i-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Classification</title>
        <p>
          <bold>Severity grading:</bold>
          <sup>
            <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
          </sup>
        </p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Grade 1:</italic> sparse microbubbles in the LA (&lt; 5 bubbles per frame);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Grade 2:</italic> 5-25 microbubbles in the LA;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Grade 3:</italic> &gt; 25 microbubbles without complete cavity opacification;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Grade 4:</italic> dense LA opacification, similar to right-sided chambers, with contrast visible in the systemic ventricle and aorta.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <sec>
          <title>Technical differentiation between intracardiac and intrapulmonary shunts</title>
          <p>The distinction is based on the timing of microbubble appearance in the left-sided chambers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Technical differentiation between intracardiac and intrapulmonary shunts</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristic</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Intracardiac shunt</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Intrapulmonary shunt</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Time to appearance in the LV</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Early<break/> (&#8804;3 heartbeats)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Late<break/> (&gt; 3-6 heartbeats)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E0BCAE">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Mechanism</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Intracardiac communication</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Pulmonary vascular dilation, microfistulas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Clinical example</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">PFO, ASD</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">HPS,<break/> post-Glenn/Fontan</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>ASD: atrial septal defect; HPS: hepatopulmonary syndrome; PFO: patent foramen ovale.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Agitated saline contrast is a simple, safe, highly useful technique in pediatric echocardiography. It enables the identification and differentiation of intracardiac and intrapulmonary shunts, the characterization of systemic venous anomalies, the assessment of alterations related to single-ventricle physiology, and procedural support, such as image-guided pericardiocentesis.</p>
      <p>When applied judiciously and with appropriate monitoring, it improves diagnostic accuracy, enhances procedural safety, and reduces the need for invasive or higher-cost methods, thereby optimizing clinical decision-making.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
        <p>During the preparation of this work, the authors used NotebookLM to create the central figure. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
      <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
    </sec>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
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            <name>
              <surname>Gupta</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shetkar</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramakrishnan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kothari</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260041</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Como Eu Fa&#231;o Uso do Contraste Com Solu&#231;&#227;o Salina Agitada no Ecocardiograma de Pacientes Pedi&#225;tricos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6418-1424</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sawamura</surname>
            <given-names>Karen Saori Shiraishi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6417-1744</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Instituto da Crian&#231;a, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Araguaina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">TO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaina, TO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Karen Saori Shiraishi Sawamura</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto da Crian&#231;a. Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 647. CEP: <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>. S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>kasaori@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O contraste com solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada &#233; um m&#233;todo simples, seguro e amplamente dispon&#237;vel na ecocardiografia, sendo particularmente &#250;til na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica para a investiga&#231;&#227;o de shunts direita-esquerda e altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares. Este artigo apresenta uma abordagem pr&#225;tica para o uso dessa t&#233;cnica na ecocardiografia pedi&#225;trica. S&#227;o revisados os princ&#237;pios fisiol&#243;gicos envolvidos, os aspectos t&#233;cnicos relacionados ao preparo e &#224; aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens, bem como suas principais aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <caption>
              <title>AD: &#225;trio direito; A4C: apical de quatro c&#226;maras; AVP: acesso venoso perif&#233;rico; CIA: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial; FOP: forame oval patente; MMII: membros inferiores; MSD: membro superior direito; SHP: s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar; VCI: veia cava inferior; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260041-0041i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia de Contraste</kwd>
        <kwd>Forame Oval Patente</kwd>
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Hepatopulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title/>
        <sec>
          <title>O que &#233; o contraste com solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada?</title>
          <p>O contraste com solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada consiste na administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica submetida &#224; agita&#231;&#227;o vigorosa, processo que promove a forma&#231;&#227;o de microbolhas a partir dos gases dissolvidos no fluido sob press&#227;o hidrost&#225;tica. Essas microbolhas apresentam di&#226;metro m&#233;dio superior a 9 &#956;m, o que impede sua passagem pelo leito capilar pulmonar em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o, ocorre opacifica&#231;&#227;o imediata das cavidades direitas. As microbolhas possuem curta meia-vida, dissolvendo-se rapidamente ao atravessarem a circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Dessa forma, em um sistema cardiopulmonar &#237;ntegro, n&#227;o se observa sua presen&#231;a nas cavidades esquerdas.</p>
          <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o de microbolhas no &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) ou no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indica desvio do fluxo sangu&#237;neo para al&#233;m do leito capilar pulmonar, sendo compat&#237;vel com a presen&#231;a de <italic>shunt</italic> intracard&#237;aco ou intrapulmonar. Em condi&#231;&#245;es normais, as microbolhas (&gt; 9 &#956;m) n&#227;o atravessam os capilares pulmonares e se dissolvem no pulm&#227;o. Assim, qualquer visualiza&#231;&#227;o de contraste no lado esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; considerada anormal e indica desvio do fluxo capilar habitual.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qual plano ecocardiogr&#225;fico deve ser utilizado?</title>
          <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o com solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada, o plano ecocardiogr&#225;fico de escolha &#233; o apical de quatro c&#226;maras, por proporcionar visualiza&#231;&#227;o adequada do septo interatrial, minimizar artefatos de sombra sobre as cavidades esquerdas e facilitar a identifica&#231;&#227;o da passagem de microbolhas do &#225;trio direito (AD) para o AE.</p>
          <p>Na impossibilidade de obten&#231;&#227;o de janela apical satisfat&#243;ria, o plano subcostal de quatro c&#226;maras constitui alternativa apropriada, particularmente na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, na qual essa janela frequentemente apresenta melhor qualidade de imagem.</p>
          <p>A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens deve ser iniciada antes da chegada das microbolhas ao AD e mantida por, no m&#237;nimo, 10-20 batimentos card&#237;acos ap&#243;s a opacifica&#231;&#227;o dessa c&#226;mara, a fim de permitir adequada an&#225;lise temporal do aparecimento do contraste nas cavidades esquerdas. Recomenda-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da imagem harm&#244;nica para aumentar a sensibilidade do exame.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, quando fact&#237;veis, manobras fisiol&#243;gicas, como Valsalva ou tosse, devem ser sincronizadas com a chegada do contraste ao AD, com o objetivo de ampliar a detec&#231;&#227;o de <italic>shunts</italic> direita-esquerda.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Como preparar a solu&#231;&#227;o?</title>
          <p>O preparo requer acesso venoso perif&#233;rico em membro superior (preferencialmente o direito) e t&#233;cnica padronizada para garantir a adequada forma&#231;&#227;o das microbolhas.</p>
          <p>A t&#233;cnica consiste na agita&#231;&#227;o vigorosa da solu&#231;&#227;o por meio da transfer&#234;ncia r&#225;pida do conte&#250;do entre duas seringas conectadas por torneira de tr&#234;s vias, aproximadamente 20 vezes, a fim de promover a forma&#231;&#227;o adequada das microbolhas (Figura Central). Antes da administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa, deve-se descartar qualquer bolha de ar de maior calibre vis&#237;vel, garantindo maior seguran&#231;a do procedimento.</p>
          <p>A inje&#231;&#227;o deve ser realizada imediatamente ap&#243;s a agita&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que as microbolhas apresentam curta meia-vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#192; ecocardiografia, o contraste manifesta-se como material hiperecog&#234;nico nas cavidades direitas, permitindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica de sua distribui&#231;&#227;o e eventual passagem para as cavidades esquerdas. As op&#231;&#245;es de preparo da solu&#231;&#227;o recomendadas na pediatria est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o do contraste com solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada para ecocardiografia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Op&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Composi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>A &#8211;</bold> Salina</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">9 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica (0,9%) + 0,2-1 ml de ar</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E0BCAE">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>B &#8211;</bold> Com sangue</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">8 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica (0,9%) + 1 ml de sangue + 0,2-1 ml de ar</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Antes da administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa, deve-se descartar qualquer bolha de ar de maior calibre vis&#237;vel para garantir maior seguran&#231;a do procedimento.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials">
        <title>Materiais</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Acesso venoso perif&#233;rico (preferencialmente em algum dos membros superiores);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Duas seringas de 10 ml;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Torneira de tr&#234;s vias.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <sec>
          <title>Principais indica&#231;&#245;es na ecocardiografia pedi&#225;trica</title>
          <sec>
            <title>a) Investiga&#231;&#227;o de <italic>shunts</italic> intracard&#237;acos</title>
            <p>A solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada &#233; amplamente utilizada na ecocardiografia pedi&#225;trica para a investiga&#231;&#227;o e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>shunts</italic> intracard&#237;acos, especialmente o forame oval patente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>) e a comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, incluindo defeitos do tipo seio coron&#225;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica demonstrando opacifica&#231;&#227;o do AD ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de contraste com solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada por acesso venoso perif&#233;rico, com passagem precoce de microbolhas para o AE atrav&#233;s de FOP. AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FOP: forame oval patente.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260041-0041i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica no plano de quatro c&#226;maras ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de contraste com solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada por acesso venoso perif&#233;rico em MSE, evidenciando opacifica&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio, da VCSE e do VE, secund&#225;ria &#224; presen&#231;a de CIA do tipo seio coron&#225;rio. AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; CIA: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial; MSE: membro superior esquerdo; VCSE: veia cava superior esquerda; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260041-0041i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
            <p>O crit&#233;rio t&#233;cnico fundamental para o diagn&#243;stico de <italic>shunt</italic> intracard&#237;aco &#233; o aparecimento precoce de microbolhas nas cavidades esquerdas, geralmente at&#233; o terceiro batimento card&#237;aco ap&#243;s a opacifica&#231;&#227;o do AD. Em pacientes sedados, pode-se realizar compress&#227;o abdominal breve para aumentar a sensibilidade do exame.</p>
            <p>A t&#233;cnica tamb&#233;m auxilia na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de anomalias venosas, como veia cava superior (VCS) esquerda persistente, seio coron&#225;rio n&#227;o coberto e f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>b) S&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar (SHP) na pediatria</title>
            <p>A SHP na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica ocorre no contexto de doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica ou hipertens&#227;o portal e caracteriza-se por dilata&#231;&#227;o vascular intrapulmonar, em parte mediada pelo aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico. Esse processo leva &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de microf&#237;stulas pulmonares e &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o, permitindo a passagem de sangue com baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio para a circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</p>
            <p>O diagn&#243;stico baseia-se na tr&#237;ade composta por doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica de base, evid&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o vascular intrapulmonar &#224; ecocardiografia e aumento do gradiente alv&#233;olo-arterial na gasometria. Clinicamente, manifesta-se predominantemente por hipoxemia de intensidade vari&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
            <p>&#192; ecocardiografia, observa-se aparecimento tardio das microbolhas nas cavidades esquerdas (&gt; 3 batimentos card&#237;acos) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>). Esse padr&#227;o diferencia a SHP dos <italic>shunts</italic> intracard&#237;acos, nos quais o contraste surge precocemente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica no plano apical de quatro c&#226;maras, evidenciando aparecimento tardio de microbolhas (&gt; 3 batimentos card&#237;acos) nas cavidades esquerdas ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada por acesso venoso perif&#233;rico.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260041-0041i-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>c) F&#237;stulas arteriovenosas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de Glenn/Fontan</title>
            <p>No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio das cirurgias de Glenn/Fontan, a forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares est&#225; relacionada &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas inerentes &#224; fisiologia univentricular. A aus&#234;ncia de fluxo pulmonar puls&#225;til, a exclus&#227;o do fluxo hep&#225;tico, com consequente priva&#231;&#227;o do chamado "fator hep&#225;tico", e a eleva&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da press&#227;o venosa central promovem disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e remodelamento vascular pulmonar, favorecendo a forma&#231;&#227;o de microf&#237;stulas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, esses pacientes podem apresentar cianose persistente ou progressiva. &#192; ecocardiografia com solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada, o achado caracter&#237;stico &#233; o aparecimento tardio de microbolhas nas cavidades esquerdas, configurando padr&#227;o compat&#237;vel com <italic>shunt</italic> intrapulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica em paciente no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de Fontan com tubo extracard&#237;aco. A seta indica a VPSD, na qual se observam microbolhas provenientes da inje&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada por acesso venoso perif&#233;rico, sugerindo a presen&#231;a de microf&#237;stulas pulmonares. AD: &#225;trio direito; VPSD: veia pulmonar superior direita.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260041-0041i-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
            <p>A origem do <italic>shunt</italic> determina o local de inje&#231;&#227;o do contraste:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Acesso em membros superiores (veias cef&#225;lica ou bas&#237;lica)</bold> permite avaliar a drenagem da VCS para as art&#233;rias pulmonares, sendo &#250;til para a detec&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas pulmonares em casos de distribui&#231;&#227;o inadequada do fluxo;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Acesso em membros inferiores (veias safena ou femoral)</bold> &#233; mandat&#243;rio para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o do "fator hep&#225;tico". O aparecimento precoce de microbolhas nas cavidades esquerdas ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o pela veia cava inferior confirma a presen&#231;a de shunt intrapulmonar.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>d) Pericardiocentese</title>
            <p>A inje&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada pode ser utilizada durante a pericardiocentese para confirmar, sob orienta&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, o posicionamento adequado da agulha ou do cateter no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico, especialmente quando o aspirado &#233; sanguinolento ou h&#225; d&#250;vida quanto &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o do instrumento.</p>
            <p>O aparecimento de microbolhas no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de 3-5 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada permite diferenciar o espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, como observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>, reduzindo o risco de pun&#231;&#227;o inadvertida de estruturas intracard&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica com infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico para confirma&#231;&#227;o do posicionamento da pun&#231;&#227;o.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260041-0041i-gf06-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>
            <bold>Gradua&#231;&#227;o da gravidade:</bold>
            <sup>
              <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
            </sup>
          </p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Grau 1:</bold> presen&#231;a de microbolhas esparsas no AE (&lt; 5 bolhas por quadro);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Grau 2:</bold> presen&#231;a de 5-25 microbolhas no AE;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Grau 3:</bold> mais de 25 microbolhas, sem preenchimento completo da cavidade;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Grau 4:</bold> opacifica&#231;&#227;o densa do AE, semelhante &#224; das cavidades direitas, com visualiza&#231;&#227;o de contraste no ventr&#237;culo sist&#234;mico e na aorta.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <sec>
            <title>Diferencia&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica <italic>entre</italic> shunt intracard&#237;aco e intrapulmonar</title>
            <p>A distin&#231;&#227;o baseia-se no tempo de aparecimento das microbolhas nas cavidades esquerdas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t4">
              <label>Tabela 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Diferencia&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica entre shunt intracard&#237;aco e intrapulmonar</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Shunt intracard&#237;aco</th>
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Shunt intrapulmonar</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo de aparecimento no VE</td>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Precoce (&#8804; 3 batimentos card&#237;acos)</td>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Tardio (&gt; 3-6 batimentos card&#237;acos)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#E0BCAE">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Mecanismo</td>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Comunica&#231;&#227;o intracard&#237;aca</td>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Dilata&#231;&#227;o vascular pulmonar, microf&#237;stulas</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Exemplo cl&#237;nico</td>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">FOP, CIA</td>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">SHP, p&#243;s-Glenn/Fontan</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4">
                  <p>CIA: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial; FOP: forame oval patente; SHP: s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada &#233; um m&#233;todo simples, seguro e de elevada utilidade na ecocardiografia pedi&#225;trica. Permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o e a diferencia&#231;&#227;o de shunts intracard&#237;acos e intrapulmonares, a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de anomalias venosas sist&#234;micas, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; fisiologia univentricular e o suporte a procedimentos, como a pericardiocentese guiada por imagem.</p>
        <p>Quando aplicada de forma criteriosa e com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o adequada, amplia a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, contribui para maior seguran&#231;a dos procedimentos e reduz a necessidade de m&#233;todos invasivos ou de maior custo, otimizando a tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
          <p>Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, os autores usaram NotebookLM para criar a figura central. Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, os autores revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
        <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
